ABSTRACT
A simple method to amplify the micro displacements produced by magnetostrictive effect, giant magnetostrictive, converse piezoelectric and photo strictive effect, respectively, is reported. The device consists mainly of two material rods with different coefficients of strains vs intensity of external fields, which are rigidly jointed, so that the displacements created by different rods can be added directly. In contrast with all other methods reported so far, which are all based on the principle of lever, this approach holds some unique advantages that can be applied to respond to the electromagnetic fields with high frequency because there is no friction caused by the relative motion between levers and furthermore, an ideal and smooth amplification of micro displacement can be obtained with ease in principle.
This document discusses modeling flexible structures with bonded piezoelectric films. It begins by describing piezoelectric film properties and models. Shaped piezoelectric films are then introduced, which can have varying poling directions and etched electrode shapes. Next, equations are derived to model the interaction between flexible beams and multiple bonded piezoelectric films, accounting for film shapes. These interaction equations are then used to develop state-space models of flexible structures with piezoelectric films for control system design. Experimental validation is also discussed. The equations and models allow for active vibration damping of flexible structures using piezoelectric films.
This document summarizes a research article that develops a theoretical model to describe how decoherence effects rubidium vapor in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) experiment. The model accounts for decoherence from both dephasing and population relaxation. It quantifies the impact of decoherence on various experimental measurements, including Faraday rotation, susceptibility, transmission, and coherence relationships. The model is in good agreement with previous experimental results. It also discusses how the model could be applied to other EIT-based experiments and how Faraday rotation could be used to detect single atoms.
This chapter discusses theoretical models for analyzing piezoelectric fiber composites (PFCs) subjected to push-out and pull-out tests. It presents the basic formulations and assumptions used in the micromechanical model of a single piezoelectric fiber embedded in a polymer matrix. Constitutive equations are provided for the fiber and matrix. Equations are developed relating the stresses and electric fields in the fiber and matrix. Models are then described for analyzing the stress distributions and electric fields in the fiber under both mechanical and electric loads for cases of a perfectly bonded interface and a frictional sliding interface after debonding.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
1. The paper studies electron transport through magnetic tunnel junctions using the non-equilibrium Green's function method. It models a multi-layer structure of magnetic/non-magnetic/magnetic layers.
2. Increasing the binding strength of the insulating layer increases the electron density and disruption of energy levels. A broader band connection disrupts the insulating layer more, changing it from a non-conductor to a semiconductor or even conductor.
3. The results show that electron transport can be controlled in the non-conducting layers by changing properties of the three layers to maximize the transmission function.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of electromagnetic coupling into microw...IJECEIAES
In this paper, our work is devoted to a time domain analysis of field-to-line coupling model. The latter is designed with a uniform microstrip multiconductor transmission line (MTL), connected with a mixed load which can be linear as a resistance, nonlinear like a diode or complex nonlinear as a Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MESFET). The finite difference time-domain technique (FDTD) is used to compute the expression of voltage and current at the line. The primary advantage of this method over many existing methods is that nonlinear terminations may be readily incorporated into the algorithm and the analysis. The numerical predictions using the proposed method show a good agreement with the GHz Transverse Electro Magnetic (GTEM) measurement.
Andrii Sofiienko - Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimizatio...Andrii Sofiienko
Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations
Effects of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion on the
Material Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites by Azadeh Tavousi Tabatabaei, Seyed Hossein Mamanpush* and Bahareh Tavousi Tabatabaei in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering
This document discusses modeling flexible structures with bonded piezoelectric films. It begins by describing piezoelectric film properties and models. Shaped piezoelectric films are then introduced, which can have varying poling directions and etched electrode shapes. Next, equations are derived to model the interaction between flexible beams and multiple bonded piezoelectric films, accounting for film shapes. These interaction equations are then used to develop state-space models of flexible structures with piezoelectric films for control system design. Experimental validation is also discussed. The equations and models allow for active vibration damping of flexible structures using piezoelectric films.
This document summarizes a research article that develops a theoretical model to describe how decoherence effects rubidium vapor in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) experiment. The model accounts for decoherence from both dephasing and population relaxation. It quantifies the impact of decoherence on various experimental measurements, including Faraday rotation, susceptibility, transmission, and coherence relationships. The model is in good agreement with previous experimental results. It also discusses how the model could be applied to other EIT-based experiments and how Faraday rotation could be used to detect single atoms.
This chapter discusses theoretical models for analyzing piezoelectric fiber composites (PFCs) subjected to push-out and pull-out tests. It presents the basic formulations and assumptions used in the micromechanical model of a single piezoelectric fiber embedded in a polymer matrix. Constitutive equations are provided for the fiber and matrix. Equations are developed relating the stresses and electric fields in the fiber and matrix. Models are then described for analyzing the stress distributions and electric fields in the fiber under both mechanical and electric loads for cases of a perfectly bonded interface and a frictional sliding interface after debonding.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
1. The paper studies electron transport through magnetic tunnel junctions using the non-equilibrium Green's function method. It models a multi-layer structure of magnetic/non-magnetic/magnetic layers.
2. Increasing the binding strength of the insulating layer increases the electron density and disruption of energy levels. A broader band connection disrupts the insulating layer more, changing it from a non-conductor to a semiconductor or even conductor.
3. The results show that electron transport can be controlled in the non-conducting layers by changing properties of the three layers to maximize the transmission function.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of electromagnetic coupling into microw...IJECEIAES
In this paper, our work is devoted to a time domain analysis of field-to-line coupling model. The latter is designed with a uniform microstrip multiconductor transmission line (MTL), connected with a mixed load which can be linear as a resistance, nonlinear like a diode or complex nonlinear as a Metal Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MESFET). The finite difference time-domain technique (FDTD) is used to compute the expression of voltage and current at the line. The primary advantage of this method over many existing methods is that nonlinear terminations may be readily incorporated into the algorithm and the analysis. The numerical predictions using the proposed method show a good agreement with the GHz Transverse Electro Magnetic (GTEM) measurement.
Andrii Sofiienko - Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimizatio...Andrii Sofiienko
Electron range evaluation and X-ray conversion optimization in tungsten transmission-type targets with the aid of wide electron beam Monte Carlo simulations
Effects of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion on the
Material Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites by Azadeh Tavousi Tabatabaei, Seyed Hossein Mamanpush* and Bahareh Tavousi Tabatabaei in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering
Performance Investigation and Enhancement of Fiber Bragg Gratingfor Efficient...IOSRJECE
In this paper, the performance of various windowfunctions for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS)is investigated and evaluated in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and an efficient side lobe suppression for efficient sensing measurement applications.For this purpose, a wide range of design parameters which include grating length and refractive index modulation amplitudehas been chosen to evaluate the sensor design. The performances of the different windowfunctions have been then compared in terms of reflectivity, full width half maximum bandwidth (FWHM), and sidelobe level(SLL) so as to get the most suitable design parametersto be used for sensing measurement.The simulation results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of the optimizedFBG sensor, which can be further implemented for high performance sensing applications.
Micromechanical Modeling of the Macroscopic Behavior of Soft Ferromagnetic Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soft ferromagnetic composites consist of ferromagnetic particles embedded within nonmagnetic electrically insulating matrix. The aims of this article are twofold. In the first one, multiaxial nonlinear isothermal constitutive equations that govern the behavior of soft ferromagnetic materials are generalized to include the temperature and hysteretic effects. The second aim consists of developing a micromechanical analysis which takes into account the detailed interaction between the phases, and establishes the instantaneous concentration tensors which relate between the local magneto-thermo-elastic field and the externally applied loading. The ferromagnetic particles constituents employed in the micromechanical analysis are governed by the developed magneto-thermo-elastic coupled hysteretic constitutive relations. With the established concentration tensors, the macroscopic (global) re- sponse of the composite can be readily determined at any instant of loading. The offered micromechanical modeling is capable of predicting the response of soft ferromagnetic composites that are subjected to various types of magneto-thermo-elastic loadings, and it can be employed by the designerto easily determine the composite response for a particular desired application.
Thick PZT Films Used to Develop Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters by ...Teresa Porter
Thick PZT films were evaluated for use in piezoelectric energy harvesters. 5-6 micron thick PZT layers were deposited on nickel foil substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. Analysis showed the thick PZT films had strong {100} orientation without pyrochlore phases or microcracking. Thicker PZT films can increase energy harvester power output by providing more piezoelectric material volume, though they risk cracking under stress. This study evaluated thick films to determine their viability for energy harvesting applications.
Elastic Metamaterials Analysis: Simple and Double Resonatorsresearchinventy
Metamaterials are broadly defined as a material with properties not found in nature,i.e, a typically man made material especially designed to achieve certain unusual properties. First applications of metamaterials were in field of electromagnetic waves and some features of these materials were negative permeativity and negative refraction index. Due to similarity with electromagnetic waves, mechanical waves propagation through metamaterials began to be studied and the concept of elastic metamaterials was created. The main property of elastic metamaterial is the negative dynamic effective mass where the wave propagation is blocked.It will be discussed two kinds of unit cell that compound the elastic metamaterial and how some changes in parameters affect the metamaterial negative effective mass
Microwave Planar Sensor for Determination of the Permittivity of Dielectric M...journalBEEI
This paper proposed a single port rectangular microwave resonator sensor. This sensor operates at the resonance frequency of 4GHz. The sensor consists of micro-strip transmission line and applied the enhancement method. The enhancement method is able to improve the return loss of the sensor, respectively. Plus, the proposed sensor is designed and fabricated on Roger 5880 substrate. Based on the results, the percentage of error for the proposed rectangular sensor is 0.2% to 8%. The Q-factor of the sensor is 174.
Evolutionary algorithms for optimum design of thin broadband multilayer micro...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we focused on the comparative study of three very popular and most recently developed nature inspired evolutionary algorithms namely Biogeography based optimization algorithm (BBO), Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and Artificial bee colony optimization algorithm (ABC) for developing a model of 6 layers thin broadband (0.2-20GHz) microwave absorber. The model is optimized for oblique wide angle of incidence (450, 600) taking both TE and TM polarization of the electromagnetic wave under consideration. The primary goal of our design is to minimizing the overall reflection coefficient of the absorber and its total thickness by selecting the proper layer of materials from a predefined database of existing materials. 8 different models are presented and synthesize considering both these design consideration simultaneously and for only overall reflection coefficient of the absorber while total thickness is not taken into consideration during optimization for each cases. The optimum values of all the significant parameters of the multilayer absorber for different models have been compared and tabulated using BBO, FPA and ABC algorithms which established the superiority of our proposed design. Keywords: Multilayer microwave absorber, Oblique incidence, Broadband, Evolutionary algorithms, Arbitrary polarization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper present design of new type of electromagnetic damper or eddy current damper
which has advantages of no mechanical contact, higher reliability and stability, high efficiency and
compactness. By using this damper we can minimized damping of different masses and thereby damping
coefficient. The damper is composed of neodymium iron boron grade N 50 magnet .By using this damper I
found greater difference in damping when experimental result are compared with analytical result.
Construction of MT for use in Single Molecule ExperimentsStephen Kenyon
The document describes the construction of magnetic tweezers for use in single molecule experiments at Gettysburg College. Magnetic tweezers use magnets to apply forces to paramagnetic beads attached to molecules like DNA, allowing researchers to study the molecules' behavior under force. The author details the design of magnetic tweezers built at Gettysburg, including the light source, magnets on a rotary motor, and a flow cell to hold samples under an objective lens. The tweezers design aims to enable high-resolution studies of single molecules like DNA through force and position measurements of attached beads.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
This paper introduces the Artifi cial Neural Networks (ANN) function to model probabilistic dependencies, in supervised classification tasks for discrimination between earthquakes and explosions problems. ANNs are regarded as the discriminating tools to classify the natural seismic events (earthquakes) from the artifi cial ones (Man-made explosions) based on the seismic signals recorded at regional distances. The bulk of our novel is to improve the obtained numerical results using this advance technique. The ANNs, by testing the different types of seismic features, showed the potential application of this method to discriminate the classes. During the above study, we found out that the Neural Networks have been used in a fully innovative manner in this work. Here the ARMA coefficients filters detects
the type of the source whenever a natural or artificial source changes the nature of the background noise of the seismograms. During the above study, we found out that this algorithm is sometimes capable to alarm the further natural seismological events just a little before the onset.
NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF THE ULTRA SONIC BEAM IN LINEAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER FOR HIGH...Journal For Research
In this paper, the focusing of ultrasound beam is considered. Electronic circuitry is considered as support to the theme of the work. The results presented in this paper are notable for improved resolution. The extension of the application diversity is also proposed based on use of Piezo electric transceducers.
MAGNETIZED PLASMA WITH FERROMAGNETIC GRAINS AS A VIABLE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE I...ijrap
This document discusses magnetized plasma with ferromagnetic grains (MPFG) as a potential negative refractive index medium. It is shown that:
1) MPFG has permittivity and permeability tensors that are controlled by the magnetized plasma and ferromagnetic grains.
2) For extraordinary waves propagating parallel to an external magnetic field, the refractive index of MPFG can be negative, indicating left-handed behavior, in certain frequency domains near resonance.
3) Numerical calculations demonstrate that both the effective permittivity and permeability of MPFG can be simultaneously negative for some frequencies, allowing for negative refractive index and transparent propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Magnetic hysteresis of soft magnetic material under an applied continuous ext...IAEME Publication
1. The document discusses modeling the hysteresis loops of soft magnetic materials like FeSi 3% that are subjected to an external magnetic field with both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) components.
2. It presents an approach using the Preisach model to predict asymmetric hysteresis loops under such combined fields. The Preisach model represents the magnetic state of each point in the material using elementary hysteresis operators.
3. A modified Lorentz distribution function is used to approximate the Preisach density function, allowing the model to account for parameters like coercivity and remanence that depend on the material and change with frequency.
This document describes how electric field gradients inside an atom interferometer can induce curvature in the de Broglie wavefront of atoms, leading to magnification and distortion of interference fringes. Simulations show that when the transverse coherence length of the atomic beam is shorter than the grating period, the fringes appear to fan out in different directions, an effect described as geometric magnification. Experiments demonstrate that in addition to shifting the phase of fringes, electrostatic lenses cause magnification and distortion of the fringes due to the induced curvature of the atomic de Broglie wavefront. An improved method of analyzing measurements of atomic beam velocity distributions using phase choppers is presented to account for this effect.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Investigation on EM radiations from interconnects in integrated circuitsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents an investigation into electromagnetic radiations from interconnects in integrated circuits. It begins with an introduction describing how interconnect behavior becomes more complex as operating frequencies increase. A mathematical model is then developed using Maxwell's equations to model electromagnetic interactions on transmission line structures. Parameters like line spacing, number of tracks, and frequency are modeled. Results from simulations of parallel and stacked transmission lines are discussed. The modeling aims to better understand electromagnetic compatibility issues and minimize disturbances in integrated circuit design.
Parametric amplification of optical phonons in magnetoactive III-V semiconduc...IRJET Journal
- The document analyzes parametric amplification of optical phonons in magnetoactive III-V semiconductors.
- It presents theoretical formulations to obtain expressions for the threshold pump amplitude and parametric gain coefficient using a hydrodynamic model of semiconductor plasmas and coupled mode theory.
- Numerical analysis is conducted for a representative n-type III-V semiconductor, and it is found that properly selecting the doping concentration and applied magnetic field can lower the threshold pump amplitude and enhance the gain coefficient for parametric amplification.
Experimental study of four-wave mixing based on a quantum dot semiconductor o...IJECEIAES
The article is devoted to the study of four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier with quantum dots (QD-SOA). Experimental measurements of FWM signals are characterized in nonlinear media of GaAs-based QD-SOA with gain in the 1,550 nm region. Theoretical part of nonlinear effect of FWM is studied and important all-optical communication applications are listed. Experimental studies of a four-wave system are described and an analysis of FWM signals is given for various input powers of pump signals and injection currents. The devices are compared in terms of such parameters as conversion efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio. The results of the study made it possible to reveal the possibility of the effect of FWM signals on useful signals in channels with spectral division multiplexing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the downstream and upstream in a semiconductor optical amplifier. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that FWM does not affect adjacent channels of WDM signals and does not generate additional optical noise when scaling the WDM gigabit passive optical network (GPON) up to 60 km using semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs).
IRJET- Multi-Band Polarization Insensitive Metamaterial Absorber for EMI/EMC ...IRJET Journal
- A multi-band metamaterial absorber was designed that can absorb electromagnetic waves at C-band, X-band, Ku-band, and K-band frequencies.
- The absorber structure consists of two split ring resonators and two square fractal structures on a metal-backed dielectric substrate.
- Simulation results showed high absorption (over 80%) at multiple distinct frequencies, with absorption peaks between 90-99% across the different bands. The absorber also demonstrated polarization-insensitive behavior.
- The document describes a simple, high sensitivity system for measuring magnetostriction in thin film or foil samples.
- The system uses a strain gauge to measure voltage changes caused by dimensional changes in the sample when placed in a rotating magnetic field provided by Nd-Fe-B magnets.
- Data processing involves subtracting positive and negative bias measurements to isolate the magnetostriction component, then using relationships between voltage, strain, and magnetization to calculate the magnitude of magnetostriction.
Performance Investigation and Enhancement of Fiber Bragg Gratingfor Efficient...IOSRJECE
In this paper, the performance of various windowfunctions for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS)is investigated and evaluated in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and an efficient side lobe suppression for efficient sensing measurement applications.For this purpose, a wide range of design parameters which include grating length and refractive index modulation amplitudehas been chosen to evaluate the sensor design. The performances of the different windowfunctions have been then compared in terms of reflectivity, full width half maximum bandwidth (FWHM), and sidelobe level(SLL) so as to get the most suitable design parametersto be used for sensing measurement.The simulation results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of the optimizedFBG sensor, which can be further implemented for high performance sensing applications.
Micromechanical Modeling of the Macroscopic Behavior of Soft Ferromagnetic Co...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soft ferromagnetic composites consist of ferromagnetic particles embedded within nonmagnetic electrically insulating matrix. The aims of this article are twofold. In the first one, multiaxial nonlinear isothermal constitutive equations that govern the behavior of soft ferromagnetic materials are generalized to include the temperature and hysteretic effects. The second aim consists of developing a micromechanical analysis which takes into account the detailed interaction between the phases, and establishes the instantaneous concentration tensors which relate between the local magneto-thermo-elastic field and the externally applied loading. The ferromagnetic particles constituents employed in the micromechanical analysis are governed by the developed magneto-thermo-elastic coupled hysteretic constitutive relations. With the established concentration tensors, the macroscopic (global) re- sponse of the composite can be readily determined at any instant of loading. The offered micromechanical modeling is capable of predicting the response of soft ferromagnetic composites that are subjected to various types of magneto-thermo-elastic loadings, and it can be employed by the designerto easily determine the composite response for a particular desired application.
Thick PZT Films Used to Develop Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters by ...Teresa Porter
Thick PZT films were evaluated for use in piezoelectric energy harvesters. 5-6 micron thick PZT layers were deposited on nickel foil substrates using RF magnetron sputtering. Analysis showed the thick PZT films had strong {100} orientation without pyrochlore phases or microcracking. Thicker PZT films can increase energy harvester power output by providing more piezoelectric material volume, though they risk cracking under stress. This study evaluated thick films to determine their viability for energy harvesting applications.
Elastic Metamaterials Analysis: Simple and Double Resonatorsresearchinventy
Metamaterials are broadly defined as a material with properties not found in nature,i.e, a typically man made material especially designed to achieve certain unusual properties. First applications of metamaterials were in field of electromagnetic waves and some features of these materials were negative permeativity and negative refraction index. Due to similarity with electromagnetic waves, mechanical waves propagation through metamaterials began to be studied and the concept of elastic metamaterials was created. The main property of elastic metamaterial is the negative dynamic effective mass where the wave propagation is blocked.It will be discussed two kinds of unit cell that compound the elastic metamaterial and how some changes in parameters affect the metamaterial negative effective mass
Microwave Planar Sensor for Determination of the Permittivity of Dielectric M...journalBEEI
This paper proposed a single port rectangular microwave resonator sensor. This sensor operates at the resonance frequency of 4GHz. The sensor consists of micro-strip transmission line and applied the enhancement method. The enhancement method is able to improve the return loss of the sensor, respectively. Plus, the proposed sensor is designed and fabricated on Roger 5880 substrate. Based on the results, the percentage of error for the proposed rectangular sensor is 0.2% to 8%. The Q-factor of the sensor is 174.
Evolutionary algorithms for optimum design of thin broadband multilayer micro...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we focused on the comparative study of three very popular and most recently developed nature inspired evolutionary algorithms namely Biogeography based optimization algorithm (BBO), Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and Artificial bee colony optimization algorithm (ABC) for developing a model of 6 layers thin broadband (0.2-20GHz) microwave absorber. The model is optimized for oblique wide angle of incidence (450, 600) taking both TE and TM polarization of the electromagnetic wave under consideration. The primary goal of our design is to minimizing the overall reflection coefficient of the absorber and its total thickness by selecting the proper layer of materials from a predefined database of existing materials. 8 different models are presented and synthesize considering both these design consideration simultaneously and for only overall reflection coefficient of the absorber while total thickness is not taken into consideration during optimization for each cases. The optimum values of all the significant parameters of the multilayer absorber for different models have been compared and tabulated using BBO, FPA and ABC algorithms which established the superiority of our proposed design. Keywords: Multilayer microwave absorber, Oblique incidence, Broadband, Evolutionary algorithms, Arbitrary polarization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper present design of new type of electromagnetic damper or eddy current damper
which has advantages of no mechanical contact, higher reliability and stability, high efficiency and
compactness. By using this damper we can minimized damping of different masses and thereby damping
coefficient. The damper is composed of neodymium iron boron grade N 50 magnet .By using this damper I
found greater difference in damping when experimental result are compared with analytical result.
Construction of MT for use in Single Molecule ExperimentsStephen Kenyon
The document describes the construction of magnetic tweezers for use in single molecule experiments at Gettysburg College. Magnetic tweezers use magnets to apply forces to paramagnetic beads attached to molecules like DNA, allowing researchers to study the molecules' behavior under force. The author details the design of magnetic tweezers built at Gettysburg, including the light source, magnets on a rotary motor, and a flow cell to hold samples under an objective lens. The tweezers design aims to enable high-resolution studies of single molecules like DNA through force and position measurements of attached beads.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
This paper introduces the Artifi cial Neural Networks (ANN) function to model probabilistic dependencies, in supervised classification tasks for discrimination between earthquakes and explosions problems. ANNs are regarded as the discriminating tools to classify the natural seismic events (earthquakes) from the artifi cial ones (Man-made explosions) based on the seismic signals recorded at regional distances. The bulk of our novel is to improve the obtained numerical results using this advance technique. The ANNs, by testing the different types of seismic features, showed the potential application of this method to discriminate the classes. During the above study, we found out that the Neural Networks have been used in a fully innovative manner in this work. Here the ARMA coefficients filters detects
the type of the source whenever a natural or artificial source changes the nature of the background noise of the seismograms. During the above study, we found out that this algorithm is sometimes capable to alarm the further natural seismological events just a little before the onset.
NOVEL METHODOLOGY OF THE ULTRA SONIC BEAM IN LINEAR ARRAY TRANSDUCER FOR HIGH...Journal For Research
In this paper, the focusing of ultrasound beam is considered. Electronic circuitry is considered as support to the theme of the work. The results presented in this paper are notable for improved resolution. The extension of the application diversity is also proposed based on use of Piezo electric transceducers.
MAGNETIZED PLASMA WITH FERROMAGNETIC GRAINS AS A VIABLE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE I...ijrap
This document discusses magnetized plasma with ferromagnetic grains (MPFG) as a potential negative refractive index medium. It is shown that:
1) MPFG has permittivity and permeability tensors that are controlled by the magnetized plasma and ferromagnetic grains.
2) For extraordinary waves propagating parallel to an external magnetic field, the refractive index of MPFG can be negative, indicating left-handed behavior, in certain frequency domains near resonance.
3) Numerical calculations demonstrate that both the effective permittivity and permeability of MPFG can be simultaneously negative for some frequencies, allowing for negative refractive index and transparent propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Magnetic hysteresis of soft magnetic material under an applied continuous ext...IAEME Publication
1. The document discusses modeling the hysteresis loops of soft magnetic materials like FeSi 3% that are subjected to an external magnetic field with both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) components.
2. It presents an approach using the Preisach model to predict asymmetric hysteresis loops under such combined fields. The Preisach model represents the magnetic state of each point in the material using elementary hysteresis operators.
3. A modified Lorentz distribution function is used to approximate the Preisach density function, allowing the model to account for parameters like coercivity and remanence that depend on the material and change with frequency.
This document describes how electric field gradients inside an atom interferometer can induce curvature in the de Broglie wavefront of atoms, leading to magnification and distortion of interference fringes. Simulations show that when the transverse coherence length of the atomic beam is shorter than the grating period, the fringes appear to fan out in different directions, an effect described as geometric magnification. Experiments demonstrate that in addition to shifting the phase of fringes, electrostatic lenses cause magnification and distortion of the fringes due to the induced curvature of the atomic de Broglie wavefront. An improved method of analyzing measurements of atomic beam velocity distributions using phase choppers is presented to account for this effect.
Design, Electrostatic and Eigen Frequency Analysis of Fixed– Fixed Beam MEMS ...IOSR Journals
The objective of this paper is to design of fixed–fixed MEMS Resonator. The beam of resonator is
made up of poly-silicon. This paper also presents the electrostatic and Eigen frequency analysis of MEMS
resonator. The resonator used in oscillator which can be fabricated on chip. It can also be used as Switch. The
size of crystal oscillator is in order of centimeter but the size of MEMS Resonator is in order of microns, so by
replace a crystal oscillator by MEMS Resonator, we can reduce the size of the system. The dc voltage is given to
the beam of resonator for electrostatic analysis & Eigen frequency analysis in different modes
Investigation on EM radiations from interconnects in integrated circuitsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document presents an investigation into electromagnetic radiations from interconnects in integrated circuits. It begins with an introduction describing how interconnect behavior becomes more complex as operating frequencies increase. A mathematical model is then developed using Maxwell's equations to model electromagnetic interactions on transmission line structures. Parameters like line spacing, number of tracks, and frequency are modeled. Results from simulations of parallel and stacked transmission lines are discussed. The modeling aims to better understand electromagnetic compatibility issues and minimize disturbances in integrated circuit design.
Parametric amplification of optical phonons in magnetoactive III-V semiconduc...IRJET Journal
- The document analyzes parametric amplification of optical phonons in magnetoactive III-V semiconductors.
- It presents theoretical formulations to obtain expressions for the threshold pump amplitude and parametric gain coefficient using a hydrodynamic model of semiconductor plasmas and coupled mode theory.
- Numerical analysis is conducted for a representative n-type III-V semiconductor, and it is found that properly selecting the doping concentration and applied magnetic field can lower the threshold pump amplitude and enhance the gain coefficient for parametric amplification.
Experimental study of four-wave mixing based on a quantum dot semiconductor o...IJECEIAES
The article is devoted to the study of four-wave mixing (FWM) in a semiconductor optical amplifier with quantum dots (QD-SOA). Experimental measurements of FWM signals are characterized in nonlinear media of GaAs-based QD-SOA with gain in the 1,550 nm region. Theoretical part of nonlinear effect of FWM is studied and important all-optical communication applications are listed. Experimental studies of a four-wave system are described and an analysis of FWM signals is given for various input powers of pump signals and injection currents. The devices are compared in terms of such parameters as conversion efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio. The results of the study made it possible to reveal the possibility of the effect of FWM signals on useful signals in channels with spectral division multiplexing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the downstream and upstream in a semiconductor optical amplifier. Based on the experimental results, it was concluded that FWM does not affect adjacent channels of WDM signals and does not generate additional optical noise when scaling the WDM gigabit passive optical network (GPON) up to 60 km using semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs).
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1. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijics.2016.6301 1
A SIMPLE METHOD TO AMPLIFY MICRO
DISPLACEMENT
Yizong He and Jian-Ping Wang
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
ABSTRACT
A simple method to amplify the micro displacements produced by magnetostrictive effect, giant
magnetostrictive, converse piezoelectric and photo strictive effect, respectively, is reported. The device
consists mainly of two material rods with different coefficients of strains vs intensity of external fields,
which are rigidly jointed, so that the displacements created by different rods can be added directly. In
contrast with all other methods reported so far, which are all based on the principle of lever, this approach
holds some unique advantages that can be applied to respond to the electromagnetic fields with high
frequency because there is no friction caused by the relative motion between levers and furthermore, an
ideal and smooth amplification of micro displacement can be obtained with ease in principle.
KEYWORDS
Amplification of micro displacement, Wagneto strictive effect, Giant magneto strictive effect, Converse
piezoelectric effect, Photo strictive effect
1. INTRODUCTION
In order to gain a smooth puller for Czochralski technique of crystal growth, a novel puller was
proposed in 1999, which pulling process of single crystals is not carried out by traditional gear
motors, but the expansion of metal rods heated [1]. However the extremely tiny coefficient of
thermal expansion of metal or alloy obliged us to look for a good approach to amplify the micro
displacements, then a concise way to get big displacement was designed [2].
It is well known, that both magnetostrictive and giant magnetostrictive materials change their
sizes and shapes when they are placed in a magnetic field, and such an effect is called a
magnetostrctive effect. Similarly, a converse piezoelectric and electrostrictive effect occurs when
some crystals are positioned in an electric field; likewise, the generation of strain induced by the
irradiation of light is defined as a photostrictive effect.
All above effects produce, to a different extent, microdisplacements (expansion or contraction),
which are vertical or parallel to external fields (a magnetic or electric or irradiation light field).
There is a great deal of applications based on the principle that strains occur when external fields
are applied on some materials. The applications relate to the aerospace or the defense industry,
electronics, machinery, petroleum, textile, agricultural and other fields [3- 6].
For the material of magnetostrictive effect, the magnetostrictive coefficient is essential among
several parameters (magnetostrictive coefficient, mechanical energy to electrical energy
conversion arte, energy density, response speed, reliability, driving mode, working frequency
2. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
2
range and stability, etc.) to characterize the magnetostrictive material (such as CoFe2O4) and giant
magnetostrictive material (such as TbFe2, SmFe2 (with magnetostrictive coefficient 1.753×10-3
,-
1.560×10-3
,respectively). Generally speaking, the larger the magnetostrictive coefficient ݀, the
more useful the magnetostrictive material is. The relationship of strain ߝ, ݀ and the external
magnetic field ܪcan be depicted by the equation (1) below
ۏ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ۍ
ߝଵ
ߝଶ
ߝଷ
ߝସ
ߝହ
ߝے
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ې
=
ۏ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ۍ
݀ଵଵ݀ଶଵ݀ଷଵ
݀ଵଶ݀ଶଶ݀ଷଶ
݀ଵଷ݀ଶଷ݀ଷଷ
݀ଵସ݀ଶସ݀ଷସ
݀ଵହ݀ଶହ݀ଷହ
݀ଵ݀ଶ݀ଷے
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ې
ܪଵ
ܪଶ
ܪଷ
൩---------------------------------------------------- (1)
For the converse piezoelectrictive and electrostrictive effects can be depicted by equation (2),
where ߝ, ݀,, ݏ and ܧ presents strain, converse piezoelectristive coefficient, photostrictive
coefficient and electric intensity, respectively.
ۏ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ۍ
ߝଵ
ߝଶ
ߝଷ
ߝସ
ߝହ
ߝے
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ې
=
ۏ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ۍ
݀ଵଵ݀ଶଵ݀ଷଵ
݀ଶଵ݀ଶଶ݀ଶଷ
݀ଷଵ݀ଷଶ݀ଷଷ
݀ସଵ݀ସଶ݀ସଷ
݀ହଵ݀ହଶ݀ହଷ
݀ଵ݀ଶ݀ଷے
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ې
ܧଵ
ܧଶ
ܧଷ
൩ +
ۏ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ێ
ۍ
ݏଵଵݏଵଶݏଵଷ
ݏଶଵݏଶଶݏଶଷ
ݏଷଵݏଷଶݏଷଷ
ݏସଵݏସଶݏସଷ
ݏହଵݏହଶݏହଷ
ݏଵݏଶݏଷے
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ۑ
ې
ܧଵ
ଶ
ܧଶ
ଶ
ܧଷ
ଶ
-------------------------- (2)
Both the converse piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials (such as BaTiO3 and
Pb(݃ܯభ
య
ܾܰమ
య
)O3, respectively) can be transverse or longitudinal.
Researchers have been laboriously looking for the materials with larger magnetostrictive
coefficients. The giant magnetostrictive coefficients, such as TbFe2 and SmFe2 with 1.753× 10-3
and -1.560 × 10-3
respectively, are much larger than that of conventional magnetostrictive
materials. Even so, its magnitude is still not big enough, in the order of magnitude of 10-3
.
Therefore, the amplification of the micro-displacement is very significant for practical
applications. This simple method reported here increases the displacement dozens, and even more
than one hundred times, with ease. Comparing all previous ways to amplify micro displacement
[7-9], although this system consists of only some mechanical rods, no relative sliding motion
occurs, so that not any phase delay yields at all when the external magnetic field is alternating.
Therefore, it can satisfy the amplification of displacements caused by a high frequency magnetic
field. It is obvious that two displacements created by two rods of materials can be added directly.
It is easy to imagine, in principle, there is no limitation to this amplification.
In order to obtain larger displacement, we generalized the basic idea proposed in the thermal
expansion case. We first describehow to enlarge displacement produced by the magnetostrictive
effect in detail, and then extend the design to converse piezoelectric effect, photostrictive effect
cases briefly.
3. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
3
2. THE DESIGNS OF THE AMPLIFICATION
The principle of amplification of micro displacement is shown in Fig.1. The main components are
two kinds of rigid rods (1) and (2) made from magnetostrictive (or giant magnetostrictive)
materials, with positive ݀ଷଷ and negative ݀ଷଷ (see Fig.2) connected by non-magnetostrictive rods
(3) rigidly. Two magnetostrictive rods will get longer and shorter, respectively, when magnetic
fields are exerted on the amplified system. The direction of the magnetic field should be decided
by the properties of material rods, transverse or longitudinal magnetostriction. For the transverse
magnetostrictive material, the orientation of the external field is perpendicular to the direction of
the magnetic field, and for longitudinal one along the direction of magnetic field.
3. A CONCRETE EXAMPLE
One concrete example is given as following:TbFe2 giant magnetostrivtive alloy [10,11]with the
positive magnetostrictive coefficient +1.753× 10-3
, was selected as the red material rods (1)
(shown in Fig. 1) and SmFe2 with -1.560× 10-3
the green rods (2) in the same figure [12].Let ݈be
red and green long rod, with100 cm in length, cut both rods into 5 segments with 20 cm long. The
net total displacements for the system, in external saturation magnetic field,can be calculated by
the equation below:
∆݈ = ൣሺ5 + 1ሻ݀ଷଷ,்ிమ
+ 5|݀ଷଷ,ௌிమ|൧݈
= ሾ6 × 1.753 × 10ିଷ
+ 5|−1.560 × 10ିଷ|ሿ × 200 ݉݉ = 3.66 ݉݉
3.66 mm is a macro-size that can be seen by naked eye. The size of whole device is reduced from
100 cm into 20 cm, and what’s more, the current to create the saturation magnetic field can be
decreased considerably.
Of course, besides|݀ଷଷ,ௌிమ
|, some others dij components also are not equal to zero. Fortunately,
the rods can be placed symmetrically based on the concrete values ofdij, so that the distortion
displacements can be cancelled each other completely.
4. SOME SIMILAR DEVICE FOR AMPLICATION
Similarly, the red rod (1) (as shown in Fig. 3) with positive converse piezoelectric (or
electrostrictive) coefficient ݀ଷଷ will get longer along the vertical direction, while the green rod (2)
will get shorter when the external electric field is exerted. The working principles of two
electrodes (4) and (5) depend on whether the red and green rods are longitudinal or transverse.
One can coordinate the relationship among positive or negative strain coefficients, longitudinal
(or transverse)piezoelectric (or electrostrictive) effect, to obtain additional net displacements
caused by red and green rods.
Finally, by irradiating asymmetric piezoelectric ferroelectrics (such as PLZT), with light, an
electric field is caused by the photovoltaic effect. The electric field then causes a mechanical
strain by the piezoelectric effect. The amplification of microdisplacement caused by the
photostrictive effect is shown in Fig. 4. The red (or green) rods stand for photostrictive material
with positive (or negative) transverse photostrictive coefficients݀ଷଷ. Thetotal displacement equals
the summation of the positive and the absolute value of the negative displacement. As the number
of strain rods increase, the amount of displacements increases linearly. This effect can be applied
4. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
4
to a specific bender. When the light irradiates on some photostrictive material rods which are
attached to a piece of non-photostrictive plate, the bender begins to bend. When its
microdisplacement is amplified by this method, the displacement amount will increase many
times more than the amount by the normal way.
5. SUMMARIES AND CONCLUSIONS
In contrast with all other methods, up to now, to amplify microdisplacements, this simple one
holds some unique advantages that can suitable to the external fields with high frequency because
the joint of the rods are all rigid. Conversely, the traditional approaches, all are based on the
principle of lever, consequently, the existence of friction forces between materials rods will delay
the response to the external fields. It is obvious lots of times of amplification of
microdisplacement can be gained with ease by assembling all kinds of material to respond to
different external fields.
Figure.1 The illustraction of the principle to amplify a microdisplacement caused by
magnetostrictive effect
(1) Material rod with positive magnetostrictive (or giant-magnetostrictive) coefficient;
(2) material rod with negative magnetostrictive (or giant-magnetosrictive) coefficient;
(3) non-magnetostrictive material rod to connect 1 and 2;
(4) magnet to create vertical magnetic field;
(5) magnet to create horizontal magnetic field.
5. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
5
Figure.2 Dependence of the longitudinal magnetosctriction of a number of polycrystalline metals,
alloys and compounds on magnetic field intensity
Figure. 3 The illustraction of the principle to amplify a micro-displacement caused by
converse piezoelectric or electrostrictive effect
(1) material rod with a big and positive converse piezoelectric or electrostrictive
coefficient;
(2) material rod with big and negative converse piezoelectric or electrostrictive
coefficient;
(3) non-converse or electrostictive rod to connect (1) and (2);
(4) electrodes to create horizontal electric field;
(5) electrodes to create vertical electric field.
6. International Journal of Instrumentation and Control Systems (IJICS) Vol.6, No.2/3, July 2016
6
Figure. 4 The illustractin of the principle to amplify the micro-displacement caused by
photosctrictive effect
(1) material rod with positive photostrictive coefficient;
(2)material rod with negative photostrictive coefficient or non-photostrictive material;
(3) non-photostrictive material to connect 1 and 2;
(4) incident light
REFERENCES AND LINKS
[1] Y. Z. He and F.Zhou(1999) Review of Scientific Instruments, 70, Iss.11, 4313
[2] P. L. Lang, Y. Z. He, F. Zhou and Z. X. Zhao(2001) Review of Scientific Instruments,72(2), 1585
[3] Zhonglei Sun, Meiying Zhao and Zidong Yin, Part Design of Giant Magnetostrictive Actutor, 2011
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(2011).
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