This document provides an overview of logic and the scientific method. It defines logic as the study of correct reasoning and the principles of valid arguments. It notes logic is concerned with how we ought to reason, not the psychology of actual reasoning. The document then discusses the scientific method, noting it aims to discover facts through reflection and hypotheses. Scientific inquiry uses probable inference and theories can be modified as evidence demands. The ideal of science is to achieve a systematic interconnection of facts for increased accuracy and information. Empiricism and observation are central to the scientific method.
Conflict of Interest_Research and publication ethics.pptxavantikaadhruj1
Conflicts of interest can occur when personal interests clash with professional responsibilities in three main areas: financial gain, work commitments, and intellectual and personal matters. They should be disclosed and managed to ensure truth and honesty in research. The Bayh-Dole Act encourages commercialization of research but also increases risks of financial conflicts of interest. Full disclosure and monitoring of research are needed to address conflicts properly.
THE OBJECTIVITY OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS BY G. E. MOORERickyGadman
G.E. Moore was a philosopher and logician who taught at Cambridge University. He was known for his honesty, with only one reported instance of lying.
The document discusses different theories about the objectivity of moral judgements. Moore analyzes the ideas that ethics are based on feelings, on what society thinks, or on what individuals think. He argues that each of these theories would mean that the same action could be both right and wrong, which is a contradiction. The document also notes that different societies have approved of different actions at different times.
The document discusses the philosophy of history. It defines philosophy of history as the philosophical study of history and the theoretical foundations of the practice and application of history. It examines how philosophers have sought to understand the nature of historical knowledge and the forces that shape human events. Several philosophers and their contributions to understanding history and human life are highlighted, including Aristotle, Machiavelli, Socrates, Bertrand Russell, and Ibn Khaldun, who is considered the father of philosophy of history.
Gatal went to Seksi's apartment pretending to be an officer and took out a knife, instructing her to remove her clothes. Seksi begged him to leave but was too afraid to resist physically. They had intercourse. Gatal can likely be charged with rape because the sexual act occurred without Seksi's consent, as she submitted out of fear for her safety due to Gatal's threatening behavior and weapon. Under Malaysian law, consent obtained through fear or threat constitutes rape.
Andréia trabalhava para Victor em uma empresa, mas sua relação com ele piorou depois que ela emagreceu e começou um relacionamento. Victor passou a tratá-la mal e exigir horários impossíveis, levando a equipe a perder a confiança nele.
The document provides an overview of the analytical framework of contract law. It discusses the key elements in the formation of contracts, including offers, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. It also covers the requirements of certainty, completeness, and form in contracts. The document is divided into five parts that will examine how contracts are formed, the content of contracts, who can enforce contracts, how contracts can be destroyed, and how contracts come to an end or are discharged.
How the London UNDERGROUND shaped LondonJIM MUKERJEE
The "London Underground" is celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2013. This presentation describes the initial trials and tribulations, dogged tenacity, and miraculous triumphs that transformed transportation, and people's lives, in Victorian London. Even today, the "UNDERGROUND" roundel logo, the "Tube Map", and imaginative posters, are instantly recognized worldwide as iconic symbols of one of the greatest cities of the world, steeped in history, culture, and commerce!
Conflict of Interest_Research and publication ethics.pptxavantikaadhruj1
Conflicts of interest can occur when personal interests clash with professional responsibilities in three main areas: financial gain, work commitments, and intellectual and personal matters. They should be disclosed and managed to ensure truth and honesty in research. The Bayh-Dole Act encourages commercialization of research but also increases risks of financial conflicts of interest. Full disclosure and monitoring of research are needed to address conflicts properly.
THE OBJECTIVITY OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS BY G. E. MOORERickyGadman
G.E. Moore was a philosopher and logician who taught at Cambridge University. He was known for his honesty, with only one reported instance of lying.
The document discusses different theories about the objectivity of moral judgements. Moore analyzes the ideas that ethics are based on feelings, on what society thinks, or on what individuals think. He argues that each of these theories would mean that the same action could be both right and wrong, which is a contradiction. The document also notes that different societies have approved of different actions at different times.
The document discusses the philosophy of history. It defines philosophy of history as the philosophical study of history and the theoretical foundations of the practice and application of history. It examines how philosophers have sought to understand the nature of historical knowledge and the forces that shape human events. Several philosophers and their contributions to understanding history and human life are highlighted, including Aristotle, Machiavelli, Socrates, Bertrand Russell, and Ibn Khaldun, who is considered the father of philosophy of history.
Gatal went to Seksi's apartment pretending to be an officer and took out a knife, instructing her to remove her clothes. Seksi begged him to leave but was too afraid to resist physically. They had intercourse. Gatal can likely be charged with rape because the sexual act occurred without Seksi's consent, as she submitted out of fear for her safety due to Gatal's threatening behavior and weapon. Under Malaysian law, consent obtained through fear or threat constitutes rape.
Andréia trabalhava para Victor em uma empresa, mas sua relação com ele piorou depois que ela emagreceu e começou um relacionamento. Victor passou a tratá-la mal e exigir horários impossíveis, levando a equipe a perder a confiança nele.
The document provides an overview of the analytical framework of contract law. It discusses the key elements in the formation of contracts, including offers, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. It also covers the requirements of certainty, completeness, and form in contracts. The document is divided into five parts that will examine how contracts are formed, the content of contracts, who can enforce contracts, how contracts can be destroyed, and how contracts come to an end or are discharged.
How the London UNDERGROUND shaped LondonJIM MUKERJEE
The "London Underground" is celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2013. This presentation describes the initial trials and tribulations, dogged tenacity, and miraculous triumphs that transformed transportation, and people's lives, in Victorian London. Even today, the "UNDERGROUND" roundel logo, the "Tube Map", and imaginative posters, are instantly recognized worldwide as iconic symbols of one of the greatest cities of the world, steeped in history, culture, and commerce!
During World War I, major rent strikes took place across Scotland in 1915 to protest landlords sharply increasing rents by up to 25%. As industries like shipbuilding boomed and populations grew in cities like Glasgow, there was high demand for housing but rents became unaffordable for many tenants. Over 25,000 people participated in rent strikes, refusing to pay and sometimes violently confronting authorities. The government passed the Rent Restriction Act to cap rents at 1914 prices to quell the unrest, which was disrupting the war effort and threatening revolution. The successful rent strikes empowered workers to demand better conditions and wages through additional industrial action.
The document provides an overview of library automation. It discusses the historical background of library automation which progressed through experimental, local, and cooperative system phases from the 1930s onwards. The need for library automation arose due to the increasing volume of information and costs. It allows libraries to efficiently manage operations like acquisition, cataloguing, and circulation through application of computer technology. Key requirements for successful library automation include adequate collection and finances, suitable hardware and software, trained staff, and maintenance. Both commercial and open source software options are available for library automation systems.
This presentation discusses the importance of publication ethics. It defines ethics as dealing with moral principles, and publication ethics as ensuring high-quality scientific publications, public trust in findings, and proper attribution of ideas. It discusses the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which was established in 1997 to discuss publication ethics issues and advise editors. The importance of publication ethics is that it promotes objective research, supports collaboration, ensures accountability, and builds public trust in research findings. Research and publication ethics are closely connected, as published work enters the public domain and must ensure scientific progress, protect life, promote ethical behavior, and support researchers' reputations.
Analogical arguments claim that a conclusion is probable based on similarities between two or more things. To evaluate the strength of an analogical argument, six criteria are used: 1) the number of similar entities or cases in the premises, 2) the variety of those cases, 3) the number of similar respects between the cases, 4) the relevance of those respects, 5) any dissimilarities between the cases, and 6) how modest the conclusion's claim is based on the premises. Arguments are stronger when they have more entities, a variety of cases, many relevant similar respects, few dissimilarities, and more modest conclusions.
The document discusses different types of fallacies, or flawed arguments. It begins by defining a fallacy as an argument that uses poor reasoning, whether or not the conclusion is true. Fallacies can be formal, stemming from logical flaws, or informal. The document then examines different types of formal and informal fallacies identified by Aristotle, Richard Whately, and others. It provides examples of intentional and unintentional fallacies, as well as deductive fallacies. Specific fallacies like appeal to pity, scare tactics, and two wrongs making a right are explored in more depth.
Serial publications are documents published regularly on a specific topic or field, providing general information on current activities and publicity in that subject area across multiple issues to convey a sequence of information over time.
Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic born in 1872 and died in 1970. He is best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. Some of his most influential contributions include his defense of logicism and theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. He discovered Russell's paradox in set theory in 1901, which promoted significant work in logic, set theory, and foundations of mathematics. Russell had a long and influential career that included work in philosophy and social activism.
The document discusses various citation databases and research metrics used to evaluate scholarly publications and researchers. It describes major citation databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar that compile citations from bibliographies. It also explains common research metrics like the Impact Factor, h-index, g-index, i10 Index, Cite Score, SJR, and SNIP used to measure the influence and impact of publications and researchers. These metrics are calculated based on factors like the number of citations a publication or researcher receives.
This document discusses various ethical issues in scientific research, including intellectual honesty, research integrity, scientific misconduct such as falsification and plagiarism. It addresses principles like duty to society, informed consent, and protecting research participants. Forms of problematic publishing are defined, like duplicate/overlapping publications and "salami slicing" research. Selective reporting or misrepresenting data to bias results undermines reproducibility. Upholding integrity requires monitoring at the individual researcher, work group and institutional levels.
The document discusses whether a minor and insane person can enter into a valid contract. It explains that under Malaysian law, a minor is considered anyone under the age of 18 and is not competent to enter contracts. An insane person also lacks capacity to contract due to their mental state. The document analyzes relevant cases and exceptions for certain types of minor's contracts. It concludes that contracts by a minor or insane person are generally void, unless they meet specific exceptions.
This document defines what a bibliography is and provides information about compiling and formatting bibliographies. It explains that a bibliography is a list of sources with bibliographic descriptions and discusses keeping track of sources, recording publication information, and converting a working bibliography into a final bibliography format. It also outlines the main types of bibliographies, including systematic enumerative, current selection aids, and bibliographies of bibliographies. Finally, it provides examples of bibliography formats for books and periodicals.
The document discusses the duty of care in negligence cases. It explains that there are four key considerations for establishing a duty of care: (1) duty of care, (2) breach of duty of care, (3) causation, and (4) loss or injury. It then focuses on duty of care, outlining the traditional categories where a duty of care has been established (such as between doctors/patients). It also discusses novel cases and explains the three part test of foresight, proximity, and fairness used to determine if a duty of care exists. Specific cases are referenced to illustrate various principles around establishing duty of care.
1. The document describes group therapy practices at a community mental health clinic in Acre, Israel that serves both Jewish and Arab patients.
2. The clinic offers several types of therapy groups focused on issues like personality disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, support for family members, and continuing care after hospitalization.
3. The conclusion emphasizes that while not all patients are suitable for group therapy, many benefit both from the social support of a group setting and from addressing interpersonal themes that emerge within group dynamics.
The Company
Founded in 1998 in order to enter into the Brazilian telecommunications market, Fechometal began to develop a production line dedicated to mooring items.
Throughout its history, it has specialized in high quality stainless steel material, developing items to new industrial markets. Improved its industrial settings by investing in technology and incorporated in its production last generation technical resources, based on the constant improvement of its products.
Currently Fechometal develops products for various industries: Telecommunications, Energy, Naval, Construction, Automotive, Aviation, Municipal, Signalization and Agriculture. Its production line includes tapes, closures, self locking clamps, supports, tools, identification tags, among other items, with different measures and models.
One of the most important manufacturers of stainless steel bands and buckles in Brazil, Fechometal has the recognition of the most important companies in Brazil for the excellence of their products, offering support from the development of the idea to the manufacture of the final product.
To meet the demands required of its customers, Fechometal maintains a broad pattern of development and a modern logistics system. Fechometal counts with reference equipment and a highly skilled team of professionals in a manufacturing area of 800 m2, providing for its clients better quality x cost equation in an agile and flexible way, with accordance to the requirements of the global market.
Fechometal exports to Latin America, the United States and Europe, following all international norms and standards. This integration is another factor that leads us to have sufficient flexibility to meet the quality requirements of these markets.
True to the entrepreneurial spirit of its founders, Fechometal has a major partnership commitment with its customers, suppliers and employees.
Woman position, woman suffrage, truth auto musicMoira Baker
The document summarizes the social positions and resistance of American women from 1848 to 1920. It describes how women had no legal rights, were barred from most professions and colleges, and were expected to conform to the cult of true womanhood. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the first women's rights convention and launched the women's suffrage movement. Key figures like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul fought for women's rights through protests, conventions, and demonstrations. The 19th Amendment granting women's suffrage was finally passed in 1920 after 72 years of struggle.
Outsmart.it plagiarism detection claim and debunkmauryeliz
The document discusses the claim that websites like "Outsmart.it" can help students avoid plagiarism detection software. The author tests the website and finds that it does a poor job of paraphrasing, generating nonsensical sentences. When the reworked text is checked against plagiarism software, it is still identified as highly similar to the original. The document concludes that using synonyms without understanding the full meaning does not constitute proper paraphrasing and will not fool professors or software. Students are advised to do their own work and properly cite all sources rather than relying on gimmicks.
Globalizing the common core standards in theKathyGShort
The document discusses possibilities and challenges with the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) regarding global perspectives. It argues that CCSS is missing a focus on taking action, communicating ideas, and recognizing different perspectives. It also claims CCSS exemplar texts lack cultural and global diversity and recommends diversifying text lists. The document suggests pairing global texts with other materials to encourage comprehension and collaboration across a wider range of viewpoints.
This document provides an overview of operations management for charities and non-profits. It discusses:
1) What operations management entails and how it involves bringing together resources, activities, and processes to produce outputs and outcomes.
2) The eight key stages of operations management: 1) developing clear objectives and measures of performance, 2) mapping activities, 3) identifying resources, 4) defining responsibilities, 5) sequencing activities, 6) implementing and managing operations, 7) evaluating progress, and 8) learning from evaluations.
3) How operations management focuses on combining resources and activities to produce outputs and outcomes, which are then monitored and evaluated against performance indicators to assess what is working well and what needs improvement
Counselors now have many technological tools at their disposal that can help facilitate their work and services, including telephones, cell phones, fax machines, computers, and electronic counseling. These technologies allow counselors to more easily communicate with clients, store and share information, and expand their practices. However, some criticisms of technologies like electronic counseling are that the in-person relationship between counselor and client can be lost, body language is harder to read, and there are risks of technical difficulties and confidentiality breaches. Counselors should utilize technology but not rely on it as the sole method of practicing.
This document provides instructions for adding a signature in Outlook. It explains that you can create a signature by going to File > Options > Mail and clicking New under Signatures. You then name the signature, enter your contact details, and select OK. When composing a new email, your signature will be available to select from the Signatures menu. You can also set a signature to default on all emails.
During World War I, major rent strikes took place across Scotland in 1915 to protest landlords sharply increasing rents by up to 25%. As industries like shipbuilding boomed and populations grew in cities like Glasgow, there was high demand for housing but rents became unaffordable for many tenants. Over 25,000 people participated in rent strikes, refusing to pay and sometimes violently confronting authorities. The government passed the Rent Restriction Act to cap rents at 1914 prices to quell the unrest, which was disrupting the war effort and threatening revolution. The successful rent strikes empowered workers to demand better conditions and wages through additional industrial action.
The document provides an overview of library automation. It discusses the historical background of library automation which progressed through experimental, local, and cooperative system phases from the 1930s onwards. The need for library automation arose due to the increasing volume of information and costs. It allows libraries to efficiently manage operations like acquisition, cataloguing, and circulation through application of computer technology. Key requirements for successful library automation include adequate collection and finances, suitable hardware and software, trained staff, and maintenance. Both commercial and open source software options are available for library automation systems.
This presentation discusses the importance of publication ethics. It defines ethics as dealing with moral principles, and publication ethics as ensuring high-quality scientific publications, public trust in findings, and proper attribution of ideas. It discusses the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which was established in 1997 to discuss publication ethics issues and advise editors. The importance of publication ethics is that it promotes objective research, supports collaboration, ensures accountability, and builds public trust in research findings. Research and publication ethics are closely connected, as published work enters the public domain and must ensure scientific progress, protect life, promote ethical behavior, and support researchers' reputations.
Analogical arguments claim that a conclusion is probable based on similarities between two or more things. To evaluate the strength of an analogical argument, six criteria are used: 1) the number of similar entities or cases in the premises, 2) the variety of those cases, 3) the number of similar respects between the cases, 4) the relevance of those respects, 5) any dissimilarities between the cases, and 6) how modest the conclusion's claim is based on the premises. Arguments are stronger when they have more entities, a variety of cases, many relevant similar respects, few dissimilarities, and more modest conclusions.
The document discusses different types of fallacies, or flawed arguments. It begins by defining a fallacy as an argument that uses poor reasoning, whether or not the conclusion is true. Fallacies can be formal, stemming from logical flaws, or informal. The document then examines different types of formal and informal fallacies identified by Aristotle, Richard Whately, and others. It provides examples of intentional and unintentional fallacies, as well as deductive fallacies. Specific fallacies like appeal to pity, scare tactics, and two wrongs making a right are explored in more depth.
Serial publications are documents published regularly on a specific topic or field, providing general information on current activities and publicity in that subject area across multiple issues to convey a sequence of information over time.
Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic born in 1872 and died in 1970. He is best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. Some of his most influential contributions include his defense of logicism and theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. He discovered Russell's paradox in set theory in 1901, which promoted significant work in logic, set theory, and foundations of mathematics. Russell had a long and influential career that included work in philosophy and social activism.
The document discusses various citation databases and research metrics used to evaluate scholarly publications and researchers. It describes major citation databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar that compile citations from bibliographies. It also explains common research metrics like the Impact Factor, h-index, g-index, i10 Index, Cite Score, SJR, and SNIP used to measure the influence and impact of publications and researchers. These metrics are calculated based on factors like the number of citations a publication or researcher receives.
This document discusses various ethical issues in scientific research, including intellectual honesty, research integrity, scientific misconduct such as falsification and plagiarism. It addresses principles like duty to society, informed consent, and protecting research participants. Forms of problematic publishing are defined, like duplicate/overlapping publications and "salami slicing" research. Selective reporting or misrepresenting data to bias results undermines reproducibility. Upholding integrity requires monitoring at the individual researcher, work group and institutional levels.
The document discusses whether a minor and insane person can enter into a valid contract. It explains that under Malaysian law, a minor is considered anyone under the age of 18 and is not competent to enter contracts. An insane person also lacks capacity to contract due to their mental state. The document analyzes relevant cases and exceptions for certain types of minor's contracts. It concludes that contracts by a minor or insane person are generally void, unless they meet specific exceptions.
This document defines what a bibliography is and provides information about compiling and formatting bibliographies. It explains that a bibliography is a list of sources with bibliographic descriptions and discusses keeping track of sources, recording publication information, and converting a working bibliography into a final bibliography format. It also outlines the main types of bibliographies, including systematic enumerative, current selection aids, and bibliographies of bibliographies. Finally, it provides examples of bibliography formats for books and periodicals.
The document discusses the duty of care in negligence cases. It explains that there are four key considerations for establishing a duty of care: (1) duty of care, (2) breach of duty of care, (3) causation, and (4) loss or injury. It then focuses on duty of care, outlining the traditional categories where a duty of care has been established (such as between doctors/patients). It also discusses novel cases and explains the three part test of foresight, proximity, and fairness used to determine if a duty of care exists. Specific cases are referenced to illustrate various principles around establishing duty of care.
1. The document describes group therapy practices at a community mental health clinic in Acre, Israel that serves both Jewish and Arab patients.
2. The clinic offers several types of therapy groups focused on issues like personality disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder, support for family members, and continuing care after hospitalization.
3. The conclusion emphasizes that while not all patients are suitable for group therapy, many benefit both from the social support of a group setting and from addressing interpersonal themes that emerge within group dynamics.
The Company
Founded in 1998 in order to enter into the Brazilian telecommunications market, Fechometal began to develop a production line dedicated to mooring items.
Throughout its history, it has specialized in high quality stainless steel material, developing items to new industrial markets. Improved its industrial settings by investing in technology and incorporated in its production last generation technical resources, based on the constant improvement of its products.
Currently Fechometal develops products for various industries: Telecommunications, Energy, Naval, Construction, Automotive, Aviation, Municipal, Signalization and Agriculture. Its production line includes tapes, closures, self locking clamps, supports, tools, identification tags, among other items, with different measures and models.
One of the most important manufacturers of stainless steel bands and buckles in Brazil, Fechometal has the recognition of the most important companies in Brazil for the excellence of their products, offering support from the development of the idea to the manufacture of the final product.
To meet the demands required of its customers, Fechometal maintains a broad pattern of development and a modern logistics system. Fechometal counts with reference equipment and a highly skilled team of professionals in a manufacturing area of 800 m2, providing for its clients better quality x cost equation in an agile and flexible way, with accordance to the requirements of the global market.
Fechometal exports to Latin America, the United States and Europe, following all international norms and standards. This integration is another factor that leads us to have sufficient flexibility to meet the quality requirements of these markets.
True to the entrepreneurial spirit of its founders, Fechometal has a major partnership commitment with its customers, suppliers and employees.
Woman position, woman suffrage, truth auto musicMoira Baker
The document summarizes the social positions and resistance of American women from 1848 to 1920. It describes how women had no legal rights, were barred from most professions and colleges, and were expected to conform to the cult of true womanhood. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the first women's rights convention and launched the women's suffrage movement. Key figures like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul fought for women's rights through protests, conventions, and demonstrations. The 19th Amendment granting women's suffrage was finally passed in 1920 after 72 years of struggle.
Outsmart.it plagiarism detection claim and debunkmauryeliz
The document discusses the claim that websites like "Outsmart.it" can help students avoid plagiarism detection software. The author tests the website and finds that it does a poor job of paraphrasing, generating nonsensical sentences. When the reworked text is checked against plagiarism software, it is still identified as highly similar to the original. The document concludes that using synonyms without understanding the full meaning does not constitute proper paraphrasing and will not fool professors or software. Students are advised to do their own work and properly cite all sources rather than relying on gimmicks.
Globalizing the common core standards in theKathyGShort
The document discusses possibilities and challenges with the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) regarding global perspectives. It argues that CCSS is missing a focus on taking action, communicating ideas, and recognizing different perspectives. It also claims CCSS exemplar texts lack cultural and global diversity and recommends diversifying text lists. The document suggests pairing global texts with other materials to encourage comprehension and collaboration across a wider range of viewpoints.
This document provides an overview of operations management for charities and non-profits. It discusses:
1) What operations management entails and how it involves bringing together resources, activities, and processes to produce outputs and outcomes.
2) The eight key stages of operations management: 1) developing clear objectives and measures of performance, 2) mapping activities, 3) identifying resources, 4) defining responsibilities, 5) sequencing activities, 6) implementing and managing operations, 7) evaluating progress, and 8) learning from evaluations.
3) How operations management focuses on combining resources and activities to produce outputs and outcomes, which are then monitored and evaluated against performance indicators to assess what is working well and what needs improvement
Counselors now have many technological tools at their disposal that can help facilitate their work and services, including telephones, cell phones, fax machines, computers, and electronic counseling. These technologies allow counselors to more easily communicate with clients, store and share information, and expand their practices. However, some criticisms of technologies like electronic counseling are that the in-person relationship between counselor and client can be lost, body language is harder to read, and there are risks of technical difficulties and confidentiality breaches. Counselors should utilize technology but not rely on it as the sole method of practicing.
This document provides instructions for adding a signature in Outlook. It explains that you can create a signature by going to File > Options > Mail and clicking New under Signatures. You then name the signature, enter your contact details, and select OK. When composing a new email, your signature will be available to select from the Signatures menu. You can also set a signature to default on all emails.
This document discusses implementing user-centered design (UCD) in companies and managing change. It begins by outlining common approaches to change management and UCD, noting that UCD crusades often fail due to a lack of change management. It then discusses the physiology and psychology of change, including sources of resistance. Finally, it provides guidance on managing change effectively, such as defining clear roles and scope, creating metrics to provide security, handling resistances, and involving stakeholders. The overall message is that UCD requires change management to be successfully implemented in an organization.
Notemyweb.com allows users to take notes on any website that will sync across devices. To use it, users install a browser extension, then can add notes for any site by clicking a button in the extension. Notes are given titles and stored under the specific website domain for easy access later. Potential uses include storing login credentials, to-do lists, and text from websites to avoid re-entering information.
Astronomy is primarily an observational science where scientists cannot actively experiment on celestial objects. Scientists use large surveys to collect data on many objects to look for variations. Population studies examine limited groups that share properties to see how features relate. Coordinate systems like altitude-azimuth and right ascension-declination are used to precisely map the positions of stars and other objects in the sky.
This document discusses the demarcation of science from pseudoscience and the criterion of falsifiability. It explores how theoretical sciences like cosmology and theoretical physics deal with phenomena that are unobservable and difficult to falsify. While mathematics and theoretical constructs are useful for developing scientific understanding, overreliance on interpretation of data without direct observation can compromise objectivity and falsifiability. Determining what constitutes science versus pseudoscience or non-science is a complex problem with no definitive answers.
This document provides an overview of hypotheses in research methodology. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation or educated guess about a research problem or outcome. There are several types of hypotheses, including research hypotheses (simple or complex), directional vs. non-directional, associative vs. causal, statistical vs. null hypotheses. Variables are also defined, including independent and dependent variables. Formulating a strong hypothesis requires an understanding of the topic area and existing research findings. Overall, hypotheses help focus research and provide a framework for analyzing results.
Theory is a conceptual framework that provides explanations, while research systematically generates new knowledge. Theories are developed through a process of hypothesis generation and testing via research. Research involves making observations and conducting experiments to collect empirical evidence, which can then be used to reformulate and refine existing theories or develop new ones. The relationship between theory and research is complementary and interdependent - research initiates and tests theories, while theories guide further research by identifying relationships to study.
The document is a teacher's key providing answers to a review on science and sociology topics. It contains 9 missing words for various statements about social phenomena, the external causes of individual behavior according to structural functionalism, meaningful social action, empathy in research, methods of verification and falsification in science, the definition of a scientific paradigm, how paradigms guide scientific work, and the difference between open and closed systems in research.
1.1 why research
1.2 a brief history of SC
1.2 So what is SC ? Why the fuck I care
1.2 Induction
1.2 Popper and the need for falsifiability
1.2 but what separates SC non-SC (NSC) for Popper ?
1.2 The failing of falsification and Bayesianism
1.2 The hypothetico-deductive method .
1.3 Quantitative VS Qualitative
1.5 Planning research
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This document provides information about an Advanced Research Methods course, including the course content and evaluation methods. The course covers topics such as introduction to research, literature review, research design, data analysis, and writing conclusions. Students will be evaluated based on a mini research project, research proposal, article review, and final exam. The course aims to teach students a systematic approach to conducting research through objective and empirical methods.
The natural sciences involve studying objects and processes observable in nature, such as biology and physics. The scientific method involves making observations, developing hypotheses, making predictions based on hypotheses, and experimentally testing predictions. A key part of the scientific method is that hypotheses can be proven false through experimentation. While scientific knowledge cannot be absolutely proven true, theories that withstand challenges are considered valid within their domain. The development of science involves imagination to develop theories to explain observations. Scientific progress values expanding knowledge, though some argue there should be regulation of controversial areas.
The document discusses different views of scientific method, including:
1) The simplistic view that unbiased observation precedes theory is incorrect, as what we observe depends on our existing knowledge and theories.
2) Induction is problematic because there are multiple possible generalizations from any set of facts.
3) Falsificationism holds that theories should aim to disprove, not prove, themselves through falsifiable predictions. However, it is difficult to definitively falsify theories.
4) Scientism claims science can explain all human aspects, but this is self-refuting and ignores aspects beyond scientific quantification.
In this ppt Research and Theory explained in detail which covers Meaning of theory, Definition of Theory, Contribution of Research to Theory, Criteria of Theory, Theory and Facts, Role of Theory in Research, Uses of Theory in Research
This document discusses different methods of acquiring knowledge and paradigms for social research. It outlines four main methods of acquiring knowledge: tenacity, authority, a priori, and science. It then contrasts the positivist and interpretivist paradigms for social research. The scientific method is also summarized, including identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, deductive reasoning, and testing hypotheses. The aims of science are described as description, explanation, and prediction.
This presentation discusses and compares Objective science and Contemporary Science.
Watch the presentation on YouTube.
The content of the seminar comes from the recently published book:
Gurdjieff's Hydrogens: Volume 1 The Ray of Creation.
The Presentation series is organized by The Austin Gurdjieff Society. (The group website is: https://austingurdjieff.org/)
One of the Group leaders is Robin Bloor, a pupil of Rina Hands who was, in turn, a pupil of Gurdjieff. He is the author of several books on The Work. For more information on his books click on the following link:
https://tofathomthegist.com/books/
[Seminar content includes: Side by side comparison of two sciences, the suggestibility problem, a review of the scientific method, mathematics and reality, the degeneration of science, a litany of assertions, Newton’s thought experiments, the SAFIRE project, the concepts of Objective Science, knowledge]
This document provides an overview of Module 9: Research Design and Methods in Curriculum and Instruction. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The module is a 4 credit hour course taught by Prof. Omprakash H M at Bule Hora University in Ethiopia. Unit 1 discusses the fundamentals of research, including definitions of research, the scientific inquiry process, and different research paradigms and categories. Proper research requires obtaining the right type of evidence to unambiguously address the research problem and answer the study's questions.
Module 9- Research Design and Methods in C urriculum & Instruction.pptxRajashekhar Shirvalkar
This document provides an overview of Module 9: Research Design and Methods in Curriculum and Instruction. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
The module is a 4 credit course taught by Prof. Omprakash H M at Bule Hora University in Ethiopia. Unit 1 discusses the fundamentals of research, including definitions of research, the scientific method, major paradigms that guide research, and categories of research such as case studies, correlational studies, longitudinal studies, experimental studies, and clinical trials. The purpose of research is to advance knowledge through developing and testing hypotheses, theories, and ideas using systematic empirical investigation and analysis.
This document discusses the concept of inductive theory building in social sciences. It argues that theory building should be inductive rather than deductive. It critiques contemporary philosophy of science, such as Popper's falsifiability theory, for rejecting induction and embracing deduction. The document provides historical examples of successful inductive theory building in sciences, including Aristotle, Bacon, Newton, and theories in psychology. It concludes by suggesting guidelines for inductive theory building and policies journal editors could adopt to encourage this approach.
This document provides an overview of educational philosophies from various parts of the world. It discusses the philosophical foundations of education including metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology. It examines the philosophies of Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Shintoism. The key ideas are that Eastern philosophies see time as cyclical and integrate thinking and living. Chinese philosophy emphasizes propriety, order, and following nature. Indian philosophies include Hinduism's caste system and concept of karma, while Buddhism teaches the four noble truths and eightfold path to end suffering. Japanese philosophy centered on Shintoism and worship of kami spirits.
1) The language of science needs to be precise, with terms clearly defined, and may involve mathematical language.
2) Observations can be made directly through senses or indirectly through instruments, which can provide more reliable data, acting as extensions of our senses. Quantitative data is preferred.
3) A hypothesis is an educated guess used to explain a phenomenon and make predictions to enable experimentation. Experiments are designed to test hypotheses by controlling variables, and hypotheses accumulate evidence or are modified or discarded based on results.
1. LOGIC AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A paper submitted and presented as fulfillment of assignment for Philosophy
The lecturer: H. Agus Ahmad Su’aidi, MA.
Presented by:
Agus Zainuri (11211019)
Idris Bahtiar (11211020)
INTERNATIONAL CLASS
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES OF
SALATIGA
2012
2. A. What is logic?
1. A preliminary definition
The term "logic" came from the Greek word logos, which is sometimes
translated as "sentence", "discourse", "reason", "rule", and "ratio". Of course,
these translations are not enough to help us understand the more specialized
meaning of "logic" as it is used today.
So what is logic? Briefly speaking, we might define logic as the study
of the principles of correct reasoning. This is a rough definition, because how
logic should be properly defined is actually quite a controversial matter.
However, for the purpose of this tour, we thought it would be useful to give
you at least some rough idea as to the subject matter that you will be studying.
So this is what we shall try to do on this page.
2. Logic is not the psychology of reasoning
One thing you should note about this definition is that logic is
concerned with the principles of correct reasoning. Studying the correct
principles of reasoning is not the same as studying the psychology of
reasoning. Logic is the former discipline, and it tells us how we ought to
reason if we want to reason correctly. Whether people actually follow these
rules of correct reasoning is an empirical matter, something that is not the
concern of logic.
The psychology of reasoning, on the other hand, is an empirical
science. It tells us about the actual reasoning habits of people, including their
mistakes. A psychologist studying reasoning might be interested in how
people's ability to reason varies with age. But such empirical facts are of no
concern to the logician.
3. The principles of logic
So what are these principles of reasoning that are part of logic? There
are many such principles, but the main (not the only) thing that we study in
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3. logic are principles governing the validity of arguments - whether certain
conclusions follow from some given assumptions. For example, consider the
following three arguments:
If Tom is a philosopher, then Tom is poor.
Tom is a philosopher.
Therefore, Tom is poor.
If K>10, then K>2.
K>10.
Therefore, K>2.
If Tarragona is in Europe, then Tarragona is not in China.
Tarragona is in Europe.
Therefore, Tarragona is not in China.
These three arguments here are obviously good arguments in the sense
that their conclusions follow from the assumptions. If the assumptions of the
argument are true, the conclusion of the argument must also be true. A
logician will tell us that they are all cases of a particular form of argument
known as "modus ponens" 1
B. WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
The method of science is free from the limitations and willfulness of
the alternative methods for settling doubt which we there rejected. Scientific
1
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/logic/whatislogic.php
2
4. method, we declared, is the most assured technique man has yet devised for
controlling the flux of things and establishing stable beliefs.2
Let us in this chapter bring together the more important threads of our
discussions.
1. Facts and Scientific Method3
a. Consequently, scientific method aims to discover what the facts truly
are, and the use of the method must be guided by the discovered facts.
But, as we have repeatedly pointed out, what the facts are cannot be
discovered without reflection.
b. Every inquiry arises from some felt problem, so that no inquiry can
even get under way unless some selection or sifting of the subject
matter has taken place.
c. The ability to formulate problems whose solution may also help solve
other problems is a rare gift, requiring extraordinary genius.
d. The "facts" for which every inquiry reaches out are propositions for
whose truth there is considerable evidence. Consequently what the
"facts" are must be determined by inquiry, and cannot be determined
antecedently to inquiry.
2. Hypotheses and Scientific Method4
a. Hypotheses are suggested to an inquirer by something in the subject
matter under investigation, and by his previous knowledge of other
subject matters.
b. Hypotheses are required at, every stage of ~an~ inquiry, It must not be
forgotten that what are called general principles or laws(which may
2
MORRIS R. COHEN and ERNEST NAGEL, Introduction to logic and scientific method. NEW
YORK AND BURLINGAME: 1934, 391.
3
Ibid, 392
4
Ibid.
3
5. have been confirmed in a previous inquiry) can be applied to a present,
still unterminated inquiry only with some risk.
c. Hypotheses can be regarded as suggestions of possible connections
between actual facts or imagined ones.
d. The number of hypotheses which may occur to an inquirer is without
limit, and is a function of the character of his imagination.
e. It is convenient to have on hand in storage, so to speak different
hypotheses whose consequences have been carefully explored.
f. The deductive elaboration of hypotheses is not the sole task of
scientific method.
g. No hypothesis which states a general proposition can be demonstrated
as absolutely true. We have seen that all inquiry which deals with
matters of fact employs probable inference.
3. Evidence and Scientific Method5
a. Science is not satisfied with psychological certitude, for the mere
intensity with which a belief is held is no guarantee of its truth.
b. No single proposition dealing with matters of fact is beyond every
significant doubt. No proposition is so well supported by evidence that
other evidence may not increase or decrease its probability.
c. Science is thus always ready to abandon a theory when the facts so
demand. But the facts must really demand it. It is not unusual for a
theory to be modified so that it may be retained in substance even
though "facts" contradicted an earlier formulation of it.
d. The verification of theories is only approximate. Verification simply
shows that, within the margin of experimental error, the experiment is
compatible with the verified hypothesis.
5
Ibid, 394
4
6. 4. System in the Ideal of Science6
The ideal of science is to achieve a systematic interconnection of
facts. Isolated propositions do not constitute a science. Such propositions
serve merely as an opportunity to find the logical connection between them
and other propositions.
“Common sense” is content with a miscellaneous collection of
information. As a consequence, the propositions it asserts are frequently
vague, the range of their application is unknown, and their mutual
compatibility is generally very questionable. The advantages of discovering
a system among facts is therefore obvious. A condition for achieving a
system is the introduction of accuracy in the assertions made. The limit
within which propositions are true is then clearly defined. Moreover,
inconsistencies between propositions asserted become eliminated gradually
because propositions which are part of a system must support and correct
one another. The extent and accuracy of our information is thus increased.
In fact, scientific method differs from other methods in the accuracy and
number of facts it studies.
5. Empirical
Science is based purely around observation and measurement, and
the vast majority of research involves some type of practical
experimentation.
This can be anything, from measuring the Doppler Shift of a distant
galaxy to handing out questionnaires in a shopping center. This may sound
obvious, but this distinction stems back to the time of the Ancient Greek
Philosophers.
6
Ibid, 395
5
7. Cutting a long story short, Plato believed that all knowledge could be
reasoned; Aristotle that knowledge relied upon empirical observation and
measurement.
This does bring up one interesting anomaly. Strictly speaking, the
great physicists, such as Einstein and Stephen Hawking, are not scientists.
They generate sweeping and elegant theories and mathematical models to
describe the universe and the very nature of time, but measure nothing.
In reality, they are mathematicians, occupying their own particular
niche, and they should properly be referred to as theoreticians.
Still, they are still commonly referred to as scientists and do touch
upon the scientific method in that any theory they have can be destroyed by
a single scrap of empirical evidence.7
7
http://explorable.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html
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8. CONCLUTION
Logic is a domain of philosophy concerned with rational criteria that applies
to argumentation. Logic includes a study of argumentation within natural language,
consistent reasoning, valid argumentation, and errors in reasoning. It is divided into
two main domains: Formal and informal logic.
The scientific method, as defined by various scientists and philosophers, has a
fairly rigorous structure that should be followed.
In reality, apart from a few strictly defined physical sciences, most scientific
disciplines have to bend and adapt these rules, especially sciences involving the
unpredictability of natural organisms and humans.
In many ways, it is not always important to know the exact scientific method,
to the letter, but any scientist should have a good understanding of the underlying
principles.
In many ways, if you are going to bend and adapt the rules, you need to
understand the rules in the first place.
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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
MORRIS R. COHEN and ERNEST NAGEL. (1934). Introduction to Logic and Scientific Method.
EARCOTJRT, BRACE & WORLD, INC,.
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/logic/whatislogic.php
http://explorable.com/what-is-the-scientific-method.html
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