Color fastness properties of different reactive dyesAzmir Latif Beg
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
The pH of a solution is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and as such is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the solution.To export textile products test of pH is essential.
Color fastness properties of different reactive dyesAzmir Latif Beg
In knitwear industry, dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics is mostly done with reactive dyes, because of their good fastness properties and versatility of applications. The ease of application, wide shade range, high brilliancy and excellent wet fastness properties make the reactive dyes preferred choice for the dyeing of cellulosic fabrics. The most important characteristic of reactive dyes is the formation of covalent bonds with the substrate to be colored, i.e. the dye forms a chemical bond with cellulose. Fiber reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types. Unlike other dyes, it actually forms a covalent bond with the cellulose or protein molecule. Once the bond is formed, what you have is one molecule, as the dye molecule has become an actual part of the cellulose fiber molecule.
The pH of a solution is a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and as such is a measure of the acidity or basicity of the solution.To export textile products test of pH is essential.
Mechanical finishing of cotton. Stiff, soft, wrinkle resistant, water repellent, flame retardant and enzyme (bio-polishing) finishing of cotton; Milling, decatizing and shrink resistant finishing of wool; Antistatic and soil release finishing; Heat setting of synthetic fabrics; Minimum application techniques; Pollution control and treatment of effluents.
Project Report on Study on the Effects of Sanforizing Machine on the Properti...Morshed Morshed
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Advance in Wet Processing Technology
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
Fabric weight will be allowed ±02%
Fabric quality should be s per approved swatches & Lab-Dips.
Batch to batch color matching should be 4-5
Batch to batch “Shade Band Swatch” must be submitted for approval.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
Mechanical finishing of cotton. Stiff, soft, wrinkle resistant, water repellent, flame retardant and enzyme (bio-polishing) finishing of cotton; Milling, decatizing and shrink resistant finishing of wool; Antistatic and soil release finishing; Heat setting of synthetic fabrics; Minimum application techniques; Pollution control and treatment of effluents.
Project Report on Study on the Effects of Sanforizing Machine on the Properti...Morshed Morshed
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Textile Engineering
Advance in Wet Processing Technology
Special Instruction:
Fabric shrinkage must keep within ±5%
Color fastness should be 4-5 range
Pilling range 3 to 5
pH range 5.5 to 7
Fabric weight will be allowed ±02%
Fabric quality should be s per approved swatches & Lab-Dips.
Batch to batch color matching should be 4-5
Batch to batch “Shade Band Swatch” must be submitted for approval.
DEFINITION: Pigment is a substrate in a particulate form which is insoluble in water but which can be dispersed in this medium to modify its color and light scattering properties. They are organic or inorganic coloring materials. They have no affinity to textile materials. They are fixed on the textile material with the help of binding agent in form a thin invisible coating.
It has great effect of hot brand reactive dye on cotton fabric with exhaustion method. Migration method is more acceptable for proper color fixation in a dyeing process. Another way when we followed ISO method has create a lot of problem such as wash fastness variation rubbing fastness variation, uneven dyeing etc. If we want to get perfect dyeing than we must maintain migration method.
Knit Dyeing Training Report in Arvind Ltd. by SujayMajumder Manojit BarmanMANOJIT BARMAN
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rheological additives: classification and application.
This one is a Chemistry investigatory project done on the topic 'Which Shampoo Is The Best?'. We have so many brands of shampoos currently available in the market. So, using the basic knowledge of science (or chemistry), we can make sure to ourselves which kinda shampoo is the best. There's nothing but we have taken various brands of shampoos ( like L’Oreal®, Dove®, Head & Shoulders®, Garnier Fructis®, Sunsilk®, TreSemmé®.
Both for class 11th and 12th.
I have given you the outfit... experiment is up to you...ALL THE BEST...
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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2. Topics:
1. What is pH ?
2. Which problems arise in fabrics if we don’t maintain proper pH
range?
3. Which problems arise in Human body if we don’t maintain proper pH
range in fabrics/ Garments?
4. How too high or low pH may cause irritation to skin?
5. What is the pH range in Dyeing & Finishing process?
6. How we can control pH in Dyeing & Finishing process?
7. How to measure/determine pH in dyeing floor & Laboratory?
3. 1. What is pH?
Answer:
pH is an abbreviation for "power of hydrogen."
pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of the acidity or
alkalinity of a solution.
pH is the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen ion concentration of a
solution.
pH = −log[H+]
pH only has meaning in an aqueous solution (in water). Many chemicals,
including liquids, do not have pH values. If there's no water, there's no pH.
For example, there is no pH value for vegetable oil, gasoline, or pure alcohol.
The pH scale usually ranges from 0 to 14.
5. 2. Which problems arise in fabrics if we don’t maintain
proper pH range?
Answer:
The pH of the processed textiles must be neutral and within the prescribed limits for a
particular end use. High or low pH value of the fabric will make the fabric easy to damage
during storage.
The textiles with higher pH value may exhibit:
a. Poor colorfastness properties,
b. Yellowing tendencies
c. Change of shade upon storage and during shipment.
Very high and very low pH results into degradation of textiles during storage and use, may
result into poor softness and harsh feel.
Greige fabric with higher pH value may result into poor dye pick up, patchy dyeing.
6. 3. Which problems arise in Human body if we don’t maintain
proper pH range in fabrics/ Garments?
Answer:pH of apparel fabrics which are in direct contact with the skin or used for
baby wear, must be controlled not to make the skin itchy.
7. 4. How too high or low pH may cause irritation/itchy to skin?
Answer:
Human skins are slightly acidic in nature to inhibit bacteria growth. pH value of skin is
achieved by body’s own secretion such as perspiration, sebum (fatty acids) and
various hormones which are acidic in nature.
Skin maintains an average pH value of 5.5-7.0. At this pH level skin protects itself
from bacterial infection, irritation, and allergic reaction.
We use a lot of chemicals in textile wet processing, which is strongly acidic or alkaline
in nature. Once the processing is finished, fabrics & garments are thoroughly washed
to remove all excessive chemicals.
However some residual chemicals are present in the fabric as well as garments which
give pH value. Too high or too low pH value of textiles will destroy the weak acid
protective layer on the skin of human body & cause irritation to skin. May cause
allergic reactions, can damage skin and make the skin vulnerable to other pathogenic
bacteria and even cause dermatitis.
Extreme pH value can cause skin itchy.
8. 5. What is the pH range in Dyeing & Finishing process?
Answer: The pH values in garments can be greatly affected by Scouring, Bleaching, After-
treatment (Dyeing & Printing) & Final washing process.
The proper range of pH values in dyeing & finishing process are given below:
Dyeing Finishing Pre-treatment & After-treatment
process:
pH range
1. Scouring 12.5
2. Bleaching (by H ₂O ₂) 10.5-11
3. Enzyme treatment 4.5
4. Levelling 6.5
5. Salt 7-8
6. Reactive Dyeing 10.5-11.5
7. Disperse Dyeing 4.5-6
8. Softener 6.5
9. Initial Dye bath 5.5-6.5
10. Neutralization 5.5-6.5
11. After Alkali edition 10.5-11
12. After Dyeing 5-6
13. Cationic Softener 4-5
14. Before Levelling 6-6.5
Buyer-wise pH range for finish fabrics
Buyer pH range
H&M
4-7.5
HEMA
GP
ESPRIT
BONITA
GERRY WEBER
LIDL
Skin C 4-7.5, Outer 4-9
G-STAR
GEORGE 4.5-7.5
NEXT 5-7.5
DECATHLON 4.5-7
WALMART (MAXICO) 5-9
PUMA 4-6
9. 6. How we can control pH in Dyeing & Finishing process?
Answer:
In Dyeing:
After scouring & bleaching process, use Acid: {citric acid/acetic acid (0.5-1.5g/l)}to neutralize
the fabric.
In dye bath, use Alkali: {caustic soda (0.5-2g/l) / soda ash (2-25 g/l)} to increase the ph.
After softening & before unload, fabrics need to neutralize, that’s why use Acid: {citric
acid/acetic acid (0.5-1.5g/l)}to neutralize the fabric.
In Finishing:
In Stentering, checked ph from softener solution (90litre water+10kg softener=100litre
solution; then add 500gm citric acid) in dram/tank, if ph range high then use acid to decrease
the ph.
10. 7. How to measure pH?
Answer:
In extraction, the water in contact with the textile will dissolve out the minute
amount of acids, bases or buffer salts contained therein. The pH of the extract
solution will be determined by the concentration of these soluble substances and
therefore, by the amount of water used for the extraction. The smaller the
amount of water used, the more accurately the pH obtained represents the pH of
the original air-dried fabric.
pH is checked by ph indicator strips.
The colors on a pH strip measure the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution or in soil. The color on
the strip determines the acidic or alkalinity state of
the item being tested.
11. Measure pH of solution in dyeing process:
Instrument: HANNA pH Meter
1. pH Meter keeps in water 2. Check pH of the water solution
(take from Dosing tank by run back)
3. pH Meter reading
12. During /after below process, pH range must be controlled:
1. Scouring & bleaching [need alkali media, pH =10.5-12.5]
2. Enzyme [Need acidic media, pH =4.5]
3. Levelling [Need neutral media, pH =6.5-7]
4. Color steam (after giving salt, soda & color) [Need alkali media, pH =10.5-12.5]
Take solution in Mug from Dosing tank by run back from bath, then check the pH by pH meter.
13. Measure pH of fabric in Laboratory:
Test Method: AATCC 81 & ISO 3071 (For H&M)
EQUIPMENT:
1. HANNA pH Meter 2. Mechanical shaker 3. Volumetric flask 4. Electric balance
14. EQUIPMENT:
1. Distilled water, of at least grade 3, pH 5.0-7.5.
2. 2gm fabric cut pieces (5mm*5mm).
3. Glass flasks with stopper, 150 ml.
4. Volumetric flask with stopper, 1000 ml.
5. 3 M Potassium Chloride (KCl) solution (Only for H&M buyer).
6. Electric balance, accurate to 0.01 gm.
7. Mechanical shaker, providing rotational or reciprocating movement.
8. pH-meter, with a glass electrode.
Preparation:
Fabric specimen is cut into very small pieces (5mm by 5mm) to allow test samples to wet out rapidly.
2gm fabric is soaked in distilled water (100ml) in volumetric flask. {For H&M buyer, Add Potassium chloride
solution (KCl) in concentration 0.1 M (mol/litre) in volumetric flask}
Then shake the volumetric flask by Mechanical shaker for 02 hours.
So residual influential ion is removed from textile specimen to water. This extracted water is measured by pH meter
to get pH value.
15. Pic: The process to make the solution with fabric to determine pH for H&M buyer.
RESULTS
The average value of second and third measures of one sample is calculated according to the formula
below: 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒=1:2+1:3/2
The result shall be reported with one decimal only.
NOTE
Note! If there should be a garment wash on the order, the pH value should be measured after the final treatment is made.
Note! The buffer solutions shall have the same temperature as the samples (room temperature
Note! Sample 1:1 shall not be included in the calculation of the result.
16. Uses of acid, alkali, salts,
bio-polishing agents &
softeners in textile dyeing &
finishing.
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