A2 soc science review key
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The document is a teacher's key providing answers to a review on science and sociology topics. It contains 9 missing words for various statements about social phenomena, the external causes of individual behavior according to structural functionalism, meaningful social action, empathy in research, methods of verification and falsification in science, the definition of a scientific paradigm, how paradigms guide scientific work, and the difference between open and closed systems in research.
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Review of all things methods related teachers key
This document contains a teacher's key with answers to questions about research methods. It includes definitions for terms like validity, limitations, variables, experimenter bias, independent variables, and pilot testing. It also summarizes issues with different research methods, like access problems that may occur when studying classrooms, and differences between open-ended and closed questions in surveys.
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Review of all things methods related teachers key
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Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and Writing
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Science means ‘to know’.
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Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
1 acquiring knowledge
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2. Intuition - Acquiring knowledge through guesses or hunches that can be misleading without a way to determine accuracy.
3. Authority - Unquestioningly accepting knowledge from respected sources without a way to validate it.
4. Rationalism - Using logical reasoning which can reach incorrect conclusions if premises or steps are flawed.
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6. Science - Acquiring knowledge through objective evidence and testing of hypotheses according to a standardized procedure open to scrutiny
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This is a small graduate level presentation about research in psychology.
Presented by:
A Siddhartha
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Jodhpur
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1. Research is defined by various scholars as a systematic, purposeful inquiry to discover and verify new facts or principles about a problem through defined procedures.
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A2 soc science review
1. Positivists favor 'macro' or structural explanations of behavior and seek to quantify human behavior like natural phenomena. However, interpretivists argue that sociology should not try to be a science.
2. Interpretivists believe the subject matter of sociology is interpreting human meanings and interpretations rather than verifying hypotheses. They favor verstehen, or understanding social actions from the actor's point of view.
3. The document asks students to complete criticisms of positivism using key terms like controlled, replicated, and natural. It then poses topic questions about theories like Durkheim's concept of social facts and Kuhn's idea of paradigms in normal science.
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The document discusses five ethical guidelines that sociologists should follow when conducting research according to the British Sociological Association (BSA):
1. Informed consent - Participants should voluntarily agree to participate and have the right to withdraw consent. They must be fully informed about the study.
2. Confidentiality and privacy - Participants' identities and private details must remain confidential and private.
3. Effects on research participants - Researchers must consider potential negative effects on participants such as harm, exclusion, or damage and try to prevent these.
4. Vulnerable groups - Additional protections are needed for vulnerable groups like children.
5. Covert research - This should be avoided as it involves deception and researchers
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Research is defined as a systematic inquiry into a problem using scientific methods. A research problem is a clear statement about an area needing investigation or improvement. Research problems come from various sources, including social issues, previous studies, and personal interests. When formulating a research problem, researchers specify objectives, review the context, explore the nature of the problem, define variable relationships, and consider alternative courses of action. Characteristics of a good research problem include being clear, specific, limited in scope, researchable, and free of ethical constraints.
Observational Method of Behavior Analysis
The document discusses observation method, which is a technique in research where subjects are watched and recorded without direct contact. It is a main method in psychology that forms the basis for scientific inquiry. Key points include that primary materials are collected through observation, it involves planned watching and recording to analyze behavior, and requires careful preparation and training for observers.
Building theories
The document discusses several psychological theories. It explains that a theory is used to summarize, organize, and explain observations of psychological phenomena, and can be used to make predictions. Theories are built on concepts and must be tested. Theories in psychology are probabilistic rather than certain, so they must be evaluated by examining their strengths and limitations. It discusses Albert Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, which predicts that one's belief in their ability to succeed will influence how hard they try. It also discusses Carol Dweck's theory of fixed and growth mindsets, where those with a fixed mindset believe intelligence is static while those with a growth mindset believe intelligence can be developed. Dweck's research found that
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an overview for the chapter 01 of Kerlinger Lee's. This presentation is based on the summary of the chapter one.
Research
The document describes various observational research methods including naturalistic observation, participant observation, structured observation, and field experiments. It discusses types of qualitative and quantitative data collected through techniques like time sampling, event sampling, and situation sampling. The document also provides examples of observational studies conducted in educational settings, including a kindergarten teacher development project using classroom observations and interviews, an ethnomethodology study analyzing online discourse, and a case study of fifth grade students' digital video composition processes.
Data collection methods
This document discusses various methods of collecting primary data through observation for research purposes. It outlines two main types of observation: naturalistic observation where the researcher passively observes subjects in natural settings without influencing them, and laboratory observation where settings are controlled. It also describes participant observation where the researcher joins the group being studied and non-participant observation where the group is unaware of observation. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to observation are covered.
Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and Writing
Research methodology: Scientific Attitude, Methodology and WritingDr. Sudesh D. Rathod, B N Bandodkar College of Science
Science means ‘to know’.
To gain knowledge through the mode of thinking and experimenting with reasoning.
Ideas are tested and hypotheses are set and finally the concept is accepted or rejected.
Person involved in these activities is known as ‘scientist’.
1 acquiring knowledge
The document discusses six ways to acquire knowledge:
1. Tenacity - Acquiring knowledge through habit or superstition without a mechanism for error correction.
2. Intuition - Acquiring knowledge through guesses or hunches that can be misleading without a way to determine accuracy.
3. Authority - Unquestioningly accepting knowledge from respected sources without a way to validate it.
4. Rationalism - Using logical reasoning which can reach incorrect conclusions if premises or steps are flawed.
5. Empiricism - Acquiring knowledge through subjective experience alone which lacks control and ignores unobserved cases.
6. Science - Acquiring knowledge through objective evidence and testing of hypotheses according to a standardized procedure open to scrutiny
Research: Meaning and Characteristics
ISHRM School System Demonstration Teaching Slides 2 of 2
I was requested by the academic coordinator to make a teaching demonstration of research; this was the result. The video on slide 2 has been added after several requests, and also much to my overlooking.
Observation method
Observation is a primary data collection method that involves recognizing and noting facts or occurrences without asking questions. It can be used to study things like sales techniques, customer movements, and brand preferences. Some advantages are that it can be used regardless of willingness to report and with those unable to respond, like infants. Limitations include only being able to observe current behaviors, not attitudes or opinions, and it being slow for large groups. There are structured and unstructured, disguised and undisguised, and direct and indirect observation methods.
AS Week 6 Observational Research
The document discusses the observational method of research. It defines different types of observational studies such as participant observations, non-participant observations, disclosed observations, and undisclosed observations. It also discusses structured observations using coding schemes and unstructured observations. The document notes some challenges with observational studies, such as issues with objectivity for participant observations and ethics concerns for undisclosed observations. It emphasizes the importance of reliability and validity in observational research.
Research methodology
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses what research is, why it is conducted, and key terms. It outlines the topics that will be covered, including research problem selection, design, sampling, data collection and analysis, and report writing. The background section discusses how research combines experience, reasoning and empirical investigation. The benefits of understanding research methodology are also summarized.
Research in Psychology
This is a small graduate level presentation about research in psychology.
Presented by:
A Siddhartha
MA Psychology, JNVU
Jodhpur
DEFINITIONS OF RESEARCH
1. Research is defined by various scholars as a systematic, purposeful inquiry to discover and verify new facts or principles about a problem through defined procedures.
2. It involves collecting and analyzing data critically to develop original conclusions, and testing those conclusions to determine if they address the problem.
3. Comprehensive definitions of research emphasize that it is an honest, exhaustive process aimed at contributing new knowledge to a field through establishing or refining principles.
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Kerlinger Lee Research methods chapter 01 by CParanamana
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A2 soc science review
1. Positivists favor 'macro' or structural explanations of behavior and seek to quantify human behavior like natural phenomena. However, interpretivists argue that sociology should not try to be a science.
2. Interpretivists believe the subject matter of sociology is interpreting human meanings and interpretations rather than verifying hypotheses. They favor verstehen, or understanding social actions from the actor's point of view.
3. The document asks students to complete criticisms of positivism using key terms like controlled, replicated, and natural. It then poses topic questions about theories like Durkheim's concept of social facts and Kuhn's idea of paradigms in normal science.
AS Ethical Factors Influencing Choice of Methods
The document discusses five ethical guidelines that sociologists should follow when conducting research according to the British Sociological Association (BSA):
1. Informed consent - Participants should voluntarily agree to participate and have the right to withdraw consent. They must be fully informed about the study.
2. Confidentiality and privacy - Participants' identities and private details must remain confidential and private.
3. Effects on research participants - Researchers must consider potential negative effects on participants such as harm, exclusion, or damage and try to prevent these.
4. Vulnerable groups - Additional protections are needed for vulnerable groups like children.
5. Covert research - This should be avoided as it involves deception and researchers
Review all of all things methods related student
This document provides a review of research methods concepts including:
1. Validity refers to the accuracy or truthfulness of research findings.
2. Practical issues that affect a researcher's choice of method include legal issues, ethics concerns, and problems accessing subjects.
3. Positivists see sociology as a science and prefer quantitative data, while the comparative method examines cause-and-effect relationships through thought experiments rather than practical experiments.
AS Theoretical Issues
There are four main theoretical issues in sociology: validity, reliability, representativeness, and methodological perspective. Validity refers to obtaining an accurate picture of society, while reliability means replicable results. Representativeness means studying a typical cross-section. Methodological perspective influences method choice, with positivists preferring quantitative data to find patterns and interpretivists preferring qualitative data to understand meanings. Constraints like time, resources, access, and consent also influence which methods sociologists can use to study their topics.
Marxist theories of religion
Marx saw religion as a feature that arises only in class-divided societies as a way for the ruling class to control the working class and justify their suffering. Religion creates a false consciousness by masking the real problems of exploitation under capitalism and distracting people with promises of reward in the afterlife. However, Marx ignores positive functions of religion and neo-Marxists argue some forms can assist class consciousness.
AS Practical Factors Influencing Choice of Methods
There are several practical factors that influence a sociologist's choice of research methods. Time and money constraints impact whether large or small-scale studies can be conducted. Funding bodies may require certain data formats that influence the selection of methods like questionnaires. Individual sociologists also have different skill sets and characteristics that determine which methods they can effectively apply based on the requirements of tasks like participant observation or in-depth interviews. The nature of the subject matter and availability of research opportunities also shape methodological decisions.
Sociology of Religion
This document discusses several key topics related to the sociology of religion:
1) It defines religiosity and the different ways people can express or experience religion.
2) It outlines Ernst Troeltsch's typology of religious organizations as ecclesia, church, sect, and cult. It then describes the characteristics of each type.
3) It discusses some of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology on how religion affects society and individuals, such as the functionalist, conflict theory, and rational choice perspectives. Religion can both unite and divide society.
A2 Sociology: Marxist Theories of Religion
Marxist theories view religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling capitalist class to justify the suffering of the working class and prevent class uprising. Religion tells the poor their suffering will be rewarded in the afterlife. Feminist theories also see many religions as patriarchal institutions that reflect and perpetuate the subordination of women through religious beliefs, organizations, texts, and customs. However, some feminists argue religion has not always oppressed women and it does not do so in all forms. The role of women in some religions is changing as certain churches now allow women to hold positions of religious authority.
A2 Sociology: Defining Relgion
Sociologists define religion in three main ways - substantive, functional, and social constructionist. Substantive definitions focus on religious beliefs like belief in God or the supernatural. Functional definitions see religion as serving social or psychological functions. Social constructionist definitions say religion cannot be universally defined and definitions are contested and influenced by those in power. Durkheim saw religion as reinforcing social solidarity through rituals and collective worship. Malinowski and Parsons argued religion helps individuals cope with stress and finds meaning. Bellah's concept of civil religion described religion uniting American society through rituals like pledging allegiance. Lenin and Marx viewed religion as a tool for ruling classes to control populations by masking exploitation.
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This document provides an overview of Module 9: Research Design and Methods in Curriculum and Instruction. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The module is a 4 credit hour course taught by Prof. Omprakash H M at Bule Hora University in Ethiopia. Unit 1 discusses the fundamentals of research, including definitions of research, the scientific inquiry process, and different research paradigms and categories. Proper research requires obtaining the right type of evidence to unambiguously address the research problem and answer the study's questions.Module 9- Research Design and Methods in C urriculum & Instruction.pptx
This document provides an overview of Module 9: Research Design and Methods in Curriculum and Instruction. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The module is a 4 credit course taught by Prof. Omprakash H M at Bule Hora University in Ethiopia. Unit 1 discusses the fundamentals of research, including definitions of research, the scientific method, major paradigms that guide research, and categories of research such as case studies, correlational studies, longitudinal studies, experimental studies, and clinical trials. The purpose of research is to advance knowledge through developing and testing hypotheses, theories, and ideas using systematic empirical investigation and analysis.
Naturalistic qualitative inquiry.
This document provides an overview of naturalistic qualitative inquiry. It discusses key aspects of this research approach including:
- Naturalistic inquiry examines phenomena in their natural context and views reality as dynamic and interconnected.
- Several types of naturalistic qualitative research are described, including phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case studies.
- Characteristics of qualitative inquiry are outlined, such as using an emergent design, purposive sampling, and inductive analysis to generate theories and descriptions.
- Issues of trustworthiness in qualitative research are covered, including techniques to ensure credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability of findings.
Research Methodology
This document provides an overview of research basics. It begins by outlining the objectives, introduction, and subject matter of research. It then defines research and lists 10 definitions from various sources. It describes the characteristics of research and objectives of research in general as well as the specific objectives of research in commerce and management. It discusses the motivation for research, including curiosity, finding cause-and-effect relationships, interest in novel events, and refining research techniques. Overall, the document provides foundational information on the meaning, process, objectives, and motivations behind conducting research.
Relevance of experimental design
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach to research and some key assumptions of experimental design, including controlling variables and manipulating independent variables.
It then defines experimental design and discusses the importance of controlling extraneous variables. It identifies the key steps in conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, pilot testing, and analyzing data.
The document also discusses the differences between internal and external validity in experiments. It outlines three main types of experimental designs - true experiments, quasi-experiments, and pre-experiments - and provides examples of designs within each type. It concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of true experiments and quasi
Relevance of experimental design
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach to research, which includes assumptions that nature is orderly, phenomena have natural causes, and knowledge is superior to ignorance. It then defines research design and describes different types, focusing on experimental design. Experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable in a controlled setting to observe its impact on a dependent variable. The document outlines the steps to conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, implementing treatments, collecting data, and analyzing results. It emphasizes that proper experimental design allows for testing hypotheses and distinguishing between competing theories.
Relevance of experimental design
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach and assumptions of research, including that nature is orderly, phenomena have natural causes, and knowledge is superior to ignorance. It then defines research design and different types of designs, focusing on experimental design. Experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable in a controlled setting to observe its impact on a dependent variable. The document outlines the steps to conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, implementing treatments, collecting data, and analyzing results. It emphasizes that proper experimental design allows for testing hypotheses and distinguishing between competing theories.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES (BRM)
The document outlines 7 key characteristics of the scientific method:
1. Empirical - concerned with observable realities through sensory experiences to generate knowledge.
2. Verifiable - observations are verified again to confirm or refute previous findings.
3. Cumulative - researchers build upon existing bodies of knowledge to advance understanding.
4. Deterministic - scientists seek to identify causal relationships and explain phenomena through logic rather than chance.
5. Ethical and ideological neutrality - conclusions must be objective and based on empirical data, not personal biases.
6. Statistical generalization - sampling aims for findings that generalize beyond specific settings.
7. Rationalism - explanations are logically reasoned through deductive and inductive logic rather
Philosophy and ethics
This document discusses research philosophy and ethics. It begins by defining research as systematic investigations driven by curiosity to satisfy curiosity and discover new knowledge. Research has owners who discover new things and recipients who learn about the discoveries. The document then discusses research ethics, noting that research should pursue truth in an ethical manner. It outlines various philosophical approaches to research like idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts in research philosophy and ethics.
Scientific Method.pptx
The document outlines the scientific method, which involves 5 steps: 1) defining a problem, 2) formulating a hypothesis, 3) deducing implications of the hypothesis, 4) collecting and analyzing evidence through experiments and observations, and 5) verifying, rejecting, or modifying the hypothesis based on the evidence. It also discusses other historical methods for acquiring knowledge such as authority, tradition, experience, deductive reasoning, and inductive reasoning, and the roles of theories in summarizing knowledge and guiding further scientific inquiry.
Similar to A2 soc science review key (20)
Module 9- Research Design and Methods in C urriculum & Instruction.pptx
Module 9- Research Design and Methods in C urriculum & Instruction.pptx
Module 9- Research Design and Methods in C urriculum & Instruction.pptx
Module 9- Research Design and Methods in C urriculum & Instruction.pptx
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES (BRM)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF RESEARCH & ITS SPECIAL FEATURES (BRM)
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AS Social Surveys
This document discusses key aspects of conducting social surveys. It explains that surveys can take the form of written questionnaires or interviews. Questions can be open-ended, allowing free responses, or closed-ended with limited answers. Researchers must choose a topic suitable for a survey and form a clear aim or hypothesis to give their study focus. Concepts being studied, like social class, must be operationalized by defining observable indicators that can be measured. Pilot studies test survey questions to identify and address any issues before full data collection. Researchers aim to sample populations that allow findings to generalize to the overall group being examined.
A2 Popper Recap
Popper rejected inductive reasoning and verificationism, which were approaches used by positivists. He argued that inductive reasoning, which involves generalizing from specific observations, is flawed because a single counter-example can falsify the generalization. Popper proposed falsificationism instead, where a scientific theory must be capable of being proven wrong through empirical testing. A good theory, according to Popper, must be falsifiable but withstand attempts to falsify it. No theory can ever be proven absolutely true, only withstand falsification attempts so far. Popper also argued that science thrives in open societies that allow criticism and debate, while closed societies dominated by rigid orthodoxies tend to stifle scientific progress.
A2 Karl Popper Extended Version
Karl Popper proposed that scientific knowledge is provisional and falsifiable rather than absolutely certain or proven true. He rejected the traditional view that science discovers descriptive laws through induction from facts. Instead, he argued that scientific theories can never be proven true but can be tested by attempting to falsify them through experiments and observations. This view resolved issues with the logical problem of induction and provided a rationale for how scientific knowledge advances through falsification of theories.
A2 Sociological Theory: Postmodernism Feminism & Scientific Sociology
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Postmodernists argue against the notion of a scientific sociology because they see science as just one narrative among many, and its claims of truth are no more valid than any other perspective. Scientific sociology makes false claims of having the sole truth and forms a domination that can exclude other views. Some feminists also argue that a single scientific feminist theory and quantitative methods favored by positivists are oppressive and cannot capture women's experiences. Additionally, science has not always led to progress and dangers created by science like nuclear weapons undermine the idea that it inevitably benefits humanity, so sociology should not adopt it as a model.A2 Sociology & Science
The document discusses positivism and the debate around whether sociology can be considered a science. Positivists in the 19th century were influenced by the success of the natural sciences and wanted to apply scientific methods to the study of society. Key beliefs of positivists included that reality exists independently of human minds, society consists of observable social facts, and through systematic observation sociologists can discover patterns and laws that explain how society works, similar to scientific laws in physics. The document outlines inductive reasoning and verificationism as methods positivists believe sociology can use to establish generalizable truths and laws about society.
A2 Positivism & Quantitative Research
The document discusses positivism and objective quantitative research methods. Positivists argue that the experimental method used in hard sciences should also be used in sociology. They seek causal relationships and use quantitative data and methods like questionnaires to test hypotheses and uncover patterns in an objective, detached manner. The document then discusses Emile Durkheim's study of suicide rates, which he argued showed social causes for this personal act, establishing sociology as a scientific discipline. Interpretivists reject viewing sociology as a science, arguing we must interpret meanings and motives rather than external causes. They favor qualitative methods to understand actions from the actor's viewpoint.
A2 Realism
Realism distinguishes between open and closed systems that can be studied in sociology. Open systems, like weather patterns or crime rates, are too complex to make precise predictions because the researcher cannot control or measure all variables. Closed systems, like laboratory experiments, allow the researcher to control all relevant variables and make precise predictions. Realists argue that sociology primarily studies open systems that are too complex to make exact predictions due to many uncontrolled variables that influence outcomes.
A2 Thomas Kuhn & Scientific Paradigms
Thomas Kuhn was an American physicist who radically changed views on the nature of science. He argued that science progresses not through linear knowledge gathering, but through periodic "paradigm shifts" where the nature of scientific inquiry in a field is suddenly transformed. A paradigm is the basic framework of assumptions and methods shared by a scientific community that governs their work. During normal science, scientists work within a paradigm to solve puzzles, but over time anomalies can lead to a paradigm shift opening up a new approach. Kuhn emphasized that science is shaped by subjective perspectives and there can be competing views until a new paradigm is widely accepted.
AS Primary & Secondary Data
Primary data is information collected firsthand for research purposes, while secondary data is collected by others for non-research reasons. Sociologists commonly use secondary data as it is readily available at low cost. Common primary collection methods include surveys, participant observation, and experiments. Secondary data sources include official statistics from governments and organizations as well as documents. Quantitative data is numeric while qualitative data provides subjective experiences and perspectives to understand social phenomena. Examples of each type of data collection method and source are provided.
AS Sociology Revision
The document discusses different perspectives on family diversity and structure. It outlines the views of the New Right, who oppose diversity and favor a traditional nuclear family. It also describes the neo-conventional family perspective and identifies five types of family diversity. Additionally, it discusses concepts like life course analysis, risk society, choice and equality, family practice, postmodernism, and the growing acceptance of and arguments for and against diversity in family forms.
AS Two Alternatives to the Laboratory Experiment AND Answers
The document discusses two alternative methods to laboratory experiments in sociology: field experiments and the comparative method. The comparative method is designed to discover cause-and-effect relationships and is sometimes called a thought experiment. Rosenthal & Jacobson used a field experiment to study the effects of teacher expectations on student achievement. The comparative method has advantages over laboratory experiments in that it avoids artificiality, can study past events, and does not harm or deceive subjects. Durkheim used the comparative method in his study of suicide rates.
AS & A2 Exam Prep Tips
The five stage active reading technique called SQ3R is described. The stages are: Survey, Question, Read, Recall, and Review. Key aspects of each stage are highlighted, including scanning materials for an overview, forming questions, reading sections in detail while taking notes, recalling core facts and processes, and reviewing through re-reading or teaching others. Additional study methods are recommended, such as using association and vivid imagery to remember information, using sticky notes and note cards to quiz yourself, and quizzing with other students.
AS & A2 Examinator Expectations
An exam candidate should demonstrate the following skills:
1) Familiarity with key sociological concepts, theories, and theorists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
2) Ability to write clear, logical essays using proper English prose and a coherent line of argument.
3) Capacity to evaluate and comment on sociological materials and express an informed opinion.
The document provides tips for answering exam questions such as writing an essay plan, using paragraphs, leaving space for amendments, and proofreading responses carefully.
AS Sociology & the Family
Most sociologists believe that Britain has diverse family structures. Families found in Britain today include nuclear families (mother, father, children), extended families (grandparents, parents, children), single parent families, and step families. The media often portray families as having the woman as the homemaker and mother, while the man is the wage earner. Ethnic minorities also contribute to family diversity in Britain, with South Asian families tending to be more extended, and West Indian families more likely to be single parent and matriarchal in structure.
AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & Weeks
AS Sociology: An in Depth Look at Giddens, Beck, Stacey & WeeksApril Lennox-Hill's Sociology Lessons
Here are three potential reasons for greater gender equality in the family and society:
1. The women's liberation movement and rise of feminism has advocated for and achieved greater legal and social rights for women, such as in areas of employment, education, and family roles.
2. Societal values have shifted to embrace ideas of equality, fairness, and individualism rather than traditional patriarchal family structures where gender roles were more rigid.
3. Women now have more opportunities for education and careers due to factors like increased access to birth control and fewer children, allowing them to achieve financial independence outside of traditional family/domestic roles.AS Sociology: The Rapoports
The document outlines 5 types of family diversity identified by Rhona and Robert Rapoport:
1) Organizational diversity refers to differences in family roles and structures such as joint or segregated wage earning.
2) Cultural diversity accounts for differences between ethnic and religious groups' family structures.
3) Social class diversity influences family structure and child-rearing based on income differences.
4) Life-stage diversity means family structure depends on people's stages in the life cycle such as with newlyweds or retired couples.
5) Generational diversity exists as attitudes change over time between older and younger generations regarding issues like divorce and homosexuality.
Family diversity teaching notes
This document discusses family diversity in contemporary British society. It begins by defining the idea of viewing family as a homogeneous institution as conceptually inadequate, as different social classes experience structural pressures differently. It then examines statistical evidence showing diversity in family structures, including nuclear, extended, reconstituted, and single-parent families. Finally, it discusses interpreting this evidence through concepts like family life-cycle to better understand family diversity as a social process rather than just snapshots of data. The document advocates a sociological perspective that considers both institutional/structural and interpersonal/interactional aspects of family life.
AS Sociology: Experiments
Lab experiments are rarely used in sociology due to various limitations. While they can establish cause-and-effect relationships and be highly reliable, societal variables are too complex to control and natural human behaviors may not be observed. Ethical issues can also arise from manipulating human subjects without their full consent.
AS Sociology: Interpretivism
Interactionists take a micro-level, interpretivist approach to studying society, focusing on small-scale, face-to-face interactions. They prefer qualitative data collection methods like participant observation and in-depth interviews to understand people's experiences from their own perspective. This provides rich descriptions of feelings and rejects the idea of objective social realities, instead interpreting how individuals construct reality through social interactions.
AS Sociology: Issues of Family Diversity
The document discusses how family structures in modern Britain have become more diverse, with examples of nuclear families, extended families, single-parent families, reconstituted families, homosexual families, and families from different ethnic groups. It analyzes factors that have led to changes in traditional family forms and greater diversity, including divorce, changing gender roles, and immigration. In conclusion, it confirms that family life in Britain has indeed become more diverse, as there is no single dominant family type anymore.
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A2 soc science review key
- 1. Teacher's Key to: A2 Review of All Things Science & Sociology Related Missing words: 1) interpretations 2) verifiable 3) consciousness 4) science 5) hypotheses 6) controlled 7) meanings 8) natural 9) replicated 1. Social phenomena that are external to and greater than the individual and that act on and constrain the individual’s behaviour and consciousness. 2. Because they see large-scale social structures as social facts that are the external cause of individuals’ behaviour. 3. Meaningful social action. 4. Empathy, or putting oneself in ‘the shoes’ of another. This allows the researcher to understand the subjective meanings of the actor’s views and experiences. 5. Verificationism involves collecting evidence with the aim of proving a theory correct. Falsificationism involves attempting to prove a theory is wrong by seeking evidence hat would falsify it. 6. A basic framework of assumptions, principles, methods and techniques set of principles shared by members of a scientific community, telling them what reality is like, what problems to work on and what sorts of answers they should find. 7. The paradigm defines the questions and in broad terms the answers, and the scientists work out how reach the expected solutions. 8. Open systems are those in which the researcher cannot control or measure all the relevant variables; in closed systems the researcher can control and measure the variables (e.g. in a laboratory), so can make precise predictions.