This paper is anchored on leadership and women in tertiary education in Cameroon with a focus on productivity from the perspective of these women. The review dwells on the premise that possibilities for floundering among women leaders abound with adverse consequences on their productivity. There are multifold concerns regarding women in leadership positions within higher education institutions ranging from ability to manage work and family responsibilities, difficulty of receiving adequate mentoring from women with greater longevity and issues related to gender bias. While these adversities exist, there is seemingly a low key empathetic and supportive response from their male counterparts. Albeit these challenges, this paper examines the status quo through the lenses of a conceptual review to comprehend what literature has posited in respect to the topic under discourse. While the paper acknowledges the paucity of empirical works that have investigated the topic within the context of Cameroon, calls are equally made for more research to understand women in leadership positions within higher education institutions in Cameroon as well as some possible recommendations to remedy the challenges they face. Primarily, the male administrators may engage in behavioural adjustments towards female colleagues, support the activities of their female counterparts due to their extra responsibilities and equally show more empathy to their female co workers. Vanity Mugob Nshukwi | Titanji Peter Fon | Joseph Besong Besong "A Review of Women and Leadership in Tertiary Education in Cameroon: Adversities and Implications for Productivity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35861.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/35861/a-review-of-women-and-leadership-in-tertiary-education-in-cameroon-adversities-and-implications-for-productivity/vanity-mugob-nshukwi
Tahseen Consulting’s Wes Schwalje Speaks With Forbes Woman Middle East About ...Wesley Schwalje
The document discusses the lack of women working in STEM fields in the GCC and reasons for this disparity. It notes that the majority of female nationals in GCC countries work in the public sector rather than private industries like STEM. Social and cultural norms encourage women to pursue more traditional careers instead of STEM. Early education also influences girls away from STEM by portraying women in non-technical roles. Low numbers of women in STEM can negatively impact economies by reducing the skilled labor pool. GCC countries need to address barriers to increase female enrollment and participation in STEM education and careers.
ICCM Jaffna 2017 Gender Imbalance and Trends in Tertiary Education A case s...CINEC Campus
This document discusses gender imbalance and trends in tertiary education in Sri Lanka, using maritime industry as a case study. It finds that female unemployment rates are higher than males, especially among those with higher education qualifications. Female participation is low in maritime and logistics sectors. While social and cultural factors have historically discouraged women, technology and globalization are increasing acceptance of women in these fields. The document proposes strategies for collaboration between government and private education institutions to increase opportunities for women in maritime and logistics education.
Tahseen Consulting’s Wes Schwalje Leads Panel on Female Retention in the GCC ...Wesley Schwalje
Schwalje outlines 5 key challenges that GCC countries must overcome to keep women in the labor force
One of the most widely reported challenges that GCC countries and companies now face is the retention of highly qualified female employees. Retention can be particularly problematic as women try to strike a balance between familial responsibilities and succeeding in the workplace. Schwalje asked the panel to reflect on five key challenges: overcoming social perceptions about occupations traditionally dominated by males, implementing female-friendly workplace policies, enabling work-life balance, developing family-friendly facilities, and articulating clear career trajectories for women.
Panel members included Khawla Al Mehairi, Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communication, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, Khaled Al Khudair, Founder, Glowork, and Deborah Gills, Chief Executive Officer, Catalyst. A copy of Tahseen Consulting’s analysis supporting the criticality of addressing the five panel focus themes is below along a with video that captures Schwalje’s thoughts on the way forward.
Evaluation of Student Development Programs in the State Universities and Coll...ijtsrd
This study evaluated of the student development programs among state universities in Samar Island. The four 4 SUC's in Samar Island were selected as the locale of this study. These were the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus Catarman , North West Samar State University Main Campus Calbayog City , Samar State University Main Campus Catbalogan City and Eastern Samar State University Main Campus Borongan City with the university presidents, deans directors of the Student Affairs and Services, personnel, and students as respondents. Frequency counts, percentages, and weighted mean computations were used to analyze the descriptive data obtained from the respondents of the study who were chosen through complete enumeration for presidents, deans directors and personnel and random sampling for the students, respectively. As to status of implementation of the students' development programs and services, the respondents rated the following programs and services as “very satisfactory†cultural development program, leadership training program, multi faith services, social and community development program, sports development program, student organization and services, student publications, and student council government. Ronaldo A. Amit ""Evaluation of Student Development Programs in the State Universities and Colleges of Samar Island"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22920.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/22920/evaluation-of-student-development-programs-in-the-state-universities-and-colleges-of-samar-island/ronaldo-a-amit
M Bridge 4 CASA 2018 Dec Gender Imbalance in Maritime and Logistics Sector ...CINEC Campus
This document summarizes a case study on the gender imbalance in Sri Lanka's maritime and logistics sector. It finds that while both men and women have relatively high standards of health and education, women's empowerment is below average. Unemployment rates are higher for women across all education levels. The maritime and logistics industries remain male-dominated due to perceptions that they are not suitable for women. However, female graduates are finding successful employment, showing opportunities exist with greater awareness and inclusion efforts.
The document discusses higher education in Kenya and Africa more broadly. It makes three key points:
1) Higher education is still a privilege available only to a few in Africa, as only a small percentage of youth have access. In Kenya, only around 30% of KCSE candidates qualify for university each year.
2) There is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data on higher education in Africa, making analysis of important issues like equity and quality difficult.
3) The document raises questions about whether limited opportunities in higher education are distributed equitably, and whether those who do access it experience quality education and prepare them for success. Gender inequities also persist in access to higher education
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research study on emerging trends in workplace conflict and conflict resolution in the Nigerian university system. The study found that the major source of conflict was ethnic/communal conflict. Other common types of conflict included those related to leadership, labor issues, personality clashes, financial disputes, disagreements over roles, and ideological differences. The impacts of ongoing conflict in the university system include negative effects on institutional development and research output. Frequent labor strikes have also disrupted academic calendars. The study found that there are no solid mechanisms for resolving workplace conflicts in Nigerian universities and many conflicts go unaddressed. It recommends establishing proper conflict resolution procedures and improving communication and facilities to better manage conflicts in the university system.
Working Paper Youth Development In Mena Cities A Crisis And An OpportunityDoug Ragan
This is working paper on youth development in the Middle East and North Africa. Here is the introduction to explain more:
Currently the population of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region exceeds 432 million people in 2007, half of them under 24 years of age. The region has the youngest population of any region in the world, the second highest urbanization rate and an annual urban growth rate of 4% in the past two decades, second only to Sub-Saharan Africa (Dhillon, 2009). Over half the populations of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq are under 25 years old, while over 60 percent of Pakistan’s and Afghanistan’s populations are under 25 years old. Over the last few decades, school enrolment rates have risen markedly throughout the region for both young men and women. Yet, even with this increase in the level of education, the recently released Arab Human Development Report finds that youth unemployment presents the biggest challenge to all Arab countries, who have nearly double the global rate. A projected 51 million new jobs will have to be created by 2020 to absorb youth into the labor force. Unemployment also often affects women more than men, with unemployment rates for Arab women being amongst the highest in the world. Data from 2005 shows that the youth unemployment rate for men was 25 percent compared to 31.2 per cent for women. In the region, the female youth unemployment went from a high of approximately 59 per cent in Jordan, compared to 35 per cent for males, to a low of 5.7 per cent in UAE, compared to a male unemployment rate of 6.4 per cent. (UNDP, 2009)
Tahseen Consulting’s Wes Schwalje Speaks With Forbes Woman Middle East About ...Wesley Schwalje
The document discusses the lack of women working in STEM fields in the GCC and reasons for this disparity. It notes that the majority of female nationals in GCC countries work in the public sector rather than private industries like STEM. Social and cultural norms encourage women to pursue more traditional careers instead of STEM. Early education also influences girls away from STEM by portraying women in non-technical roles. Low numbers of women in STEM can negatively impact economies by reducing the skilled labor pool. GCC countries need to address barriers to increase female enrollment and participation in STEM education and careers.
ICCM Jaffna 2017 Gender Imbalance and Trends in Tertiary Education A case s...CINEC Campus
This document discusses gender imbalance and trends in tertiary education in Sri Lanka, using maritime industry as a case study. It finds that female unemployment rates are higher than males, especially among those with higher education qualifications. Female participation is low in maritime and logistics sectors. While social and cultural factors have historically discouraged women, technology and globalization are increasing acceptance of women in these fields. The document proposes strategies for collaboration between government and private education institutions to increase opportunities for women in maritime and logistics education.
Tahseen Consulting’s Wes Schwalje Leads Panel on Female Retention in the GCC ...Wesley Schwalje
Schwalje outlines 5 key challenges that GCC countries must overcome to keep women in the labor force
One of the most widely reported challenges that GCC countries and companies now face is the retention of highly qualified female employees. Retention can be particularly problematic as women try to strike a balance between familial responsibilities and succeeding in the workplace. Schwalje asked the panel to reflect on five key challenges: overcoming social perceptions about occupations traditionally dominated by males, implementing female-friendly workplace policies, enabling work-life balance, developing family-friendly facilities, and articulating clear career trajectories for women.
Panel members included Khawla Al Mehairi, Vice President of Marketing and Corporate Communication, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority, Khaled Al Khudair, Founder, Glowork, and Deborah Gills, Chief Executive Officer, Catalyst. A copy of Tahseen Consulting’s analysis supporting the criticality of addressing the five panel focus themes is below along a with video that captures Schwalje’s thoughts on the way forward.
Evaluation of Student Development Programs in the State Universities and Coll...ijtsrd
This study evaluated of the student development programs among state universities in Samar Island. The four 4 SUC's in Samar Island were selected as the locale of this study. These were the University of Eastern Philippines Main Campus Catarman , North West Samar State University Main Campus Calbayog City , Samar State University Main Campus Catbalogan City and Eastern Samar State University Main Campus Borongan City with the university presidents, deans directors of the Student Affairs and Services, personnel, and students as respondents. Frequency counts, percentages, and weighted mean computations were used to analyze the descriptive data obtained from the respondents of the study who were chosen through complete enumeration for presidents, deans directors and personnel and random sampling for the students, respectively. As to status of implementation of the students' development programs and services, the respondents rated the following programs and services as “very satisfactory†cultural development program, leadership training program, multi faith services, social and community development program, sports development program, student organization and services, student publications, and student council government. Ronaldo A. Amit ""Evaluation of Student Development Programs in the State Universities and Colleges of Samar Island"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22920.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/22920/evaluation-of-student-development-programs-in-the-state-universities-and-colleges-of-samar-island/ronaldo-a-amit
M Bridge 4 CASA 2018 Dec Gender Imbalance in Maritime and Logistics Sector ...CINEC Campus
This document summarizes a case study on the gender imbalance in Sri Lanka's maritime and logistics sector. It finds that while both men and women have relatively high standards of health and education, women's empowerment is below average. Unemployment rates are higher for women across all education levels. The maritime and logistics industries remain male-dominated due to perceptions that they are not suitable for women. However, female graduates are finding successful employment, showing opportunities exist with greater awareness and inclusion efforts.
The document discusses higher education in Kenya and Africa more broadly. It makes three key points:
1) Higher education is still a privilege available only to a few in Africa, as only a small percentage of youth have access. In Kenya, only around 30% of KCSE candidates qualify for university each year.
2) There is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data on higher education in Africa, making analysis of important issues like equity and quality difficult.
3) The document raises questions about whether limited opportunities in higher education are distributed equitably, and whether those who do access it experience quality education and prepare them for success. Gender inequities also persist in access to higher education
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research study on emerging trends in workplace conflict and conflict resolution in the Nigerian university system. The study found that the major source of conflict was ethnic/communal conflict. Other common types of conflict included those related to leadership, labor issues, personality clashes, financial disputes, disagreements over roles, and ideological differences. The impacts of ongoing conflict in the university system include negative effects on institutional development and research output. Frequent labor strikes have also disrupted academic calendars. The study found that there are no solid mechanisms for resolving workplace conflicts in Nigerian universities and many conflicts go unaddressed. It recommends establishing proper conflict resolution procedures and improving communication and facilities to better manage conflicts in the university system.
Working Paper Youth Development In Mena Cities A Crisis And An OpportunityDoug Ragan
This is working paper on youth development in the Middle East and North Africa. Here is the introduction to explain more:
Currently the population of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region exceeds 432 million people in 2007, half of them under 24 years of age. The region has the youngest population of any region in the world, the second highest urbanization rate and an annual urban growth rate of 4% in the past two decades, second only to Sub-Saharan Africa (Dhillon, 2009). Over half the populations of Egypt, Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq are under 25 years old, while over 60 percent of Pakistan’s and Afghanistan’s populations are under 25 years old. Over the last few decades, school enrolment rates have risen markedly throughout the region for both young men and women. Yet, even with this increase in the level of education, the recently released Arab Human Development Report finds that youth unemployment presents the biggest challenge to all Arab countries, who have nearly double the global rate. A projected 51 million new jobs will have to be created by 2020 to absorb youth into the labor force. Unemployment also often affects women more than men, with unemployment rates for Arab women being amongst the highest in the world. Data from 2005 shows that the youth unemployment rate for men was 25 percent compared to 31.2 per cent for women. In the region, the female youth unemployment went from a high of approximately 59 per cent in Jordan, compared to 35 per cent for males, to a low of 5.7 per cent in UAE, compared to a male unemployment rate of 6.4 per cent. (UNDP, 2009)
This document summarizes a research study on managing massification at Gulu University in Uganda. The study examined how institutional autonomy and governance can help address challenges from rapid increases in student enrollment. Key findings include:
1) While organs like the University Council and Senate are established as required by law, they were found to be slow in responding to staff and student concerns and did not fully satisfy stakeholders.
2) Respondents felt that the Council and Senate did not promptly implement views and concerns related to issues like procuring more educational resources and hiring more faculty.
3) The research concluded that Gulu University has faced challenges in applying corporate governance practices to effectively manage the effects of massification, such as large class
1) The document discusses women's empowerment through higher education in India. It argues that educating women empowers the nation by giving women control over their lives and choices.
2) Higher education in India faces issues of access, equity, and quality. While access has increased, enrollment rates remain low compared to global standards. There is also large variability in quality across institutions.
3) Empowering women requires proactive strategies and political will to fully implement. Higher education is seen as the best tool to achieve empowerment by giving women more opportunities and independence.
Education is the beacon that guides a society to a better future. Human Resources Development depends on the quality of Education provided. The aims of Higher Education i.e. equity, inclusiveness and quality can be achieved through Good Governance in High Educational Institutions. Good Governance features like Accountability, Transparency, Participation, Equity and Inclusiveness, Efficiency and Effectiveness, Responsiveness and Participation must be adopted by all the Higher Education Institutions.
Declining quality of intellectual output in nigeria's tertiary intitutions of...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the declining quality of intellectual output from Nigeria's tertiary education institutions. It identifies several economic, political, and social factors contributing to this decline, including: lack of adequate funding of education; poverty affecting teachers and students; political interference in hiring and admissions; expansion of student numbers without infrastructure growth; and a decline in societal moral values encouraging exam malpractice. The document recommends adequately funding education; improving management of funds; discouraging political interference; encouraging values of hard work and honesty; and reducing emphasis on certificates over performance. Overall, it analyzes why academic excellence is no longer a characteristic of Nigeria's universities due to various existential factors hindering quality.
In addition to analyzing the characteristics of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in Africa, this paper empirically studies the key drivers of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment, using cross-sectional time series data from 1970 to 2012. Our results show that the coefficient associated with the level of real GDP per capita is positive and statistically significant. Our results also suggest that higher domestic investment, increased economic globalization, the quadratic element of political globalization, economic globalization, ethnic fractionalization, increased democracy, and Christian dominance in a country increase gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in the continent. However, increases in the level of political globalization and increased incidence of civil wars tend to lower it. The policy implications and lessons of these results are discussed.
Sustaining Quality Education in the 21st CenturyYogeshIJTSRD
We are part of a globalized world that is reflected in problems associated with the development of the various dimensions of human endeavor. Dr. Asha Pandey "Sustaining Quality Education in the 21st Century" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43907.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/43907/sustaining-quality-education-in-the-21st-century/dr-asha-pandey
This document discusses key issues facing African youth, including:
- Youth aged 15-24 make up over 20% of Africa's population, with the highest proportions in central and eastern Africa.
- While literacy and primary education rates have increased, access to secondary and tertiary education remains limited, particularly for girls.
- Unemployment rates for African youth are exceptionally high, exceeding 30% in many countries and 60% for young women in South Africa.
- HIV/AIDS is a major public health challenge, as it is responsible for over half of deaths among young African females. Overall, African youth face difficulties with health access, education, employment, and participation.
Role of university_in_production_of_knowledge_societyAshok Kumar
1. The document discusses the role of universities in producing a knowledge society and addresses various challenges they face.
2. It argues that universities must adopt new approaches and policies to improve knowledge transfer for international competitiveness in the current era of globalization.
3. The document also examines contemporary knowledge, the need to implement new curricula for global needs, and the responsibility of higher education to lead society in the right direction.
20 A STUDY ON RECENT SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT FORCASTING 201hariharan n
The document discusses women's empowerment and skill development in India from 2012-2022. It finds that while women make up 49% of the population, their participation in economic activity is only 34%. Education plays a key role in skill development and empowerment by increasing literacy, decision making ability, and access to resources. However, there are still constraints to women's education like limited access in rural areas, lack of infrastructure, and early marriage. The government has implemented programs to boost literacy rates from 7.3% in 1951 to 54% in 2011, though a gap remains compared to men. Overall, education and skill development are necessary to fully include women in India's development.
The Implementation of Decentralization Policy in the Education Sector by Muni...ijtsrd
The examination of the relationship between efficient management of nursery and Primary schools and decentralization in relation to the implementation of decentralization policies in Cameroon by councils is what this study intended to ascertain. The study employed purposive sampling technique, to select the 50 head teacher respondents and 3municipal Mayors. Data which was collected by the use of a questionnaire and interviews as instruments of data collection were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS . The resultant findings did indicate that, there is a significant relationship between the council’s implementation of decentralization policies specifically the building, equipping and maintenance of classrooms by councils and the efficient management of nursery and primary schools, albeit being that the relationship that exists was rated weak. A resulting recommendation made was that the central level relinquishes sufficient resources for local councils, ensuring accountability and transparency in operations and instituting follow up mechanisms through supervision to ensure that local council authorities are effectively implementing the decentralization process as expected. Julie Ngoh Tambe "The Implementation of Decentralization Policy in the Education Sector by Municipal Councils and the Management of Nursery and Primary Schools: The Case of Government Nursery and Primary Schools" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33339.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33339/the-implementation-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-education-sector-by-municipal-councils-and-the-management-of-nursery-and-primary-schools-the-case-of-government-nursery-and-primary-schools/julie-ngoh-tambe
The document discusses the impact of reservation policies in India on education and society. It begins by providing background on the aims of the reservation system and how it has expanded over time. It then discusses findings from a study of 300 students and professionals, which revealed that most sections of society now want changes to reservation policies as they hinder growth, worsen caste discrimination, and decrease educational standards. The document concludes by arguing that while reservations may have helped backward castes in the past, they now need to be reformed or abolished to promote equality of opportunity based on merit rather than caste.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
It is a well known fact that children are considered as asset for any nation. So, for the development of the nation it is very necessary that the children of that nation must be nourished in a way that a feeling of patriotism must enrich their mind. When children are exploited by people for their own benefits in case of forcing them to work in situations which are dangerous for them, then it is the fault of the state that it is incapable to protect its future generation. India which is a very wide country in respect of population, it must be the duty of the state to protect their children from being exploited and also to ensure their proper growth and development. Child Labour Act, 1986 provide great protection to the children but the implementation of the act in the wide populated country is very tricky.In this regard this paper tries to study the current laws relating to child labour and also the improvements which are needed in respect to child labour. Swati Dobhal | Venkat Krishna "Child Labor in India: An Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43923.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/43923/child-labor-in-india-an-analysis/swati-dobhal
The document summarizes a keynote speech given at the 11th General Conference of the International Astronomical Union in Durban, South Africa in August 2000. The speech discusses the changing nature of learners and delivery of education in knowledge societies.
It notes that in knowledge societies, learners will be more diverse in age and experience, pursuing both full-time and part-time education. It also argues that traditional universities will not be able to meet the demand for education alone, and that distance education will need to play a larger role in delivering flexible, lifelong education to more learners.
IRM 503 ECONOMICS OF EDUCTION
(8) Are There Social Returns to Education (9) Education and Economic Growth
PROFESSOR: DR. MARIANO DE JESUS
PhD STUDENT : DR. ROSEMARIE S. GUIRRE
3RD SEMESTER AY 2019-2020
The document discusses issues with Pakistan's current education system that prevent learning. It outlines three main problems: 1) Three parallel systems (public, private, madrassas) create disparities in quality and access. 2) Madrassas discourage critical thinking and outdated teaching methods prevent employment. 3) Curriculums across systems are outdated, lacking revision and promote intolerance rather than skills for the modern world. Overall, the document argues Pakistan's education needs reform to address funding, access, teaching quality, and curriculum issues across its divided public and private systems.
PEERING BEHIND THE TRENDS IN WOMEN’S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN MENAEconomic Research Forum
1) Despite women in MENA achieving higher levels of education equal to men, their labor force participation rates remain very low.
2) This is paradoxical since historically higher education leads to higher participation.
3) The reason for this is that as public sector jobs, which were more accommodating to women, declined, private sector jobs grew but are less accommodating and hospitable to women, especially married women.
E governance in indian universities- a conceptual framework. updatedVijay Bhaskar
This document discusses implementing e-governance in Indian universities to improve administration. It proposes that e-governance can increase transparency, efficiency and service quality by enabling online services, participation and administration. Specifically, e-governance could allow universities to monitor academic standards more effectively, transform relationships with students, expand their reach globally, and empower faculty and students through participation in governance. The document also outlines several areas that could benefit from e-governance, such as improved education systems, enhanced teaching tools, centralized information sharing, and integrated services available anytime from anywhere.
Assessment of the practicum training program of b.s. tourism in selected univ...Alexander Decker
The document assesses the practicum training programs of B.S. Tourism programs in selected universities in the Philippines. It examines components of the programs and their relevance to industry needs. Faculty, students, and industry practitioners were surveyed. Findings showed that the university programs' structures and qualifications were compliant with standards. Practicum programs effectively met objectives but students faced heavy workloads. Additionally, classroom and practicum learning did not always align and students lacked field exposure. The study identifies issues to improve tourism practicum programs.
This document discusses a research paper that investigated the self-employment perceptions of female undergraduate students in Ethiopia. The study compared perceptions at Ethiopian public and private universities. The researchers found several factors influenced students' perceptions, including negative influences from parents/family and career advisors, but positive influences from media and educational systems. Parents/family and educational systems had statistically significant effects. Understanding factors that influence perceptions can help policymakers design programs to promote self-employment and small businesses, aiding unemployment and poverty reduction. The researchers conclude that entrepreneurship training could help change worries about barriers to self-employment.
A Qualitative Analysis Of Teenage Pregnancy In MauritiusTracy Drey
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the relationship between gender-separate education and economic growth in Mauritius from 1960-2010. It finds that both female and male education are important for explaining economic growth, and that they have nearly the same level of productivity. The research also finds evidence of bi-directional causation between female/male education and economic growth, as well as indirect effects through capital stock accumulation as a proxy for investment. In general, it establishes that both female and male education are significant contributors to economic growth in Mauritius over the period studied.
This document summarizes a research study on managing massification at Gulu University in Uganda. The study examined how institutional autonomy and governance can help address challenges from rapid increases in student enrollment. Key findings include:
1) While organs like the University Council and Senate are established as required by law, they were found to be slow in responding to staff and student concerns and did not fully satisfy stakeholders.
2) Respondents felt that the Council and Senate did not promptly implement views and concerns related to issues like procuring more educational resources and hiring more faculty.
3) The research concluded that Gulu University has faced challenges in applying corporate governance practices to effectively manage the effects of massification, such as large class
1) The document discusses women's empowerment through higher education in India. It argues that educating women empowers the nation by giving women control over their lives and choices.
2) Higher education in India faces issues of access, equity, and quality. While access has increased, enrollment rates remain low compared to global standards. There is also large variability in quality across institutions.
3) Empowering women requires proactive strategies and political will to fully implement. Higher education is seen as the best tool to achieve empowerment by giving women more opportunities and independence.
Education is the beacon that guides a society to a better future. Human Resources Development depends on the quality of Education provided. The aims of Higher Education i.e. equity, inclusiveness and quality can be achieved through Good Governance in High Educational Institutions. Good Governance features like Accountability, Transparency, Participation, Equity and Inclusiveness, Efficiency and Effectiveness, Responsiveness and Participation must be adopted by all the Higher Education Institutions.
Declining quality of intellectual output in nigeria's tertiary intitutions of...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the declining quality of intellectual output from Nigeria's tertiary education institutions. It identifies several economic, political, and social factors contributing to this decline, including: lack of adequate funding of education; poverty affecting teachers and students; political interference in hiring and admissions; expansion of student numbers without infrastructure growth; and a decline in societal moral values encouraging exam malpractice. The document recommends adequately funding education; improving management of funds; discouraging political interference; encouraging values of hard work and honesty; and reducing emphasis on certificates over performance. Overall, it analyzes why academic excellence is no longer a characteristic of Nigeria's universities due to various existential factors hindering quality.
In addition to analyzing the characteristics of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in Africa, this paper empirically studies the key drivers of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment, using cross-sectional time series data from 1970 to 2012. Our results show that the coefficient associated with the level of real GDP per capita is positive and statistically significant. Our results also suggest that higher domestic investment, increased economic globalization, the quadratic element of political globalization, economic globalization, ethnic fractionalization, increased democracy, and Christian dominance in a country increase gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in the continent. However, increases in the level of political globalization and increased incidence of civil wars tend to lower it. The policy implications and lessons of these results are discussed.
Sustaining Quality Education in the 21st CenturyYogeshIJTSRD
We are part of a globalized world that is reflected in problems associated with the development of the various dimensions of human endeavor. Dr. Asha Pandey "Sustaining Quality Education in the 21st Century" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43907.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/43907/sustaining-quality-education-in-the-21st-century/dr-asha-pandey
This document discusses key issues facing African youth, including:
- Youth aged 15-24 make up over 20% of Africa's population, with the highest proportions in central and eastern Africa.
- While literacy and primary education rates have increased, access to secondary and tertiary education remains limited, particularly for girls.
- Unemployment rates for African youth are exceptionally high, exceeding 30% in many countries and 60% for young women in South Africa.
- HIV/AIDS is a major public health challenge, as it is responsible for over half of deaths among young African females. Overall, African youth face difficulties with health access, education, employment, and participation.
Role of university_in_production_of_knowledge_societyAshok Kumar
1. The document discusses the role of universities in producing a knowledge society and addresses various challenges they face.
2. It argues that universities must adopt new approaches and policies to improve knowledge transfer for international competitiveness in the current era of globalization.
3. The document also examines contemporary knowledge, the need to implement new curricula for global needs, and the responsibility of higher education to lead society in the right direction.
20 A STUDY ON RECENT SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT FORCASTING 201hariharan n
The document discusses women's empowerment and skill development in India from 2012-2022. It finds that while women make up 49% of the population, their participation in economic activity is only 34%. Education plays a key role in skill development and empowerment by increasing literacy, decision making ability, and access to resources. However, there are still constraints to women's education like limited access in rural areas, lack of infrastructure, and early marriage. The government has implemented programs to boost literacy rates from 7.3% in 1951 to 54% in 2011, though a gap remains compared to men. Overall, education and skill development are necessary to fully include women in India's development.
The Implementation of Decentralization Policy in the Education Sector by Muni...ijtsrd
The examination of the relationship between efficient management of nursery and Primary schools and decentralization in relation to the implementation of decentralization policies in Cameroon by councils is what this study intended to ascertain. The study employed purposive sampling technique, to select the 50 head teacher respondents and 3municipal Mayors. Data which was collected by the use of a questionnaire and interviews as instruments of data collection were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS . The resultant findings did indicate that, there is a significant relationship between the council’s implementation of decentralization policies specifically the building, equipping and maintenance of classrooms by councils and the efficient management of nursery and primary schools, albeit being that the relationship that exists was rated weak. A resulting recommendation made was that the central level relinquishes sufficient resources for local councils, ensuring accountability and transparency in operations and instituting follow up mechanisms through supervision to ensure that local council authorities are effectively implementing the decentralization process as expected. Julie Ngoh Tambe "The Implementation of Decentralization Policy in the Education Sector by Municipal Councils and the Management of Nursery and Primary Schools: The Case of Government Nursery and Primary Schools" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33339.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33339/the-implementation-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-education-sector-by-municipal-councils-and-the-management-of-nursery-and-primary-schools-the-case-of-government-nursery-and-primary-schools/julie-ngoh-tambe
The document discusses the impact of reservation policies in India on education and society. It begins by providing background on the aims of the reservation system and how it has expanded over time. It then discusses findings from a study of 300 students and professionals, which revealed that most sections of society now want changes to reservation policies as they hinder growth, worsen caste discrimination, and decrease educational standards. The document concludes by arguing that while reservations may have helped backward castes in the past, they now need to be reformed or abolished to promote equality of opportunity based on merit rather than caste.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
It is a well known fact that children are considered as asset for any nation. So, for the development of the nation it is very necessary that the children of that nation must be nourished in a way that a feeling of patriotism must enrich their mind. When children are exploited by people for their own benefits in case of forcing them to work in situations which are dangerous for them, then it is the fault of the state that it is incapable to protect its future generation. India which is a very wide country in respect of population, it must be the duty of the state to protect their children from being exploited and also to ensure their proper growth and development. Child Labour Act, 1986 provide great protection to the children but the implementation of the act in the wide populated country is very tricky.In this regard this paper tries to study the current laws relating to child labour and also the improvements which are needed in respect to child labour. Swati Dobhal | Venkat Krishna "Child Labor in India: An Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43923.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/43923/child-labor-in-india-an-analysis/swati-dobhal
The document summarizes a keynote speech given at the 11th General Conference of the International Astronomical Union in Durban, South Africa in August 2000. The speech discusses the changing nature of learners and delivery of education in knowledge societies.
It notes that in knowledge societies, learners will be more diverse in age and experience, pursuing both full-time and part-time education. It also argues that traditional universities will not be able to meet the demand for education alone, and that distance education will need to play a larger role in delivering flexible, lifelong education to more learners.
IRM 503 ECONOMICS OF EDUCTION
(8) Are There Social Returns to Education (9) Education and Economic Growth
PROFESSOR: DR. MARIANO DE JESUS
PhD STUDENT : DR. ROSEMARIE S. GUIRRE
3RD SEMESTER AY 2019-2020
The document discusses issues with Pakistan's current education system that prevent learning. It outlines three main problems: 1) Three parallel systems (public, private, madrassas) create disparities in quality and access. 2) Madrassas discourage critical thinking and outdated teaching methods prevent employment. 3) Curriculums across systems are outdated, lacking revision and promote intolerance rather than skills for the modern world. Overall, the document argues Pakistan's education needs reform to address funding, access, teaching quality, and curriculum issues across its divided public and private systems.
PEERING BEHIND THE TRENDS IN WOMEN’S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION IN MENAEconomic Research Forum
1) Despite women in MENA achieving higher levels of education equal to men, their labor force participation rates remain very low.
2) This is paradoxical since historically higher education leads to higher participation.
3) The reason for this is that as public sector jobs, which were more accommodating to women, declined, private sector jobs grew but are less accommodating and hospitable to women, especially married women.
E governance in indian universities- a conceptual framework. updatedVijay Bhaskar
This document discusses implementing e-governance in Indian universities to improve administration. It proposes that e-governance can increase transparency, efficiency and service quality by enabling online services, participation and administration. Specifically, e-governance could allow universities to monitor academic standards more effectively, transform relationships with students, expand their reach globally, and empower faculty and students through participation in governance. The document also outlines several areas that could benefit from e-governance, such as improved education systems, enhanced teaching tools, centralized information sharing, and integrated services available anytime from anywhere.
Assessment of the practicum training program of b.s. tourism in selected univ...Alexander Decker
The document assesses the practicum training programs of B.S. Tourism programs in selected universities in the Philippines. It examines components of the programs and their relevance to industry needs. Faculty, students, and industry practitioners were surveyed. Findings showed that the university programs' structures and qualifications were compliant with standards. Practicum programs effectively met objectives but students faced heavy workloads. Additionally, classroom and practicum learning did not always align and students lacked field exposure. The study identifies issues to improve tourism practicum programs.
This document discusses a research paper that investigated the self-employment perceptions of female undergraduate students in Ethiopia. The study compared perceptions at Ethiopian public and private universities. The researchers found several factors influenced students' perceptions, including negative influences from parents/family and career advisors, but positive influences from media and educational systems. Parents/family and educational systems had statistically significant effects. Understanding factors that influence perceptions can help policymakers design programs to promote self-employment and small businesses, aiding unemployment and poverty reduction. The researchers conclude that entrepreneurship training could help change worries about barriers to self-employment.
A Qualitative Analysis Of Teenage Pregnancy In MauritiusTracy Drey
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the relationship between gender-separate education and economic growth in Mauritius from 1960-2010. It finds that both female and male education are important for explaining economic growth, and that they have nearly the same level of productivity. The research also finds evidence of bi-directional causation between female/male education and economic growth, as well as indirect effects through capital stock accumulation as a proxy for investment. In general, it establishes that both female and male education are significant contributors to economic growth in Mauritius over the period studied.
Stereotype Parental Factors and Girl Child’s Participation in Post Primary Ed...ijtsrd
There is compelling evidence that parental factors significantly impact girls’ attendance in post primary education. The purpose of the present study was to identify the parental factors that affect girls’ attendance in post primary education in Boyo division and to explore the relationship between our study variables. The study reviewed literature based on four specific objectives parents’ attitudes towards girl child education, parents’ level of education as well as socio cultural and socio economic factors on girls’ attendance in post primary education. The ecological systems, needs of the hierarchy and gender relation theories were used not only to substantially explain the position of parental participation in girls’ education but also to generate strategies to promote parents’ participation in their girl children’s education. This qualitative study sought to explore secondary sources of data and to establish how parents in Boyo division were involved in their girl children’s education. The descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. Semi structured interviews for parents and the open ended questionnaire for girls were used in this qualitative study covering four 4 post primary schools. Respondents were selected through the use of chain reference sampling and sampling by case. A total of three hundred and thirty eight 338 participants were selected. The sample consisted of 50 parents and 338 girls who attended both the public and private secondary schools in Boyo division. Data were gathered from the participants via valid and reliable questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the background information of the participants. The Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to explore whether there was a significant relationship between parental factors and girls’ attendance in post primary education. The results revealed that parental factors affect girls’ attendance in post primary education. Based on the discussions, conclusion is drawn and suggestions made on ways of bringing education to the doorstep of the girl child in Cameroon. Girls’ attendance in education is influenced by parental factors. Parents actually indicated and revealed that parents’ related factors hindered girls’ attendance. It was recommended that parents should be willing to learn about how they could overcome the barriers in the participation of their girl children’s education. Girls should be given equal access as boys to education there should be a legal support for girl child education and government should empower parents to understand the importance of educating the girl child. Song Gerald Achou "Stereotype Parental Factors and Girl-Child’s Participation in Post-Primary Education: The Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division, North-West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https
Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment ...ijtsrd
The study assessed the extent to which Principalship Practices in Resource influence the Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon. Inspired by Imogene’s Goal Attainment theory and The Principalship Model for the Attainment of School Objectives, the study was guided by three objectives, answered three questions and tested three hypotheses. The survey research design and the post positivist quantitative and qualitative research mixed triangulation method were applied and with a questionnaire and interview guide data was collected from 326 principals. Proportionate and Purposive sampling technique was employed to select 31 and 10 principals from the two regions South West and Littoral . Applying descriptive Frequencies, percentages, tables and pie chart and inferential statistics to analyzed data, the results revealed that principalship practices in resource management influences the attainment of school objectives to the extent of 73.76 . This influence is comparatively strongest in financial resource management with the extent of 96.25 , above average in human resource management with extent of 73.04 and the weakest but average is material resource management with the extent of 59.68 . From the findings recommendations were made to the Ministry of secondary education to restructure their policy on principalship. Ilimbi Catherine Enjema | Fonkeng Epah George "Resource Management Practices as a Facet of Principalship and The Attainment of School Objectives in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38465.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38465/resource-management-practices-as-a-facet-of-principalship-and-the-attainment-of-school-objectives-in-cameroon/ilimbi-catherine-enjema
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC D...Liz Adams
This document summarizes a study on the role of women's entrepreneurship in Botswana's economic development. The study found that women entrepreneurs play a significant role by improving standards of living, reducing poverty, and increasing employment opportunities. Interviews with women entrepreneurs revealed they contribute positively by creating jobs for themselves and others and serving as role models. However, women in Botswana have faced barriers like being relegated to domestic work and excluded from capital-intensive industries. The government is encouraged to provide more assistance to support women's entrepreneurial activities.
This document discusses the need to shift from affirmative action strategies that focus solely on increasing women's access to higher education institutions in Africa to more holistic gender-responsive strategies. It argues that enabling access is not enough, and strategies must also address issues that affect women's full participation and performance within higher education, including creating more supportive environments, addressing gender-based violence, increasing women's representation in STEM fields, and promoting women into leadership roles. It recommends policies and actions institutions can take to create gender equality, such as gender-sensitive hiring and promotion, implementing gender policies and committees, conducting research on gender in higher education, and ensuring infrastructure is responsive to women's needs.
The Influence of Information Technology and Management Accounting System Info...ijtsrd
This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of information technology and MAS information on the quality of school principals’ decision making in managing BOS funds in state primary and secondary schools in Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia. The population in this study were all state primary and secondary schools in Banyuwangi Regency. The sampling method in this research is multistage random sampling. The data in this research was collected through questionnaires distributed to schools and treasurers. There are three hypotheses tested regarding whether information technology and MAS information can improve the quality of decision making. AMOS is used for hypothesis testing. Research findings show that there is a direct influence of information technology and MAS information on the quality of decision making. Apart from that, there is also an indirect influence of information technology on the quality of decision making through MAS information. Anindya Dianing Pratiwi | Alwan Sri Kustono | Ririn Irmadariyani "The Influence of Information Technology and Management Accounting System Information on Quality of Decision-Making in BOS Fund Management" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61231.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/accounting/61231/the-influence-of-information-technology-and-management-accounting-system-information-on-quality-of-decisionmaking-in-bos-fund-management/anindya-dianing-pratiwi
Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadershi...ijtsrd
This study reviewed literature from a comprehensive leadership development conference “Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadership in Cameroon. The paper, therefore, explored vividly the factors that reflect the ideas and experiences of school and system leadership development from both research and practice perspectives in Cameroon through documental analysis. Indispensable work is provided for those who wish to be up to date about hegemony is crucial for the study of school and educational system management and for global leadership politics though the concept is not widely contested in most developing countries like Cameroon and requires clarification. This study gives valuable new insights from recent research findings and the implications of educational policy in Cameroon as it relates to the development of school leaders. This study provides a bird’s eye view of assessment for effective leadership and draws special attention to the growing structural limitation of implementing ICT in school and the different Cameroon educational systems. The existing literature review clearly indicates that 360 degree feedback process is a significantly valuable tool for organizations, in assessing both teachers and education leaders’ performance appraisal and development purposes. These subtopics have in common an inbuilt tension between structure and agency between the compounding centrifugal forces that seek to legitimate and institutionalise, and the internal persuasive discourse of every learner to their personal understanding of effective school and system leadership that best fit their context at a given time. Michael Auguste Ngantchop Tchoumbou | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Henry Koge Makole | King James Nkum | Tah Patricia Bih "Exploring Complexities and Paradoxes in Effective School and System Leadership in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd53839.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/53839/exploring-complexities-and-paradoxes-in-effective-school-and-system-leadership-in-cameroon/michael-auguste-ngantchop-tchoumbou
Adversities that Disrupt Positive Development among Emerging Adult Students i...ijtsrd
Higher education is universally applauded as a means to empower young people with skills, knowledge, experiences and significant relationships which can enable them to play their roles successfully as leaders of tomorrow. Psychologically, one group of persons who are overwhelmingly concerned in the quest for further knowledge are emerging adults. Emerging adulthood is now a globally recognised period of human development as transition to adulthood is delayed based on issues such as young people getting married late, continuous efforts to acquire higher credentials so as to be better equipped for the labour market. As they transition from home to the university and to the world of work more so in the third decade of life, many challenges often stand on their way with the capacity of preventing them from progressing successfully and transitioning productively into adulthood. Notably academic palavers, financial hurdles, sudden independence and freedom from parental control, identity issues as well as socio political tensions commonly seen in developing societies like Cameroon abound. The foregoing constitutes a barrier that makes university studies unbearable to some emerging adults in universities. Developmental literature on this phase of life equally depicts a hopeless situation for young adults. Also, media reports, observations and stories or experiences from some parents and families as well as the society at large reveals increase fears and anxiety on the state and future of university students as leaders of tomorrow. With these, the prospects for positive development in later life stages like adulthood are slim with huge possibilities of floundering and discontinuity for some of them. This paper highlights some of the key issues that university students in Cameroon battle with as well as the environmental socio political trivialities that worsen the scenario. Delbert Akom Afumbom "Adversities that Disrupt Positive Development among Emerging Adult Students in Universities in Cameroon A conceptual review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29545.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/29545/adversities-that-disrupt-positive-development-among-emerging-adult-students-in-universities-in-cameroon-a-conceptual-review/delbert-akom-afumbom
The Usefulness of Higher Education Instructional Strategies on the Employabil...ijtsrd
The document discusses a study that examined the usefulness of higher education instructional strategies on graduate employability in Cameroon. It reviewed literature on instructional strategies used in Cameroonian universities and theoretical frameworks on teaching and human capital. The study found that instructional strategies have a significant effect on graduate employability according to teachers, students, and employers. It recommended that teachers be trained on using various instructional strategies to develop skills and improve graduate job prospects.
Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Edu...ijtsrd
This paper explored Cameroon’s decentralization policy in the context of educational reforms which entails the adoption of universal legal framework which aims at universalizing free primary education such as that from the1990 Jomtien Conference on Education for All EFA by 2015 and the Dakar 2002 Action Framework. Basically, the government strives to provide free education to pupils, so as to support the underprivileged and enable them read and write in a bid to reduce illiteracy and to bring education to the people. This paper is also anchored on the observation that every major decentralized education throughout the world has to involve some legislative changes to the law. In the case of Cameroon, decentralization constitutes a legal, institutional and financial means through which regional and local authorities operate to foster development with the active involvement of the population. Assessing the legal framework and implementation by various stakeholders shows that the decentralization laws passed over the years in Cameroon have local development and governance as their main thrust. But this review posits that the process for the adoption and implementation of the decentralization policies is slow, partial and seemingly unserious thus barricading the smooth functioning of Basic Education in Cameroon. Unfortunately too, empirical science has narrowly escaped the decentralization process as it pertains to Education primary in Cameroon. As such, this paper acts as a clarion call for more studies to understand how the process unfolds in Cameroon and how it affects the primary education sector. Ngong Gaius Mufua "Tracing the Evolution of Decentralization Policy in the Ministry of Basic Education in Cameroon, an Overview of the History and Challenges of the Process" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30620.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/30620/tracing-the-evolution-of-decentralization-policy-in-the-ministry-of-basic-education-in-cameroon-an-overview-of-the-history-and-challenges-of-the-process/ngong-gaius-mufua
Proposal for Youth Skills training and Empowerement Programs OPENBernard Mugume
1. The document describes a project by Focus Youth Forum to provide vocational skills training, entrepreneurship programs, and sensitization to youth in Kampala, Uganda over 5 years.
2. The project aims to train youth in various vocational skills like carpentry, tailoring, agriculture to reduce unemployment, vulnerability, and empower youth.
3. Over the 5 years, the project aims to mobilize and sensitize over 12,000 youth, reduce youth unemployment by 60%, and establish vocational training centers.
This document outlines a research proposal on factors affecting female participation in higher education programs at Hawassa University in Ethiopia. The study aims to identify reasons for low female enrollment in postgraduate programs, particularly in the Department of Governance and Development Studies. It will employ qualitative and quantitative methods like interviews, focus groups, and enrollment data analysis. The study seeks to understand socioeconomic, cultural, and institutional barriers to gender parity in education. It ultimately aims to inform policymakers on improving female access and participation in higher education.
This document examines factors that influence polytechnic students' decisions to graduate as entrepreneurs in Ghana. A survey of 250 students at Kumasi Polytechnic was conducted. The results from a probit model analysis show that personality factors, family and friend support, parental occupation, entrepreneurship education, gender, and access to finance positively influence students' decisions to become entrepreneurs, while concerns about public remarks negatively influence decisions. Only 36.8% of surveyed students expressed an interest in becoming entrepreneurs. The study aims to help address graduate unemployment in Ghana by better understanding what promotes graduate entrepreneurship.
Gender Inequalities in the Context of Basic Education A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Gender inequality in education has been a buzzword in our educational system in recent decades. This paper identifies the factor that creates gender inequality in education and in the world in general. Our study focuses on the identified factors that elevate the existence of gender inequality in education. Based on the literature, recent studies and reports shows that there are 5 factors that contribute to the existence of gender inequality in education and these include poverty, geographical remoteness, armed conflict, lack of school infrastructure, and quality of education. The researchers strongly believed that our young learners are our future innovators and heroes, thus, without quality education none of these would be achieved. The results suggest that our educational system needs to collaborate with the private sector and provide innovative measures to address these issues of gender inequality in education. Crispina Ana N. Pacalda | Maristila Y. Nailon | Junhrey A. Vibar | Janette B. Cobrado | Roanne Shyn L. Brian | Regina P. Galigao "Gender Inequalities in the Context of Basic Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33554.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33554/gender-inequalities-in-the-context-of-basic-education-a-literature-review/crispina-ana-n-pacalda
1. 1st international conference of women in science without bordersAbdeslam Badre, PhD
This document discusses remaining challenges for women in transitioning from education to careers in science in the Middle East and North Africa region. It notes that while women are earning more degrees in science, they still face inequality in securing science-based jobs and leadership roles. It identifies outdated PhD program structures, poor policy implementation, and inadequate infrastructure as hindering women's participation. The document proposes two initiatives: 1) restructuring PhD programs to be more flexible and professional, and 2) incentivizing regional universities to attract and retain more regional students to reduce brain drain. The goals are to better support women scientists and align research with local needs.
This document provides an overview of various education, training, and employment programs for youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses challenges like high youth unemployment and lack of economic opportunities that have led many international organizations and NGOs to implement programs. Examples of programs described include Youth in Action by Save the Children Canada, New Education Model in Africa by the African Development Bank, Educate! supporting entrepreneurship training, and U-Learn providing skills training. The document also outlines several initiatives focused on job creation and supporting young entrepreneurs, such as Jobs for Youth in Africa by the African Development Bank and Solutions for Youth Employment alliance between public, private, and nonprofit sectors.
National Assessments on Gender Equality in the Knowledge Society — Project Su...Elsevier
This study (National Assessments and Benchmarking of Gender, Science, Technology and Innovation) assessed the level of support, opportunities and participation of women in science in the world’s leading knowledge-based economies: the European Union, the United States, Brazil, South Africa, India, Korea and Indonesia. The study was conducted by the Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) and WIGSAT with the aid of a 2010 Elsevier Foundation grant.
Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical S...ijtsrd
Management of resources is one of the areas in educational administration which brings about school effectiveness. When principals are provided with the human financial, material and time resources, they are most likely to perform their tasks effectively. Consequently, students' academic achievement is high and the organizational effectiveness is realized. This article is intended at exploring human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in government technical secondary and high schools in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon. The enquiry problem focused on the effectiveness of schools with respect to the management of human resources. Thus the link between human resources management and effectiveness of schools is at the center of this article. The implication is that managing human resources can impact on school effectiveness. Data was collected from primary source through administration of open items questionnaires using a five point Likert scale format and closed ended questionnaires to two hundred and fifty respondents randomly sampled from ten technical secondary schools Fako Division. Secondary data was collected from documents such as journals and magazines from all necessary quarters and Chi- Square technique of data analysis was used to analyze the extent and impact of these variables on school effectiveness and whether there exists any relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness. The result obtained revealed that the null hypothesis was rejected at a calculated Chi-Square value greater than the critical value. This therefore led the researcher to conclude that Human Resources Management has a significant impact on School Effectiveness and that there exists a strong relationship between Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness hence school administrators are advised to undergo courses in resources management, guide newly recruited teachers, and regular provide didactic materials to staff and stakeholders, with in-service training for staff. Tam Vivian Ekwen | Prof. Fonkeng Epah George "Human Resources Management and School Effectiveness in Government Technical Secondary and High Schools in Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18728.pdf
Similar to A Review of Women and Leadership in Tertiary Education in Cameroon Adversities and Implications for Productivity (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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optimum internal and external efficiency. This statement is
buttressed in the mission of higher education stated in Law
No. 005 of 16 April 2001 to Guide Higher Education in
Cameroon. Part 1, Article 2 which states: “the higher
education realm shall be assigned a basic mission of
producing, organizing and disseminating scientific, cultural,
professional and ethical knowledge for development
purposes”. To attain this objective the HEI must ensure that
impediments to growth are minimized. This can only be
guaranteed in a system whose leadership is void of gender
imbalance.
Historical Background
The history of private higher education in Africa can be
traced to as far back as the 1990s when the wave of global
developments which began particularly after the end of
World War II fostered the growth of higher education. This
development paved the way for the emergenceofprivateHEI
in many parts of the world not leaving behind Sub-Saharan
Africa which grew from 30 in 1990 to more than 85 in 1999,
and by 2003, there were over 176 private HEI in 9 Sub-
Saharan countries of Africa (Varghese, 2006).
Moreover, according to the World Bank Report (2009) the
number of private universities and colleges, including for-
profit and not-for-profit institutions, increased to about468
by 2009. Observations reveal that higher education in
Cameroon which can be traced tothepre-colonial period has
over the decades given very few opportunities for women’s
contributions. Higher indigenous education in Cameroon
was provided by elders, and like Western higher education,
it required teachers with expert knowledge most of whom
were men. In the post-colonial era higher education
resurfaced and began from the creation of the National
University Complex to itstransitiontotheFederal University
of Yaounde in 1962. In 1962 the National Institute for
University Studies gained the status of a full-fledged
university called the Federal University of Cameroon,
created by decree number 62-DF-289 of 20
th
July 1962
(Fonkeng, 2010). This appellation later changed to the
University of Yaounde in 1967 and thereafter to the
University of Yaounde 1 in 1993. During all of this time the
involvement of women in administration was still timid.
Cameroon’s educational system is a conglomeration ofwhat
exists in more than one country around the world. An
example of this is seen in the BMD (Bachelors, Masters, and
Doctorate) system which was adapted from the European
educational system. Private higher education in countries
such as the USA, Germany, Poland,Japan,Australia andChille
are different from public higher education in a number of
aspects which include; tendency to be teaching-oriented,
likelihood to offer similar, low-cost subjects in the
humanities and social sciences (especially business, law,
computing, hospitality and tourism, and management).
Also there are issues related to: arm of researchinthepublic
sector, tendency of being less prestigious, most private
providers relying on tuition fees as their key source of
income (despite the receipt of state subventions), being
sensitive to changes in demand which has both positive and
negative consequences, being quick to suffer the
consequences of diminishing demand (which could force
institutions to close), increased vulnerability to a drop in
demand due to dependence on tuition fees, and higher
tuition fees charged (Hunt, Callender & Parry, 2016).
These differences are also reflected between the privateand
public HEI in Cameroon. In addition to the foregoing, the
staffs of the private sector are mostly employed on semi-
permanent basis meaning that the level of job security for
staff in the public HEI is higher. This follows suit in terms of
job satisfaction. Sometimes the prescribed salary scale
according to employee’s qualification is not used to pay staff
in the private sector. This leads to the skilled staffbeingover
used and underpaid.
In Cameroon an evolution of women’s involvementinsenior
and mid-level leadership within HEI can be traced from
excerpts of Decrees of the President and of the Minister of
Higher Education appointing senior and mid-level level
administrators, respectively inpublicHEI.Thisshowsthatin
the University of Yaounde I in 2007 out of 33 administrators
appointed, only 10 (30.3%) were women (see Appendix C).
One decade later the same university had a total of 73
appointments with 23 being women. In 2017 the University
of Bamenda had 102 appointments, with 21 (20.6%) being
women and distributed as follows: 9(16.4%) HODs,4(3.9%)
Heads of Division, 6 (5.9%) Heads of Service, 1(0.9%)
Faculty Officers and 1 (0.9%)Coordinator of Functional
French.
Moreover, out of the 8 state universities4womenhavesofar
been Vice Chancellors sincecreationasfollows:Universityof
Buea, from the 1993/1994 to the 2004/2005 school years
(Prof. Dorothy Limunga Njeuma), and from the 2012/2013
to the 2016/2017 school years (Dr. Navola Lyonga),
Yaounde University I in the 2005/2006 school year (Prof.
Dorothy Limunga Njeuma), University of Bamenda from the
2015/2016 school year till present (Prof Theresa Nkuo
Akenji), University of Ngaoundere, from 2016/2017 school
year to present (Prof Florence Uphie Chinje Melo). With the
prevailing circumstances,thevoicesofthewomenwould not
be as loud as that of the males in decision making. This
creates a back-wash effect as therippleofthisskewednessin
gender balance would continue down the trainpredisposing
the women to more disadvantaged situations at each
successive level.
Justification for more research on women and
leadership in tertiary education in Cameroon
The Republic of Cameroonissignatoryto manyinternational
conventionsaimedatfightingdiscriminationagainst women.
Some of these include the 1979 Convention on the
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW), The 1995 Beijing PlatformforAction,the1993 UN
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women,
and the 1994 International Conference on Population and
Development, Women, Peace and Security Framework and
Commitments and MDG- number three. The Forum for
African Women Educationalists (FAWE) in 1993 carried out
a comprehensive study on the working conditionsofwomen
academics at HEI in West Africa.
This study revealed that across regional, cultural, and
national divides, women were underrepresentedatall levels
in African universities and were concentrated in
traditionally female fields such as general education. The
study also found that the limited involvement of women in
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fields outside the traditional female disciplines was
associated with a low prioritization of gender balance in
policy formulation.
Ensuring gender equality is one of the goals outlined in the
Law of orientation for higher education. Law No. 005 of 16
April 2001 to Guide HigherEducationinCameroon,Article6:
states:
The basic mission of the higher education realm shall
have the following goals:
The quest for excellence in all domains of knowledge;
The promotion of science, culture and social progress;
Social promotion, with the participation of competent
national bodies and socio
Professional circles, especially as concerns the drawing
up of programmes as well as the
organization of theoretical courses, practicals and
internships;
Assistance to development activities;
The training and further training of senior staff;
The deepening of ethics and national consciousness;
The promotion of democracy and the development of a
democratic culture;
To participate in the development and strengthening of
gender equality.
Working to ensure gender equality constitutes the strategic
objectives of the United NationsDevelopmentProgrammein
its gender equality strategy (2014-2017). AppendixCshows
the number of women and men appointed in the State and
Private HEI in Cameroon during the school years indicated.
An excerpt of it shows that in 1980 out of 14 appointed in
the University of Yaounde only 1 was a woman. Similarly, in
2017 in the University of Dschang out of 44 only 5 were
women. This showsgenderimbalancewhichcouldbecaused
by metaphors of the glass ceiling or the glass cliff as
explained below.
Barriers to Access to Leadership Positionsand ItsEffects
on Productivity
Anything that fails to facilitate women’s access toleadership
positions poses itself as an obstacle. These may be due to
age-old or spontaneous factors. Some factors considered in
this section include the glass ceiling, theglasscliffandlack of
motivation to lead.
The Glass Ceiling and Its Effects on Productivity
The glass ceiling refers to leading edge practices that
preferably usher men than women to leadership positions,
indicators of which include slower ascension into top
leadership positions, lower earnings, fewer academically
based awards, and less representation in top leadership
positions (Titanji, 2017). Reasons why the glass ceiling
metaphor exists is tied to age-old unilaterally accepted role
of the woman as being in the home or only superficially
engaged in the workplace. This phenomenon still prevails
due to factors such as; traditional gender stereotypes which
associate leadership to men, conflicting expectations from
the female leaders, sheer discrimination and a higher toll on
the woman for personal and family responsibilities. The
glass ceiling as a barrier to women’s ascent is a metaphor
which emphasizes the notion that invisible and unseen
structural patterns of gender discriminationpreventwomen
from ascending into the most prestigious,well-payingsenior
leadership positions in organizations (Kellerman & Rhode,
2014).
Other ways by which this barrier is referred include the
ivory basement, and velvet ghetto situations and they both
represent obstacles women face on their career paths to
achieve success in executive leadershiproles(DeFrank-Cole,
Latimer, Reed & Wheatly, 2014). Closely related to this is
what some authors describe as psychological glass ceiling,
DeFrank-Cole et al. (ibid). The “term psychological glass
ceiling” refers to the way in which women themselves have
internalizeda patriarchal genderideologywhich,whenacted
out, undermines their own chances of securing top-
leadership positions. In as much as the influence of this
barrier is generated from the male folk, it is also reinforced
by other women in leadership positions involved in
horizontal violence and femalemisogynyagainsttheirfellow
female leaders. With the phenomenon of the glass ceiling in
place, the women are unlikely to receive the sameamount of
grants for research as their male colleagues. This could limit
their number of publications and hence narrows down the
horizon of citations available to the masses. These are all
measures of low productivity.
The Glass Cliff and Its Effects on Productivity
Another barrier which is antagonistic to that of the glass
ceiling is what was named „the glass cliff‟ (Cook & Glass,
2016). This is a situation whereby, females are appointed to
top leadership positionsnotreadilybecausetheyhavegrown
through the ranks and gained the necessary experience but
rather because of organizational crisis such as financial
difficulties, and other organizational emergencies(Gartzia,
Ryan,Balluerka,&Aritzeta,2012).Accordingtotheseauthors
this kind of appointment is brought to women because it is
believed that collaborative leadership traits and other
interpersonal approaches which are most effective in
redeeming an organization from the fringes of destruction in
the face of crisis are particular to women. This phenomenon,
though it has to do with promotion to higher ranks,
constitutes a barrier in this context as it is analogous to
lettinga willing player into thefieldonlywhentheterrainhas
become slippery. This placesthe ‘player’ onthedisadvantage
because they are most likely to be appraised unfairly.
A woman who is appointed in the face of organizational
crisis may put in her best which may not be judged as
„sufficient‟ by onlookers and hierarchical superiors.Such an
appointment is like placing the obstacle before the newly
appointed and then, asking her to move on (with speed and
accuracy). The glass cliff may also been countered in cases
where one is appointed at a senior level quite alright but at
the helm of a faculty or unit the technical know-how of
which the appointee has not mastered. This situation is
described as nothing but stepping intotroubled waterssince
the personnel of that faculty who are versed with the way
things ought to be done may be restive and relegate to the
back, making things more difficult for the newly appointed
thereby, increasing the chances of downplaying on her
productivity in the system (Bruckmüller, Ryan & Haslam,
2014).
Lack of Motivation toLead and ItsEffectsonProductivity
A blend of Murray & Chaus (2014); Guillen, Mayo &
Korotov‟s (2015) description of motivation to lead presents
it as the aggregate of factors whichdetermineanindividual’s
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willingness to take on leadership roles. An individual in a
leadership position without the motivation to lead
constitutes a barrier to themselves since according to
Guillén, Mayo & Korotov (ibid) they lack inner tenacity to
persist in their leadership roles whenever challenges arise.
Furthermore, lack of motivation to lead may be explained
using a demands-and- resources approach proposed by
Mbepera (2015)whereinwork-to-familyandfamily-to-work
conflicts are highlighted as barriers to women’s access to
leadership positions. These conflicts include:
1. Time-based demands which placewomenina situation
whereby, their home and workplace compete for their time,
each wanting to have her for almost all of the day. This kind
of demand turns out to be more stressful for the married
than the single women. Unmarried or single women find it
easier to close the gap because they are not as glued to the
home or family as those who are married and or have
children to rear. Time-based demands arise because long
work hours make it difficult to spend much time with family
members.
2. Strain-based demands are those with inelastic
expectations on women to put the best of their efforts in to
their job. Those who yield to this positively tend to become
workaholics who are more concerned about their job while
often neglecting their physical, social, or emotional well-
being. Strain-based demands show the strongest
relationships with family-to-work conflict, and
3. Boundary-spanning demands. These are those who
pressurize the women to carry office work to the house or
carry a purely home activity to the office. This category of
demands if not fought against is bound to impose an
overspill in the boundary between work and home/home
and work.
Lack of motivation to lead as a barrier to women is
sometimes imposed by what Mbepera (2015) explains as a
lack of transparentproceduresforrecommending,recruiting
and appointing administrators. This plays negatively on
those who are appointed in the sense that a good portion of
those who expected to have been appointed but were not,
automatically act as a source of resistance to the incumbent.
As such the task becomes more difficult. Similarly, at the
societal level,negativeperceptionsandstereotypesoffemale
leaders, conservative expectations of women in the private
domain and deep-seated beliefs in some rural areas
pertaining to spiritual andor superstitiousissues,mayresult
in physical risk and exploitation of female leaders. These
prove to be strong barriers to leadership succession and
result in on-going significant challenges for incumbent
female leaders (Dunn, Gerlach & Hyle, 2014). While some of
these women leaders shy awayfromthesechallenges,others
confront them though sometimes with great difficulty
(Moon, 2013). The effect of this is that their path to
increasing productivity is blurred by these extra challenges.
In the midst of the foregoing, some women still wade to
senior administrative positions; but the sad thing is that
even up there, race and social class still blend with gender to
pose a new set of challenges (Healy, Bradely & Forson,
2011). This is the probable reason why some scholars
maintain that despite all the innovations in Sub-Saharan
Africa’s higher education, women are still overwhelmingly
barred from quality experiences that work to raise
productivity (Teferra &Altbach,2004citedinKiamba,2008).
They are rather often hailed for being good care takers,
wives and mothers. Eventhoughtheseareroleshonoured by
society, many women are punishedfortheseidentitieswhen
they become influential withinHEI,(Johnson,Banard-Brak &
Johnson, 2012). This is unfair since the externalities of
education that come along with a terminal degreearefartoo
weighty just to equip the women for the above hailed roles.
In other words this researcher advances that a woman does
not necessarily need to study up to doctorate level to beable
to bear/rear children, and keep the home properly. In
Nigerian universities Lindow (2011) found out that women
have been out rightly discriminated against for managerial
positions under the pretext of the inevitability of
reproductive roles. Some men hold that there is no logic
appointing a woman when she will not be able to deliver the
goods/services because intermittently she would be
required to take her sick children to the hospital. Itwould be
worthy to note at this point that not all of these women in
higher education leadership actually lack someone to sit in
for them in performing their child rearing roles. Some of
these women are married to husbands whose work
schedules are more flexible and as such may take care of the
children when the womanisunavoidablyabsentduetowork
engagements. This is to say that the hard fast rule of
relegating qualified women to domestic roles should be
reconsidered.
Leadership and Its Effects on Productivity
Leadership is a group function whereby, two parties who
perceive their task(s) as relevant, worthwhile, reasonable
and ethical, give and receive support and influence
bilaterally and work in synergy towards the realization of
defined goals in the interest of all the parties concerned
(Titanji, 2017; Hlatywayo, Hlatywayo & Muranda, 2014).
This definition highlights the fact that the two parties
involved give and take support/influence as need arises.
However, for the sake of orderliness in the organization the
person who has been appointed and occupies a given seat is
seen as the coordinator and his power is distributed instead
of being localized. An important pre-requisite for school
improvement is effective leadershipandthreedimensionsof
leadership may be consideredforitto be effective(Kowalski,
2010). These are non-hierarchical and non-sequential and
include the individual, interpersonal and organizational
dimensions.
Patriarchy and Its Effects on Productivity
Patriarchy is a situation which is generally believed to show
itself only in primitive and remote areas where the people
are so learned. This may not be the case as patriarchy tends
to show itself in various ways in both advanced and
primitive areas with the difference being only in form and
extent. Patriarchy is described as an ideology and social
system with an in-built mechanism to uphold male
supremacy and superiority over women and reflect same as
natural and divine (Johnson, 2014). Their premise of
operation is that by genotype, men are intellectually and
emotionally superior to women who are rather feeble and
dependent on men for protection, guidance and upkeep
(Johnson, ibid).
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As earlier mentioned patriarchy shows up in various ways
such as; no pay for work done by women, male superiority
within the household, male-dominated cultural norms, and
violence toward females which obstruct basic and further
education opportunities, and gainful/satisfactory
employment opportunities for girls and women thereby,
cementing male domination (Alabi, Bahah & Alabi, 2013).
These authors identify two forms of patriarchy as private
and public. Affliction and domination of girls and women by
inequalities within the household constitutes private
patriarchy. Girls and women are made to believe that it is
impossible and improper for them to take decisions on their
own without the supervision of men.
Through private patriarchy, women are demoralized and
controlled individually and the male exalted head of the
household because he puts in more hours of work and
retains a greater occupational authority outside of thehome
(Walby, 1990 cited in Mitchell, 2009). Worse still, services
rendered by women are seen as inferior to and less valuable
than those rendered by men. Hence, culture tends to reward
male practices while being hostile to women’s endeavours.
Domestic patriarchy is also manifested in the following
ways; the burden of household chores mostly left to women
and young girls, girls have to cope with lack of/inadequate
educational opportunities, lack of freedom and mobility for
girls, and wife battering.
Public Patriarchy on the other hand has to do with formal
organizations like work places, schools, churches, and the
government and how they view and treat women. These
organizations partake in instilling patriarchy by subtly or
overtly upholding the inequality of men and women in their
position, power, and controls (Alabi, Bahah & Alabi, 2013).
Women under public patriarchy perform roles in the public
sphere, but remain hem pegged by the prevailing
organizational cultures and the symbolic frames which
uphold the preference of male leaders.
The effects of patriarchy have been negative and have
affected the women more. This ideology has been knitted
into the fabric of formal and informal organizations, and has
been supported by many ideas, beliefs, and practices. As
such, the numbers of women decrease at every stage of
appointment on the academic scale (Carter, Ibarra & Silva
2010; Eve line, 2005 cited in Parker, 2018). This has a
double-fold effect on women who aspire to be leaders; it
gives the men an edge over the women firstly in terms of
numbers and secondly, in terms of prospects. So, when they
finally get to top positions, they are hardly valued for such
(Brink & Benschop, 2012). The effect of this is not to be
minimized as would range from low to high levels of
discouragement in the victim exposing them to risk and
neglect (Sultana, 2011).
As a result of this unfair treatment,womenhavehadpeculiar
narrations of how they make it to key leadership positions
and of their challenges in those positions. These narrations
are often more challenging than those of their male
counterparts not because of professionalism per se but
because of their gender. Particular to the context of this
paper is the fact that such gender gaps which are initiated in
the private domain or at home seem to be well nurtured in
school settings. As such, schools may be seen as complex
gendered arenas where students observe, participate, and
acquire the ways in which gender relations work andhow to
scale their way among them (Connell, 2002 cited in Levtov,
2013). This empowers the assertion that the gender gap
problem is more likely tied to patriarchal tendencies than to
available means of schooling.
Discrimination and Its Effects on Productivity
This describes the way people tag summative judgments on
others in alignment with some predeterminedlabel whichis
often unfounded. When the discrimination is used in the
workplace, its insinuationisunfairtreatmentontheone who
is being discriminated against (Beardwell & Claydon, 2010).
Discriminatory attitudes in this context are often veiled in
inaccurate facts about women's capacity for leadership.
Women are labeled as being short of rigor, deficient in self-
confidence, and unsure about making it up the corporate
ladder before they retire.
Discrimination against women results in a subordinate
position of women and a violation of basic human rights and
is an obstacle to the achievements of the objectives of
women’s equality, development and peace, Sultana (2011).
All forms of discrimination constitute the basis for social,
political, economic, religious and cultural differences
between men and women and establish male dominated
society. A way out of this situation would be a reformation of
our double standards of morality and our laws, which give
more rights to men.
Bias and Its Effects on Productivity
It cannot be denied that bias is extensive in higher education
for a number of reasons. Institutional organization,customs,
and cultures are regular obstacles to women's progress.
Many female faculty members serve their institutions
willingly, giving off their time and talents only to have their
efforts disregarded when leadership succession and other
benefits are considered (Assensoh, 2012). The consequence
is marginalization of women in leadership networks,
obstructed or slower paths to leadership positions, and a
lack of recognition and reward within institutions for the
work being done by women (Ballenger, 2010). As a result,
more women are likely to be in lower-level leadership
positions and to have limited influence.
Tokenism and Its Effects on Productivity
A way in which this is manifested is in sharp decline in the
number of women as they climb up the ladder contrary to
the large numbers at entry levels. The place of a token in a
group is shaky and speaks a of member who may be let in
simply because of the obligation to fulfil organizational
norms, but is not allowed to fully participate owingtolack of
characteristics (sex, race, ethnicity) prerequisiteforpersons
in that position as judged by the group (Laws, 1975 cited in
Kaushik &Pullen, 2018). Hence, they are never become
complete members and may be ousted if they fail to align
with expected behaviours.
The consequences of tokenism are many and varied but can
be visualized as derivatives of a major one which is that
women at higher levels have so far been unable to influence
policy directions in favour of female employees. Tokens are
intensely scrutinized by others and this creates a strong
pressure for high performance. The outcome is either
overachievement or underachievement, each of whichleads
to complications for further advancement. This situation
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brings token women face to face with the problem of
assimilation against which they may choose to fight or
compromise with.
Lewis & Simpson (2012) found out that most women often
resorted to the latter option. Tokenism is stressful in the
sense that even if the token succeeds in their job, they are
still likely to go back unfulfilled because of the burden of
managing social relationship appraisals which are more
subjective than objective. These authors hold that such a
situation only makesthingsworsewideningthegapbetween
the employee and job satisfaction. This pointisbuttressedin
the fact that tokenism.
The influence of tokenism could be broken by hiring more
women in organizations that are mostly male so that the
voice for advocacy for gender- sensitive slots in the policies
around the tables of decision making should be louder
(Kanter, 1977 cited in Zimmer, 2011). Strategies such as
avoidance of negative connotations, mentoring, and
provision of work-life support initiatives, tough action
against harassment, discrimination,andtokenismcouldalso
be of help. The easiest way to arrive the solution to this
problem would be by attempting a change in people’s
leader/gender perceptions, showing them how women can
serve in leadership positions as long as they are qualified.
Underrepresentation and Its Effects on Productivity
Underrepresentation may be attributed to reasons such as
bias towards women and the stereotyping of female
behaviour and insufficient mentoring of women due to too
few women in top leadership positions available to mentor
other women on lower rungs of the corporate ladder
(Ballenger, 2010; Krause, 2017). Although many women
have attested to the possession of very supportive male
mentors, men cannot understand the challenges of meeting
the demands of both career and family like the women
(Ballenger, ibid).
To Adusah-karikari (2008), conflicts in managing their
multiple roles as mothers, wives and workers, interrupted
careers, impact of family dynamics, lack of mentoring and
networks, and the effect of the „old boys‟ network are some
causes of women’s underrepresentation in highereducation
top-leadership positions. Other barriers such as dual
responsibilities of traditional and professional roles, lack of
professional development programs, succession planning,
and diversity of programs are possible obstacles toward
women’s progress in top leadership roles in higher
education.
Underrepresentation could be mitigated by taking the
following strategies in to consideration with the aim of
bringing about deep-seated change in our organizations; by
broadening access to education, reviewingappointmentand
promotion procedures, providing legislative and
infrastructure support (such as maternity leave and
childcare facilities), changing the rules and then the
attitudes, providing special programmesforwomen(suchas
leadership training programmes, special seminars and
workshops), intentional institutional and government
support to women (such as putting in place rules and
regulations against discrimination). These strategies when
embraced by all and sundry could bring about positive
changes which is what we seek.
Role Congruity and its Effects on Productivity
The generally held beliefs of a leader and those of a woman
are immiscible, reason why the masses often reject female
leaders in one way or the other. Role congruity is
approached from a backgroundwhichtraditionallyrelegates
women to home responsibilities releasing them only very
sparingly to career pursuits and expecting them to end upin
trivial leadership positions or part-time employments so
they will gain time for family responsibilities. Women who
take up top leadership positions are seen as serving in a role
that is incongruent with their primary function(s) of
mother/wife. This situates the concept of role congruity of
the woman midway between the workplace and the family
leading to work-family conflict. Role incongruity surfaces
when relative demands and resources associated withwork
and family roles are considered (Voydanoff, 2014).
Demands stand for structural or psychological claimslinked
with role requirements, expectations, and norms to which
individuals must respond or adapt by exerting physical or
mental effort. Resources on the other hand refer to
structural or psychological assets that may be used to
facilitate performance, reduce demands, or generate
additional resources. Work-familyconflictreflectstheextent
to which work and family demands and resources conflict
with each other. The degree to which there is a strain
between the two is the same degree to which a woman’srole
is in congruent with her family responsibilities.
Every employee comes from and belongs to a family/home
where their full attention is demanded, so both genders
experience some degree of limitations. As such we talk more
of the extent of role incongruity rather than just role
incongruity per se; this modification brings to limelight the
strengths and weaknesses of both genders and make room
for mutual assistance both at home and in the place of work.
This calls for a replacement of our compartmentalized way
of life for an integrated approach which contains every
member of the community and lodges them in their niche
while giving them the opportunity to offer the maximum
they can to the rest of the community. In this light, a shift in
attitude and in support at home in order to help women
close the gaps that exist between the two spheres is
advocated (Airini, Collings,& Conner,2011).Similarly,men’s
uptake of unpaid domestic work has hitherto, beenslowand
should be redressed followingthetrendsofmen’s„free‟time
so that more time is freed up for women to career pursuits
(Scott, 2012).
Work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts as sources of
role incongruity may be conceptualized as two sides of a
coin. Work-to-family conflicts occur when challenges and
commitments at work interfere with family life, such as
extensive, irregular or inflexible work hours, and other
forms of job stress, interpersonal conflict at work, extensive
travel, career transitions, or an unsupportive supervisor or
organization. Family-to-work conflicts on the other hand,
occur when challenges and commitments in the family
interfere with work life, such as the presence of young
children, primary responsibility for children, elder care
responsibilities, and interpersonal conflict within thefamily
unit or unsupportive family members (Greenhaus,Collins,&
Shaw, 2014). Work-to-family conflicts are more direct than
family-to-work conflicts because the work place is a formal
organization with a stated code of conduct and job
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD35861 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 1 | November-December 2020 Page 131
description spelling out the expected number of hours to be
put in daily.
The way forward
These difficulties can be handled in the following ways;
1. lost time from family schedules could be regained at
other hours such as at night or during weekendsbutlost
time from work may be hard to catch up as services in
the latter are meant for public consumption and not for
localized members.
According to Voydanoff (2014), adjustment in
traditional work routines is another way which would
allow women the chance to attend to work and family
demands more effectively (for instance, tackling small
stuff during work time; like phoning or e-mailing family
members from work and receivingfamily-relatedphone
calls while at work), taking care of household-related
tasks while at work (like paying bills or arranging plans
by phone).
2. Time-shifting: leaving work during the day but
completing the work later that night, working on a non-
typical work day in order to make up for a day she plans
to miss due to family responsibilities, taking time off
during a typical work day but making it up by working
over the weekend, arranging with a co-worker to sit in
when taken away by family responsibility
3. Using time-holes whichentailsusinglunchorbreak time
to attend to family matters or run errands, working
through lunch in order to get out of work early or to
avoid taking work home. 4. Making use of nannies and
others still make use of day care centres where their
pre-schoolers are kept during working hours.
Conclusion
There is ample evidence of Cameroon’s commitment to
pursue gender equality in the administration and
management of tertiary education, however observations
point to the fact as a nation she has rather displayed
tokenism instead of the purported gender equality. Thus a
review of this nature was inevitable in order to bring to lime
light the challenges of the few women who serve in higher
education administration with calls for empirical
investigations to probe into some of the challenges they
encountered on their way up and while in office. Also this
paper is an eye opener as well as a clarion call for more
research to understand the obstacles faced by women in
attaining leadership positions and to establish the coping
mechanisms they employ when in such positions as so as to
help decry their plight and elevate their situation to policy
makers and government officials alike.
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