AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BOTSWANA

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Universe International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research
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DOI: http://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2020-37533853/ www.uijir.com Page 66
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BOTSWANA
Author Name: 1
Khulekani Sibanda, 2
Geminah, E. Chiloane-Tsoka
Affilitation: 1
Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Department of Applied Management, University
of South Africa
2
Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Department of Applied Management, University of South Africa
E-Mail: 34570780@mylife.unisa.ac.za
DOI No. – 08.2020-25662434
Abstract
Women entrepreneurship plays a significant role in the economic development of a nation’s economy; thus, this
study was set up to study the role they play in the economic development of Botswana.It has thus been
recommended that the Botswana Government must take a lead in providing more and more assistance to women
entrepreneurs so that more of them can be attracted to this field. The Government must provide an integrated
scheme of assistance to women entrepreneurs for identification, selection, training, consultancy, and escort services
apart from loan facilities at concessional terms. NGOs and government should approach with mindfulness
programs solely for young women and put forth attempts to diffuse data on possibilities of enterprise among the less
taught women.
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, women’s entrepreneurship, formal business, informal business, Microenterprise,
Small business, business growth, Economic development, Diversification
INTRODUCTION
The significance of women as a determinant of financial improvement and broadening from the
primary monetary exercises has now become the point of convergence of thought worldwide. As
observed by Ambrish, (2014:229) both in the developed and the developing world exhibiting a
move from the attributed status of women usually downsized to nuclear family’s work activities
and thinking about relatives to pioneering endeavors. The business enterprise division has
primarily been run by a man (Amity, 2015:47). Regardless of contemporary studies exhibit that
there is a development in the number of women starting their associations (Forbes, 2013:10).
The World Bank reveals that around half of the world's money related improvement in the last
decade is attributed to the responsibilities of female Entrepreneurs (World Bank, 2016:41). The
International Labor Organization (2008) reveals that women claimed associations accept a
specific part in animating monetary improvement and business creation in developing African
countries. Amine and Staub (2009); Elerum and Vaino (2011); and Shah and Saurabh (2015),
raise the view that women-owned business ventures has pulled in extending thought starting
late considering the current affirmation of the centrality of new business creation for financial
development and improvement. The incorporation of women into business practices is
acknowledged to have the ability to add to monetary and social prosperity into the lives of
Batswana. To some extent, Botswana has demonstrated a willingness by family members to
encourage women to take part in its economy ( Ruzzo, 2020).
Women's economic participation in Botswana has played a significant role in the financial
development of the economy. However, women in Botswana have been relegated to home

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Minders, probably unfit for the world of business ( Ruzzo, 2020). Furthermore, according to
Ambrish (2014), women were typically left at home or in farms engaged in agricultural chores to
supplement household budgets. It is consequently not surprising that most women business
pioneers created organizations that involved agrarian produce at a substantial level. Women
were not included in standard financial development activities seen as the area of specialization
for men, for example, assembling, mining, and engine mechanics, their salary in the family unit
may have been viewed as merely a backup and not critical (Mookodi, et al., 2004). They were
disadvantaged in all financial exercises, including entrepreneurship. Ambrish (2014) further
asserts that women were confined to low levels of beneficial limit, which at least paid close to
nothing, and in subsistence creation, which delivers small benefits. Women have additionally
been excluded from high skilled occupations and capital intensive, profoundly popularized
fragments of the economy (Mathipa and Chiloane-Tsoka, 2001).
OBJECTIVE
The main primary objective of this study is to investigate the role played by women
entrepreneurs in the SME's as potential drivers of the Botswana economy.
METHODOLOGY
The study used the mixed methods research. The mixed-methods approach involves the
triangulation of quantitative and qualitative approaches with their associated methods and
procedures Creswell (2003); Creswell et al. (2007); Johnson & On wuegbuzie (2004). The mixed-
methods approach was used in this investigation. The reasoning behind the use of a mixed-
methods approach is that the aspect of women's job in financial advancement in Botswana is
both a social and economic that must be examined utilizing the two research approaches
together. The mixed-methods approach gets a little information about utilizations both
quantitative and qualitative data assessment as incited by the need to make them supplement
each other. Creswell (2014:165) gave a centrality of mixed strategies approach; "A mixed
techniques research joins the social assessment of both qualitative and quantitative information
in a particular review where the information is collected concurrently or continuously, are given
a need and consolidate the trade-off of the data."
MAJOR FINDINGS
Many have researched on this topic, but the findings from this thesis significantly contributed
new knowledge on women entrepreneurship in Botswana such that, there are ample proof that
the women entrepreneurs in Botswana play a significant role in the economic development of
the nation. They enter the entrepreneurship industry with the primary goal of becoming
financially independent and also provide for their kids and sending them to school; This may
likewise infer that their thought process in setting up the organizations was to take significant
consideration of the children, as the results also revealed that most of the women entrepreneurs
in Botswana are unmarried single mothers who are in contrast to different writings globally
which expressed that the majority of the women entrepreneurs were married. Such
entrepreneurs regularly start organizations without enough assets and sometimes target entry
into businesses which are marginal, and unrewarding. The choices they have in such
circumstances are limited since not taking part in business could result in critical outcomes; as
an example, it can lead to an increase in poverty. Organizations like these are probably not going
to give many benefits to the economy as they may have minor benefits and would, in all

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probability, be controlled by proprietors themselves.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Women’s businesses have made immense economic and social duties to the progression of their
nations Bayineni (2005), Naudé (2013), Ogbo, and Nwachukwu (2012), Eastin, and Prakash
(2013), Akye among and Fofack (2012) among others. Data was searched about the Batswana
women entrepreneurs ‘social and money related responsibilities to their nation.
Concerning economic development, the results from Table 1.21. Showed that the most
significant effect of entrepreneurship on economic development was improving the standard of
living of families with a mean value of 4.2588; this was then followed by a reduction of poverty
with a mean value of 4.0018. These two outcomes are very much in line with a model of
entrepreneurial development as given by ILO report (2003) which concentrated entitled on
Zambian Women Entrepreneurs: Going for Growth, included 118 women entrepreneurs from
Lusaka (the capital) who had made 1,013 employments for themselves, their families and
others. The different ways by which the relationship of women’ businesspeople and bolster
organizations can give increasingly compelling administrations and backing to help the
economic development and advancement of women claimed endeavors in Zambia.
The results of this study corroborate those by Ogbo and Nwachukwu (2012), who established
that entrepreneurship increases household income and therefore improves the standard of
living of such families at the family level. Tseng (2014) argues that merely providing people
with entrepreneurial opportunities do not lift the same people are out of poverty. They were
advocating for the more trusted methods of forming entrepreneurship ventures than just only
developing SMEs. For example, China has the highest number of entrepreneurs in the world, and
yet it also has the highest number of people that are living in poverty (Hu, 2016). Their critic of
the effect of entrepreneurial ventures on economic development cannot be taken lightly, and
some entrepreneurs may have moved from being employed to working for themselves without
significantly affecting the business environment in which they are found in terms of
employment creation. In other words, they are doing a subsistence type of entrepreneurship
that does not have a visual insight of what they intend to do.
The least significant effect was that of the reduction of inequalities among families with mean
values of 3.6118. That this was the least among variables is not surprising since it may be
challenging to measure and establish about how this is achieved through entrepreneurship for
those that participated in the study.
TABLE 1. 1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic development Mean Std.
Deviation
Varianc
e
Skewne
ss
Entrepreneurial activity among women in Gaborone improved the standard of living in
families
4.2588 0.83314 0.694 -1.028
Entrepreneurial activity among women in Gaborone reduced poverty in families 4.0118 1.14947 1.321 -1.179
Entrepreneurial activity increased the number of employment opportunities in
Gaborone
3.7176 1.19136 1.419 -0.772
Entrepreneurial activity among women in Gaborone reduced income inequalities among
families
3.6118 1.20608 1.455 -0.957

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TABLE 1. 2 IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Strongly
disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Agree
Entrepreneurial activity among women in Gaborone reduced poverty in families 4.7% 9.4% 8.2% 35.3% 42.4%
Entrepreneurial activity among women in Gaborone reduced income inequalities among
families
10.6% 7.1% 14.1% 47.1% 21.2%
Entrepreneurial activity among women in Gaborone improved the standard of living in
families
4.7% 10.6% 38.8% 45.9%
Entrepreneurial activity among increased the number of employment opportunities in
Gaborone
7.1% 8.2% 21.2% 32.9% 30.6%
The information collected showed that the women's’ business visionaries in Botswana have
contributed financially and socially to the improvement and government assistance of their
nation. As can be affirmed from the above table 5.24 and the prior dialogue that most of the
women either agreed or unequivocally agreed that undertaking accepts a considerable activity in
the financial improvement of the Botswana economy. Positioned from the most essential to the
rundown commitment for each factor are, entrepreneurial action among women in Gaborone
improved the way of life in families (84.7%), entrepreneurial activity among women in
Gaborone decreased neediness in families (77.7%), entrepreneurial action among women in
Gaborone diminished salary imbalances among families (68.3%), Entrepreneurial activity
among expanded the number of business openings in Gaborone (63.5%).
Descriptive analysis was also done to determine the thoughts and opinions of women
entrepreneurs in Botswana on whether they thought women entrepreneurial activity had an
impact on women in Botswana. Responses from the questionnaires were collected, analyzed, and
presented in the form of a bar graph as shown in figure 5.9. It was discovered that women
thought that their entrepreneurial activity had an impact on economic development and
diversification of the Botswana economy as 77.64% of the respondents agreed and strongly
agreed that it had an impact.
A chi-square test was carried out to find out the impact of entrepreneurial activity on economic
development and diversification against some other variables that were determined by the
researcher as having an impact on economic development and diversification as previously
discussed. Chi-square test is a hypojournal test that is used to test for a relationship between a
categorical independent variable and a categorical dependent variable. A chi-square test was
carried out to test the significance of this. The results of the test were presented in table 1.25. it
can be seen from the results that the Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) of all the variables tested
are less than .005, we can thus be confident that relationships that exist between the variables
tested against the impact of entrepreneurial activities on economic development are significant
and the results are not as a result of a random chance.
TABLE 1. 3CHI-SQUARE TESTS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
AND DIVERSIFICATION OF BOTSWANA.
Chi-Square Tests Do you believe that women's entrepreneurial activity has an impact on economic
development and diversification of Botswana?
Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood
Ratio
Linear-by Liner
Association
Asymptotic
Significance (2-sided)
N Of Valid Cases
Entrepreneurial activity among women in
Gaborone reduced poverty in families
198.586a 188.741 76.009 .000 85
Gaborone reduced income inequalities among
43.948a 42.388 28.711 .000 85

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families
Gaborone improved the standard of living in
families
36.583a 28.759 16.378 .000 85
Entrepreneurial activity among increased the
number of employment opportunities in
Gaborone
40.27a 42.467 7.571 .001 85
INTERVIEW FINDINGS ON THE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
Interview findings on the economic contributions of women entrepreneurs revealed that, while
talking about the economic and social status of women after working and starting their
businesses have resulted in a positive contribution to the economic condition of the family as
well as the communities they live in. Most of the women interviewed had the view that women
contribute positively to the economy in terms of creating employment for themselves as well as
others, creating a positive image to the girl child within the communities as they see them as
good role models motivating them also to start their businesses, among others. Some of the
women entrepreneurs interviewed had this to say: -
Bonolo: -It is quite understood that when the wife contributes to the economic conditions or in
other words the Monthly Family Income of the family, the overall economic status of the family goes
up. They start saving and spending more than before.
(Individual correspondence 10 July 2019)
Kifilwe: - as the woman goes out of the four walls of the house and competes with the outside world,
she gains Self-Confidence. This attribute others reflect in the overall character and personality of the
woman. She influences the other family members in a brighter way to resolve and face personal and
professional matters. Other than these two attributes, she helps in Assets Building, Savings,
Education, and Health to name a few.
(Individual correspondence 18 July 2019)
Olerato:-i was always considered to be a meek woman, who could not make decisions for herself
and also could not face the atrocities of men but as now, starting my own business has helped me
to earn more respect by the other family members and also the society, and I believe I am
contributing positively to the economy as I pay taxes from my business.
(Individual correspondence 2 June 2019)
The interview findings also revealed that women can use innovation such that upgrades their
monetary demonstration either improving their profitability in a position previously held or
making new positions and enterprising chances. Having progressed monetarily, ladies at that
point utilize their recently discovered assets to present expansive social advantages, for
example, better wellbeing and training for their youngsters by improving the financial
conditions for their communities.
RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE ROLE PLAYED BY WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE ECONOMY
As of now, the Government of Botswana has to realize that economic development can be
enhanced by the active participation of women within the economy. The Botswana Government
has to take a lead in providing more and more assistance to women entrepreneurs so that more
of them can be attracted to this field. The Government has to provide an integrated scheme of
assistance to women entrepreneurs for identification, selection, training, consultancy, and escort
services apart from loan facilities at concessional terms. NGOs and government should approach

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with mindfulness programs solely for young women and put forth attempts to diffuse data on
possibilities of enterprise among the less taught women. They should look out for realistic and
adequate financial schemes being guaranteed on softer terms. A wide and extensive campaign
should be done by these organizations, particularly for involving women in agricultural
entrepreneurship.
An independently employed spouse or potentially independently employed guardians may
animate and spur women to become independently employed and also contribute to economic
development. They can give information and budgetary advice. The government can assume a
significant job in the choice to become independently employed. The number of female
entrepreneurs in a nation can be high if the government utilizes legitimate apparatuses to
invigorate female enterprise. A case of such assistance is offering women workshops and classes
on setting up a business. The number of kids can influence the choice to become independently
employed. In most developing nations,’ individuals don't have a clue about a great deal about
conception prevention. Accordingly, family size is more prominent in developing than in
developed countries. Women in developing nations are frequently liable for childcare. Women
with a considerable family are constrained in their opportunity since they need to deal with the
kids. These elements may be significant for women in creating nations to become independently
employed and less significant for women in created nations.
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