Lourdes Germán, fellow at the Lincoln Institute, followed with an overview of municipal access to capital markets for public projects.

1. 1
April 2016 | Lourdes German
April 2016 | Lourdes German | lgerman@lincolninst.edu
Accessing Capital Markets
For Capital Needs

2. 2
April 2016 | Lourdes German
AGENDA
I. When do Municipalities Access The Capital
Markets?
II. How Are Municipalities Using Securities to Finance
Infrastructure via the Capital Markets?
III. Conclusion & Questions

3. 3
April 2016 | Lourdes German
WHEN DO MUNICIPALITIES ACCESS THE CAPITAL MARKETS?
• When they want to raise funds for a capital project by borrowing from
investors via the issuance of municipal securities (Bonds, Notes)
• When they want to borrow the funds on a tax-exempt basis
• When the IRS authorizes the borrowing for the purpose of the project
• When state law authorizes the borrowing & there is a public purpose
Municipality Investors

4. 4
April 2016 | Lourdes German
WHY ARE THE CAPITAL MARKETS IMPORTANT FOR MUNICIPALITIES?
• $3.8 Trillion of bonds outstanding for municipal infrastructure
• Municipal securities are issued in all 50 States
• Property Tax is predominant security for general obligation borrowings
• Debt is often one long term liability that triggers municipal defaults & bankruptcy
• Predominant investors and holders of municipal bonds are individuals

5. 5
April 2016 | Lourdes German
WHO OWNS MUNICIPAL SECURITIES?
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,200.00
1,400.00
1,600.00
1,800.00
2,000.00
INDIVIDUALS&HOUSEHOLDS
MUTUALFUNDS
MONEYMARKETFUNDS
CLOSED-ENDFUNDS
EXCHANGE-TRADEDFUNDS
NONFINANCIALCORPORATE
BUSINESSES
NONFARMNONCORPORATE
BUSINESSES
GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED
ENTERPRISES
STATE&LOCALGOVERNMENT
GENERALFUNDS
U.S.-CHARTEREDDEPOSITORY
INSTITUTIONS
FOREIGNBANKINGOFFICESIN
U.S.
BANKSINU.S.-AFFILIATED
AREAS
CREDITUNIONS
PROPERTY&CASUALTY
INSURANCECOMPANIES
LIFEINSURANCECOMPANIES
STATE&LOCALGOVERNMENT
RETIREMENTFUNDS
BROKERS&DEALERS
OTHER
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

6. 6
April 2016 | Lourdes German
HOW ARE COMMUNITIES USING MUNICIPAL SECURITIES TO ACCESS
THE CAPITAL MARKETS?
Municipality
Identifies Capital
Project
State Law Authority
Confirmed
Tax Exemption
Analysis
Debt
Structure/Security
/Debt Capacity
Confirmed
Method of Sale
Chosen – Public
vs. Private
Offering
Offering
Documents
Announce Sale
Credit Analysis &
Public
Underwriting
The Closing:
Municipality
Receives Funds &
Begins Project
Municipality
Begins Repaying
Investors
Municipality
Investors

7. 7
April 2016 | Lourdes German
WHO ARE THE PARTIES TO A BOND DEAL?
Capital Markets Regulators:
SEC, IRS, MSRB, FINRA
Bond &
Disclosure
Counsel
Financial
Advisor
Underwriter
/ Broker
Dealer
Bond
Trustee &
Paying
Agent
Rating
Agencies
Depository
Trust
Company
Investors

8. 8
April 2016 | Lourdes German
The Deal As It Enters the Capital Markets
11,000 Average New
Municipal Bonds Deals Per
Year by Governments -
“Primary” Market (~$400 Billion)
$3.8 Trillion Bonds
Outstanding -The
“Secondary”
Market (Approx.
~10,000,000
Trades Annually
Among Investors)

9. 9
April 2016 | Lourdes German
After The Bond Sale – Post-Issuance Compliance
Capital
Project Event
Monitoring
(Fire, Sale)
(IRS)
Change in
Use & Use of
Proceeds
Monitoring
(IRS)
Material
Events
Disclosures
& Annual
Financials
(SEC, MSRB)
Credit
Surveillance
(Private
Sector)

10. 10
April 2016 | Lourdes German
EXAMPLES

11. 11
April 2016 | Lourdes German
Town of Shrewsbury
Municipal Purpose
Loan of 2008 Bonds
City of New Bedford
2008 State Qualified
Bonds

12. 12
April 2016 | Lourdes German
City of Brockton Bond Financing
Using Clean Renewable Energy
Bonds – Zero percent borrowing
relying on IRS Tax Credits
City of Woburn Bond Financing for School
Construction via Massachusetts School
Building Authority Revenue Bond Program

13. 13
April 2016 | Lourdes German
Berkshire Arts & Technology Charter
School Bond Financing Using
Qualified Zone Academy Bonds –
Zero percent borrowing relying on
IRS Tax Credits
MIT - Massachusetts Development Finance
Agency Bond Financings for Campus
Capital Construction

14. 14
April 2016 | Lourdes German
113 BRATTLE STREET CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 @LANDPOLICY LINCOLNINST.EDU
DATE | PRESENTER | TITLE
Questions & Thank you!
LOURDES GERMAN
LINCOLN INSTITUTE OF LAND POLICY
LGERMAN@LINCOLNINST.EDU

15. 15
April 2016 | Lourdes German
Disclaimer
Any references to bonds or fixed income securities in this presentation are intended for educational
purposes only. Any references to bonds or fixed income securities presented in this piece should not be
construed as an offer, solicitation, or recommendation to buy or sell securities or other investment
products, nor are they intended to be used as a general guide to investing, or as a source of any specific
or general investment recommendation. Information related to bond official statements is presented
for teaching and illustrative purposes to demonstrate how information appears within the official sales
document prepared under securities laws in the context of the capital market transaction for the
municipality.