The document provides an overview of several normative theories of accounting:
- Conventional accounting focuses on the stewardship function of managers reporting to absentee owners.
- Normative theories seek to guide appropriate accounting policies for different circumstances and may propose alternative approaches to current practice.
- Historical cost accounting values assets at their original transaction price but provides an objective record and is easily understood. However, it ignores changing prices.
- Current cost accounting values assets at their current replacement cost to show maintenance of physical capital. But it introduces subjectivity.
- Exit price accounting values assets at their expected sale price to reflect an entity's capacity to adapt. But it assumes liquidation rather than ongoing use of assets.
In this ppt i have given Introduction International Accounting which covers approaches in international accounting, importance of ia, introduction international accounting.
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In this ppt i have given Introduction International Accounting which covers approaches in international accounting, importance of ia, introduction international accounting.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
financial accounting theory by Craig Degan 3rd edition chapter 2
prepared by: Dewan Mahbood Hossain
Assistant Professor, dept. of A.I.S
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Mengapa menggunakan current cost?
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, kita perlu mempertimbangkan kebijakan-kebijakan manajer yang dihadapkan untuk menjalankan bisnis. Satu asumsi yang dapat kita buat adalah manajer perusahaan ingin mengetahui bagaimana seharusnya mengalokasikan sumber daya perusahaan untuk memaksimalkan laba.
Terdapat masalah mendasar yang terbagi dalam 3 pertanyaan:
a.Berapa jumlah aset yang harus ada pada waktu tertentu? Ini adalah masalah ekspansi.
b.Apa seharusnya bentuk aset ini? Ini adalah masalah komposisi.
c.Bagaimana seharusnya aset dibiayai? Ini adalah masalah pembiayaan.
created by : melly lydea ( mahasiswa, UPI Bdg)
this presentation is about accounting theory and accounting research (chapter 2) from accounting theory book, eight edition (conceptual issues in a political and economic environment) by Harry I. Wolk, James L. Dodd and John J. Rozycki
Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of Chapter 6 you will b.docxsmile790243
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of Chapter 6 you will be able to:
• Understand the importance of incremental after-tax cash flows.
• Be able to estimate incremental after-tax cash flows.
• Be able to calculate the tax consequences on an asset sale.
• Understand why sunk costs do not matter in capital budgeting.
• Know the three categories of cash flows typically seen in an investment proposal.
Relevant Cash Flows for
Capital Budgeting
6
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
byr80656_06_c06_141-160.indd 141 3/28/13 3:32 PM
CHAPTER 6Section 6.1 How to Compute Cash Flows
A company’s very first goal is staying financially healthy; a bankrupt company helps no one, neither owners nor employees nor customers. Financial health requires that bills and debts be paid in full and on time. This is done with cash. Cash
is what lets a company keep its doors open and the lights on. Cash keeps the machines
running, the raw materials flowing into factories, and the finished goods flowing out.
In Chapter 2 we explained why cash flow is more important than accounting profits. We
repeat that message here because it is so important. A company cannot pay its employ-
ees, suppliers, banks, or tax agencies with net income. Those entities only accept cash. In
Chapter 2 we also explained why cash flow and accounting profit (net income or profit
after tax) differ. As a quick reminder, it has to do with how revenue is recognized, how
costs are matched to sales, and how some costs are allocated over time via depreciation.
In this chapter we expand the discussion of cash flow to exactly which type of cash flows
we use when analyzing investment opportunities or determining a company’s financial
health. We draw on accounting, tax rules, and economic theory to arrive at the appropri-
ate cash flows for financial analysis. In a corporate setting, investment analysis is called
capital budgeting: the decision about how to best budget investment capital to create
wealth for shareholders.
6.1 How to Compute Cash Flows
We discussed how to use accounting statements to estimate cash flows in Chapter 2. There we showed a simple approach that gave a reasonable approximation in most cases and a more complete approach. The simple approach just added
depreciation expense back to net income to find an estimate of cash flow. This approach is
usually fairly close to the exact value because depreciation is usually the primary account
that causes net income and cash flow to differ.
The more complete approach begins with net income and subtracts increases in assets and
adds increases in liabilities. Note that depreciation expense will be included in changes in
fixed assets or property, plant, and equipment (PP&E), so is not treated separately as it was
in the simple approach. If you are not comfortable with translating accounting data into
cash flows, be sure to review the more detailed description of the process in Chapter 2.
The appropriate cash flows for eval ...
1. An overview of normative theories of accounting From Deegan, C. and Samkin, G., Financial Accounting. McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York & Kam, V. (1990), Accounting Theory, 2 nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, NY. Prepared By: Dewan Mahboob Hossain Assistant Professor; Department of Accounting & Information Systems; University of Dhaka; Dhaka; Bangladesh.
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