The document provides an overview of the key concepts in the science of biology. It discusses what science aims to do and outlines the scientific method. It describes different types of observations, data expressions, and graphs that are used. Key experiments in biology like those conducted by Redi, Pasteur, and Needham are summarized. The characteristics of living things and levels of biological organization from subatomic to biosphere are highlighted. Different branches of biology are also listed.

1. The Science of Biology What is science? -Investigate and understand -Explain events -Make predictions

2. The Science of Biology Science deals only with natural world Accuracy is essential and used to organize Scientists must be able to test proposed explanations

3. The Science of Biology Thinking like a scientist Observations Qualitative- non-numerical Quantitative- numerical

4. The Science of Biology Data Expressing data Graphing Scatter Chart Pie Graph= percent data Histogram or bar graph= discreet data Line graph= Continuous data

5. Scatter Chart This is a way of representing a two dimensional data sequence.

6. Scatter Chart

7. Line Chart Shows how two continuous variables are related to each other, especially changes in one variable over time. Time is normally shown on the horizontal.

8. Line Graph

9. Bar Charts Suitable for data vectors with only one numerical value being shown for different groups. They can be used to indicate the momentary status or last measured value of a parameter Bar charts can also be used to show the breakdown of total figures by splitting each bar up into segments

10. Bar Charts

11. Pie Chart Suitable for showing the relationship or proportions of parts with regard to a whole. They represent only a single row of data.

13. The Science of Biology Using data Inferences- apply findings to derive logical conclusions or interpretations Predictions- Based on experimental data logical predictions can be made

14. The Science of Biology Biology is NOT a series of facts but an ongoing quest for understanding the living world. Much of our understanding is still developing and changing. Search is more for how and why answers.

15. The Science of Biology Human Beliefs & Science Vary by culture Vary by location Vary by personal belief system

16. The Science of Biology Galileo Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 (Italian) Considered to have established modern scientific method .

17. The Science of Biology The Scientific Method Statement of question; Hypothesis; “EDUCATED” Experimentation Data Conclusion “ Based on the data the hypothesis was/was not SUPPORTED”

18. The Science of Biology Key Experiments and why they are repeated! Francesco Redi (Italian) 1668 Spontaneous generation

19. Francesco Redi Redi's Problem Where do maggots come from? Hypothesis: Maggots come from flies. Redi put meat into three separate jars. Jar 1 was left open Jar 2 was covered with netting Jar 3 was sealed from the outside

20. Francesco Redi Jar-1 Left open Maggots developed Flies were observed laying eggs on the meat in the open jar.

21. Francesco Redi Jar-2 Covered with netting. Maggots appeared on the netting. Flies were observed laying eggs on the netting.

22. Francesco Redi Jar-3 Sealed No maggots developed.

23. The Science of Biology What is a controlled experiment? What is a manipulated variable? Describe the experiment that Redi designed. What was the result? Describe the experiment that Pasteur designed. What was the result? What did the experiments of Redi and Pasteur prove?

24. The Science of Biology John Needham (English) mid 1700’s Boiled gravy and left flask open. Flasks developed microorganisms. Conclusion: had to have come from gravy.

25. The Science of Biology Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian) Late 1700’s Improved Needham’s experiment Closed off top of one flask after boiling Results only open flask grew life forms Conclusion: Life forms were coming from air.

26. The Science of Biology Louis Pasteur (French) 1864 Experiment let in air but no dust. Swann neck flask Results- No growth even with air entering but no dust Conclusion: dust contained microorganisms

27. The Science of Biology Louis Pasteur The germ theory nature of contagious diseases laboratory manipulations of infectious agents can be used to immunize people and animals. the inventor of the process of pasteurization

28. Louis Pasteur

29. The Science of Biology Exceptions to Experimentation Observation Ethical issues Adolph Hitler

30. The Science of Biology Theories- Developed from well tested and supported hypothesis. Generally accepted concepts in science. Life originates from life “Theory of Biogenesis”

31. The Science of Biology BIOLOGY- The study of life and living things

32. The Science of Biology Characteristics of all living things All living things are made of at least 1 cell Unicellular= 1 cell Multicellular= many cells

33. The Science of Biology All living things reproduce Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction only takes one parent. offspring are typically genetically similar to their parent The lack of genetic recombination results in fewer genetic alternatives than with sexual reproduction.

34. The Science of Biology All living things reproduce Sexual Reproduction results in increasing genetic diversity of the offspring . fertilization , involving the fusion of two gametes

35. The Science of Biology Living things are based on a universal genetic code. DNA & RNA carry out the same function in all living things.

36. The Science of Biology All living things grow and develop Growth= physical increase in size. Development= changes in physical structure maturation.

37. The Science of Biology Living things need energy Autotrophs= photosynthesis or chemosynthesis Heterotrophs= cellular respiration

38. The Science of Biology Living Things Respond to their Environment Some response is immediate some are very slow. Stimulus is the environmental factor that triggers response. Response may be visible or internal.

39. The Science of Biology Maintain Homeostasis RESULTS of inbalance FEVER SICKNESS ACHING

40. The Science of Biology Populations of Organisms Evolve Individuals can NOT evolve.

41. The Science of Biology Branches of Biology Agriculture - study of producing crops from the land, with an emphasis on practical applications Anatomy - the study of the animal form, with an emphasis on human bodies Bioengineering - the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology.

42. The Science of Biology Branches of Biology Cell Biology - the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell. Conservation Biology - the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife Entomology - the study of insects

43. The Science of Biology Branches of Biology Ethology - the study of animal behavior Genetics - the study of genes and heredity. Ichthyology - the study of fish Macrobiology - the study of biology on the level of the macroscopic individual (plant, animal, or other living being) as a complete unit. Marine Biology - the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings. Etc.

44. The Science of Biology LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Sub-atomic Proton, neutron, electron Atomic -Basic unit of matter that maintains the qualities of that element. Molecular -Combined atoms in a specified ratio. H 2 O NaCl CO 2 HCl C 6 H 12 O 6 O 2

45. The Science of Biology Because a water molecule has a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other...the attraction of the opposite charges, (electro-static charges) creates what is called surface tension, the weak attraction is called a hydrogen bond.

46. The Science of Biology Cellular -Smallest unit representing life. http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/cell_structure/cell_structure.htm Tissues - Groups of similar cells Muscle, vascular, mesentary etc. Organs - Groups of tissues Stomach, intestine

47. The Science of Biology Organ system- Groups of organs with similar function. Digestive Endocrine Reproductive Etc. Organism - Groups of organ systems carrying out life’s functions

48. The Science of Biology Population - Groups of the same organism in a defined area in a defined time. Community - Populations living together in a specified area. Ecosystem - Communities and their nonliving surroundings. Biosphere - Part of the Earth that contains all ecosystems.

49. The Science of Biology Everyday Biology Current events Diseases Population problems Environmental issues

50. The Science of Biology Challenges of Biology Unlike most classes Lecture/Reading Labs Broad coverage

51. The Science of Biology Common ground Measurements SI units (Metric) Meter – Length Liter – Volume Gram – Mass/Weight Celsius – Temperature

52. The Science of Biology Prefixes- Kilo – Thousand Milli- Thousand Centi – Hundred Deci – Ten

53. The Science of Biology Tools of Biology Microscopes Light microscopes 1 cell thick Maximum magnification 1,000X Electron Microscope Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) Surface or Internal observation Maximum 1,000,000X

54. The Science of Biology LAB Techniques Cell Cultures -Growing cells from 1 cell under controlled environments. Cell Fractionation –To study individual cell parts by breaking apart cells (lysing) then separating their parts by using a centrifuge.