Louis XIV established an absolute monarchy in France, concentrating power in himself. He removed nobles from government, centralized authority, and pursued religious unity and economic policies to increase France's wealth and power. However, his numerous wars left France in debt and surrounded by enemies upon his death. Prussia rose as a military power under Frederick William, while the Austrian Empire remained decentralized due to its diverse populations. Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great expanded Russia's territories and modernized its military and culture, with Peter establishing a new capital at St. Petersburg and opening Russia to Western influences.
This is my slide deck from my session at the North Carolina Reading Conference last week in Raleigh, NC. I do staff development to schools and districts all over the country about best practices in literacy instruction. This topic is one of my most requested.
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
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Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Royal AbsolutismI. Elements of Absolutism· Divine Right of K.docxjoellemurphey
Royal Absolutism
I. Elements of Absolutism
· Divine Right of Kings Theory: similar to the "Mandate of Heaven" concept from the Zhou Dynasty in China; the monarch was supposedly divinely appointed by God, thus the monarch was responsible to no one but God Himself; allowed for unlimited power for the monarch--a blank check for power
· Regulation of Religious Groups: monarch strongly believed in the promotion of one state church; often believed that policies of religious toleration were signs of weakness, thus religious minorities were either persecuted or expelled from the nation
· Civil liberties: there were no such things as individual freedoms and liberties in continental Europe until after the 18th century Enlightenment
· Legislative bodies: if a nation had a legislative body, the absolute monarch did his best to ignore or avoid summoning the legislature into session; the absolute monarch did not want to share powers with anyone, including a legislature, thus there were no avenues for the lower classes to become involved in the political process and have a voice in government
· Nobility: the nobility became the target of the monarchy--the absolute monarch wanted to keep the nobility as far away from politics and political power, and made every attempt to control their every move
· Fiscal policies: the absolute monarch made every attempt to control every and all fiscal policies, including the power of taxation; also relied heavily on the economic theory of mercantilism; this tight control is broken in the 18th century with the rise of capitalism and free market economies
· Rise of modern bureaucracies: these bodies were generally staffed by the growing middle class--the monarch did not want the nobility involved; these bodies grew rapidly throughout the 17th century and were quite extensive by the 18th century and eventually needed huge reforms to end corruption
· Modern Armies: the absolute monarchs were concerned with raising and maintaining large and professionally trained armies; in the 17th century modern uniforms were developed and the use of regimental flags became important; these large armies eventually became a significant section in the national budgets
· Secret Police: these feared and hated people became the eyes and ears of the absolute monarch; they were a separate part of the civilian government and spied on all classes of citizens; they remained part of European governments well into the 20th century
Versailles in the early 18th Century
II. Louis XIV (1643-1715)
· In addition to his nickname, "The Sun King," Louis was also known as "The Gift From God;" he was born 23 years into his parents' marriage--they had concluded that they would remain childless
· His father died when he was five, and his mother and Cardinal Mazarin ruled as his regents
· Grew up hating the nobility because of the political intrigues that surrounded the court; became very secretive and trusted few people--his standard reply to direct questions:" ...
Building National Monarchies (1000-
1500)
Growth of Royal Power in
England and France
The Struggle Between Popes
and Emperors
Strong Monarchies in Spain
and Scandinavia
Decline of Medieval Society
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. France Under Louis XIV
To increase stability in countries, gave monarch’s more power
= Absolutism = a system in which a ruler holds total power. It
is tied to the Divine Right of Kings.
Remember DRofK said that rulers got their power from
God and were responsible to no one except God.
Meant they made laws, levied taxes, administered justice,
controlled officials, and made their own foreign policy.
King Louis XIV (of France) is the PERFECT example.
4. Richelieu & Mazarin
Louis XIV came to the throne in 1643 (he was four years old).
Cardinal Mazarin, the chief minister, took control of the
government until Louis was old enough.
Mazarin died in 1661 and Louis took complete power at the
age of 23. He called himself the Sun King - the source of light
for all his people.
5. Government & Religion
Louis set up a royal court at Versailles. It was the
Household of the king
The chief officers of the state were located there too.
It was the place where powerful subjects came to find
favors and offices for themselves.
6. Government & Religion
Louis’ greatest threat came from high nobles and royal princes.
(They wanted to play a role in the government).
So...he removed them from the royal council.
His government ministers obeyed his every wish.
People that lived far from Versailles were able to have their local
nobles control some of their day to day life. The king was just
too far away to stop it or to control it.
This made Louis XIV mad. He would hire people to spy on
them and to make sure that they followed his rules.
7. Government & Religion
Louis was anti-Protestant and aimed at converting the
Huguenots to Catholicism.
He ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and
closed their schools.
As many as 200,000 Huguenots fled to England, the United
Provinces, and the German states.
8. The Economy & War
The cost of building palaces, maintaining his court, and
pursuing his wars made $$ a big issue for Louis XIV.
Luckily, he had Jean-Baptiste Colbert as the controller -
general of finances.
He increased France’s wealth and power by following
mercantilism.
Decreased imports and increased exports and granted
subsidies to new industries.
9. Economy & War
Colbert improved communications
and the transportation of goods by
building roads and canals.
Louis created a standing army of
400,000. He wanted military glory
befitting of the Sun King.
He waged four wars between 1667 and
1713. Many nations made coalitions to
prevent him from dominating Europe.
10. Legacy of Louis XIV
He died in 1715. He left France in huge debt and surrounded
by enemies.
11. German States
After the
Thirty Years’
War, there
were over 300
German states.
382 sovereign
states and
semi-sovereign
states.
12. The Emergence of Prussia
Frederick William the Great Elector helped to
make Prussia a state.
Prussia was a small open territory with no natural
frontiers for defense so Frederick built a large
and efficient army (40,000 men). To pay the men
and maintain army = General War Commissariat
to get taxes from the people of Prussia. Watch the rise
and fall of
His son, Frederick III then became King Russia on
Frederick I. Youtube!
13. The New Austrian
Empire
After the defeat of the Turks at Vienna in 1683,
Watch the Battle of Vienna on Youtube.
The Austrian monarchy never became highly centralized.
Austria was made up of so many different national groups,
there was not one absolutist monarch.
It was a collection of territories held together by the
Hapsburg emperor, archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia,
and the king of Hungary.
15. Ivan the Terrible
In the 16th century, Ivan IV became the first ruler to take
the title of czar, the Russian word for caesar.
He expanded the territories of Russia eastward.
Known as Ivan the Terrible because of his ruthless deeds:
stabbing his own son to death in an argument. (Watch Ivan
the Terrible Man documentary on Youtube).
His dynasty ended in 1598 = anarchy or the Time of Troubles.
Ended when Michael Romanov was named new czar in 1613.
16. Peter the Great
The Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917. Peter the Great was
one of the most well known. He was czar in 1689. He was
absolutist and claimed the Divine Right of Kings.
He traveled and wanted to Europeanize Russia. He used
many military and technological advances to improve
Russia.
By his death in 1725, Russia was a great military power and
an important European state.
17. Military & Gov’t Changes
Peter reorganized the army. Employed both Russians and
Europeans as officers.
Drafted peasants for 25 year stints of service to build an
army of 210,000 soldiers. Made the first Russia navy too.
He divided Russia into provinces.
His personality created an atmosphere of fear instead of a
sense of civic duty.
18. Cultural Change
and a New Capital
After visiting the west, he introduced Western customs,
practices, and manners into Russia.
Made the first Russian book of etiquette.
Men had to shave their heads and shorten their coats.
Upper class women could remove their traditional face-
covering veils and move about society.
Both sexes could now mix for conversation and dancing at
gatherings.
19. Cultural Changes and a New
Capital
Peter wanted to make Russia into a great state and military
power and to “open a window to the West”.
He wanted Sweden = water port.
Won Sweden and it’s ports after a long war with Sweden.
Once on the Baltic Sea in 1703, Peter began construction of
his new capital city, St. Petersburg.
Watch the Youtube video: Peter the Great (discovery)