A short tutorial on R, basically for a starter who wants to do data mining especially text data mining.
Related codes and data will be found at the following lnik: http://textanalytics.in/wm/R%20tutorial%20(DATA2014).zip
It is one of the Best Presentation on the topic "R Programming" having interesting Slides consisting of Amazing Images & Very Useful Information. It also have Transitions & Animation which makes the Presentation more Interesting & Attractive.
Created By - Abhishek Pratap Singh (Aps)
The R language is a project designed to create a free, open source language which can be used as a replacement for the S-PLUS language, originally developed as the S language at AT&T Bell Labs, and currently marketed by Insightful Corporation of Seattle, Washington. R is an open source implementation of S, and differs from S-plus largely in its command-line only format.
Topics Covered:
1.Introduction to R
2.Installing R
3.Why Learn R
4.The R Console
5.Basic Arithmetic and Objects
6.Program Example
7.Programming with Big Data in R
8.Big Data Strategies in R
9.Applications of R Programming
10.Companies Using R
11.What R is not so good at
12.Conclusion
Basic tutorial for R programming. this video contains lot of information about r programming like
agenda
history
SOFTWARE PARADIGM
R interface
advantages of r
drawbacks of r
It is one of the Best Presentation on the topic "R Programming" having interesting Slides consisting of Amazing Images & Very Useful Information. It also have Transitions & Animation which makes the Presentation more Interesting & Attractive.
Created By - Abhishek Pratap Singh (Aps)
The R language is a project designed to create a free, open source language which can be used as a replacement for the S-PLUS language, originally developed as the S language at AT&T Bell Labs, and currently marketed by Insightful Corporation of Seattle, Washington. R is an open source implementation of S, and differs from S-plus largely in its command-line only format.
Topics Covered:
1.Introduction to R
2.Installing R
3.Why Learn R
4.The R Console
5.Basic Arithmetic and Objects
6.Program Example
7.Programming with Big Data in R
8.Big Data Strategies in R
9.Applications of R Programming
10.Companies Using R
11.What R is not so good at
12.Conclusion
Basic tutorial for R programming. this video contains lot of information about r programming like
agenda
history
SOFTWARE PARADIGM
R interface
advantages of r
drawbacks of r
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A short tutorial on r
1. An overview of R: Text Analytics
Ashraf Uddin
PhD Scholar, Dept. of Computer Science
South Asian University, New Delhi
https://sites.google.com/site/ashrafuddininfo/
2. About R
What is R?
R is a dialect of the S language.
R is a free software programming language
software environment for statistical computing and graphics
widely used among statisticians and data miners for
developing statistical software and data analysis
The source code for the R software environment is written primarily
in C, Fortran, and R
3. History of R
1991: Created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the
University of Auckland, New Zealand
1993: First announcement of R to the public.
1995: R was made as free software.
1997: The R Core Group is formed (containing some people
associated with S-PLUS). The core group controls the source
code for R.
2000: R version 1.0.0 is released.
2013: R version 3.1.2 has been released on 2014-10-31.
4. Statistical features of R
provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques:
linear and nonlinear modelling
classical statistical tests
time-series analysis,
classification, clustering
Others
easily extensible through functions and extensions
Many of R's standard functions are written in R itself
C, C++, and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time
strength of R is static graphics
Dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional
packages
5. Programming features of R
R is an interpreted language, users typically access it through
a command-line interpreter.
Like other similar languages such as MATLAB, R supports matrix
arithmetic
R supports procedural programming with functions
for some functions, object-oriented programming with generic
functions
6. Features of R continued...
functionality is divided into modular packages
Graphics capabilities very sophisticated.
Useful for interactive work, but contains a powerful
programming language for developing new tools
Very active and vibrant user community; R-help and R-devel
mailing lists and Stack Overflow
7. Design of the R System
The R system is divided into 2 conceptual parts:
The “base” R system that you download from CRAN
Everything else.
R functionality is divided into a number of packages
The “base” R system contains, among other things, the base
package which is required to run R and contains the most
fundamental functions.
The other packages contained in the “base” system include utils,
stats, datasets, graphics, grDevices, grid, methods, tools, parallel,
compiler, splines, tcltk, stats4.
There are also other packages: tm, stringr, boot, class, cluster,
codetools, foreign, KernSmooth, lattice, mgcv, nlme, rpart, survival,
MASS, spatial, nnet, Matrix.
8. Design of the R System continued...
And there are many other packages available:
There are about 4000 packages on CRAN that have been developed
by users and programmers around the world.
9. Start Working in R
Download & Install R: http://www.r-project.org/
Download & Install R studio: http://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/,
Wikipedia
Materials:
Chambers (2008). Software for Data Analysis, Springer. (your textbook)
Chambers (1998). Programming with Data, Springer.
Venables & Ripley (2002). Modern Applied Statistics with S, Springer.
Venables & Ripley (2000). S Programming, Springer.
Pinheiro & Bates (2000). Mixed-Effects Models in S and S-PLUS, Springer.
Murrell (2005). R Graphics, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.·
Springer has a series of books called Use R!.
A longer list of books is at http://www.r-project.org/doc/bib/R-books.html
Course on R: https://www.coursera.org/course/rprog
10. Data Types and Basic Operations
Objects
R has five basic or “atomic” classes of objects:
1. Character
2. numeric (real numbers)
3. Integer
4. Complex
5. logical (True/False)
The most basic object is a vector
A vector can only contain objects of the same class
BUT: The one exception is a list, which is represented as
a vector but can contain objects of different classes.
11. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Numbers
Numbers in R a generally treated as numeric
a special number Inf which represents infinity; e.g. 1 / 0; Inf can be used
in ordinary calculations; e.g. 1 / Inf is 0
The value NaN represents an undefined value (“not a number”); e.g. 0 /
0; NaN can also be thought of as a missing value
12. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Attributes
R objects can have attributes
names, dimnames
dimensions (e.g. matrices, arrays)
Class
Length
13. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Entering Input
The <- symbol is the assignment operator.
The grammar of the language determines whether an
expression is complete or not.
The # character indicates a comment. Anything to the right of
the # (including the # itself) is ignored.
> x <- 1
> print(x)
[1] 1
> x
[1] 1
> msg<- "hello"
> x <- ## Incomplete expression
14. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Printing
The : operator is used to create integer sequences.
> x <- 1:20
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
[16] 16 17 18 19 20
15. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Creating Vectors
The c() function can be used to create vectors of objects.
Using the vector() function
> x <- c(0.5, 0.6) ## numeric
> x <- c(TRUE, FALSE) ## logical
> x <- c(T, F) ## logical
> x <- c("a", "b", "c") ## character
> x <- 9:29 ## integer
> x <- c(1+0i, 2+4i) ## complex
> x <- vector("numeric", length = 10)
> x
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Mixing Objects
What about the following?
When different objects are mixed in a vector, coercion occurs
so that every element in the vector is of the same class.
> y <- c(1.7, "a") ## character
> y <- c(TRUE, 2) ## numeric
> y <- c("a", TRUE) ## character
17. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Matrices
Matrices are vectors with a dimension attribute. The dimension attribute
is itself an integer vector of length 2 (nrow, ncol)
> m <- matrix(nrow = 2, ncol = 3)
> m
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] NA NA NA
[2,] NA NA NA
> dim(m)
[1] 2 3
> attributes(m)$dim
[1] 2 3
> m <- matrix(1:6, nrow = 2, ncol = 3)
> m
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 3 5
[2,] 2 4 6
18. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Matrices: Matrix sum & multiplication
> m<-matrix(data=c(1,0,0,4,4,3), nrow=2,ncol=3)
> n<-matrix(data=c(1,2,3,4,5,6), nrow=2,ncol=3)
> m+n
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 2 3 9
[2,] 2 8 9
> m*n
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 0 20
[2,] 0 16 18
> m%*%n
Error in m %*% n : non-conformable arguments
>n<-matrix(data=c(1,2,3,4), nrow=2,ncol=2)
>n %*% m
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 12 13
[2,] 2 16 20
19. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Lists
Lists are a special type of vector that can contain elements of different
classes. Lists are a very important data type in R and you should get to
know them well.
> x <- list(1, "a", TRUE, 1 + 4i)
> x
[[1]]
[1] 1
[[2]]
[1] "a"
[[3]]
[1] TRUE
[[4]]
[1] 1+4i
20. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Data Frames
Data frames are used to store tabular data
They are represented as a special type of list where every element of
the list has to have the same length
Each element of the list can be thought of as a column and the length of
each element of the list is the number of rows
Unlike matrices, data frames can store different classes of objects in
each column (just like lists); matrices must have every element be the
same class
21. Data Types and Basic Operations continued...
Data Frames
Data frames (as csvfile)
> x <- data.frame(foo = 1:4, bar = c(T, T, F, F))
> x
foo bar
1 1 TRUE
2 2 TRUE
3 3 FALSE
4 4 FALSE
> nrow(x)
[1] 4
> ncol(x)
[1] 2
> data<-read.csv("G:/records.csv")
>cd<-data[data$PY==2000,]
>cd<-data[data$PY==2012,]
22. Reading and Writing Data continued...
Reading Data
There are a few principal functions reading data into R.
read.table, read.csv, for reading tabular data
readLines, for reading lines of a text file
23. Reading and Writing Data continued...
Writing Data
There are analogous functions for writing data to files
write.table
writeLines
save
24. Reading and Writing Data continued...
Reading Lines of a Text File
>con <- file("foo.txt", "r")
> x <- readLines(con, 10)
> x
[1] "1080" "10-point" "10th" "11-point"
[5] "12-point" "16-point" "18-point" "1st"
[9] "2" "20-point
## This might take time
>con <- url("http://www.jhsph.edu", "r")
>x <- readLines(con)
> head(x)
[1] "<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">"
[2] ""
[3] "<html>"
[4] "<head>"
[5] "t<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8
25. Functions
Functions are created using the function() directive and are
stored as R objects just like anything else.
Functions can be passed as arguments to other functions
Functions can be nested
The return value of a function is the last expression in the function body to be
evaluated.
f <- function(<arguments>) {
## Do something interesting
}
26. Functions continued...
Defining a Function
average<-function(array=numeric(1)){
sum<-0
for(i in 1: length(array)){
sum<-sum+array[i]
}
value<-sum/length(array)
value
}
> m<-c(10,11,2)
> average(m)
[1] 7.666667
> average(10)
[1] 10
> average()
[1] 0
27. Implementation: Word Frequency
text.files<-
list.files(path="C:/Users/Ashraf/Desktop/txt",full.names = T)
for(fp in text.files){
data<-readLines(con = fp) #read text file line by line
words<-character()
# extract words from each line
for(line in 1: length(data)){
if(data[line]!=""){
list<-unlist(strsplit(data[line]," "))
list<-list[list!=""] #remove the empty strings
words<-c(words,list)
}
}
show(sort(table(words),decreasing = T))
}
28. Implementation: POS Tagging
## packages NLP, openNLP
library("tm")
library("NLP")
library("openNLP")
## Some text.
data("acq")
s <- as.String(acq[[10]])
## Need sentence and word token annotations.
sent_token_annotator <- Maxent_Sent_Token_Annotator()
word_token_annotator <- Maxent_Word_Token_Annotator()
a2 <- annotate(s, list(sent_token_annotator,
word_token_annotator))
pos_tag_annotator <- Maxent_POS_Tag_Annotator()
#pos_tag_annotator
a3 <- annotate(s, pos_tag_annotator, a2)
a3w <- subset(a3, type == "word")
tags <- sapply(a3w$features, "[[", "POS")
show(sprintf("%s/%s", s[a3w], tags))
29. Implementation: Text Classification
Training data set
Test data set
Data set (Training +Test data set)
Example: Sports, News, Opinion/ Reviews
Two basic steps
Representation of text documents (TDM)
Supervised/ Unsupervised algorithm