12. shunt Dead space
Absent V/ present Q Absent Q/ Present V
Do not response with
100% oxygen
Response with
100% oxygen
100% oxygen
Treat specific disease
V/Q mismatch
13. Intrapulmonary shunt Extrapulmonary shunt
Response to PEEP Not response to PEEP
ARDS
Severe pulmonary edema
Right to left shunt
Pulmonary AVM
Shunt
26. การประเมิน ventilation
PaCO2 α CO2 production
alveolar ventilation
alveolar ventilation = minute ventilation – dead space ventilation
= (V t x RR) – (Vd x RR)
PaCO2 = k x CO2 production = k x CO2 production
(Vt x RR) – (Vd x RR) RR (Vt – Vd)
โดยที่ K = 0.863
Vt = tidal volume
Vd = dead space volume
RR = respiratory rate
32. PaCO2 = (1.5 x HCO3
-) + 8 + 2
Anion gap
Anion gap = Na+ – (Cl- + HCO3
-)
Predicted pH = 7.PaCO2
Metabolic acidosis
33. Wide anion gap metabolic acidosis
Lactic acidosis Ketoacidosis Non lactate, Non ketone
Type A
(poor tissue perfusion)
Type B
(normal tissue perfusion)
DKA
Stravation ketoacidosis
Alcholholic ketoacidosis
34. Wide anion gap metabolic acidosis
Non lactate, non ketone
Poisoning Non poisoning
Alcohol Non-alcohol
Ethanol
Methanol
Ethylene glycol
Salicylate
Toluene
AKI, CKD
Rhabdomyolysis
Tumor lysis syndrome
Intravascular hemolysis