This paper presents a review of LPC methods for enhancement of speech signals. The purpose of all method of speech enhancement is to impr ove quality of speech signal by minimizing the background noise . This paper especially comments on Power Spectral Subtraction,Multiband Spectral Subtraction,Non - Linear Spectral Subtraction Method,MMSE Spectral Subtraction Method and Spectral Subtraction based on perceptual properties. As the spectral subtraction produces the Residual noise,Musical noise,Linear Predictive Analysis method is used to enhance the Speech.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Teager Energy Operation on Wavelet Packet Coefficients for Enhancing Noisy Sp...CSCJournals
In this paper a new thresholding based speech enhancement approach is presented, where the threshold is statistically determined by employing the Teager energy operation on the Wavelet Packet (WP) coefficients of noisy speech. The threshold thus obtained is applied on the WP coefficients of the noisy speech by using a hard thresholding function in order to obtain an enhanced speech. Detailed simulations are carried out in the presence of white, car, pink, and babble noises to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Standard objective measures, spectrogram representations and subjective listening tests show that the proposed method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art thresholding based speech enhancement approaches for noisy speech from high to low levels of SNR.
Adaptive wavelet thresholding with robust hybrid features for text-independe...IJECEIAES
The robustness of speaker identification system over additive noise channel is crucial for real-world applications. In speaker identification (SID) systems, the extracted features from each speech frame are an essential factor for building a reliable identification system. For clean environments, the identification system works well; in noisy environments, there is an additive noise, which is affect the system. To eliminate the problem of additive noise and to achieve a high accuracy in speaker identification system a proposed algorithm for feature extraction based on speech enhancement and a combined features is presents. In this paper, a wavelet thresholding pre-processing stage, and feature warping (FW) techniques are used with two combined features named power normalized cepstral coefficients (PNCC) and gammatone frequency cepstral coefficients (GFCC) to improve the identification system robustness against different types of additive noises. Universal background model Gaussian mixture model (UBM-GMM) is used for features matching between the claim and actual speakers. The results showed performance improvement for the proposed feature extraction algorithm of identification system comparing with conventional features over most types of noises and different SNR ratios.
Audio Noise Removal – The State of the Artijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Teager Energy Operation on Wavelet Packet Coefficients for Enhancing Noisy Sp...CSCJournals
In this paper a new thresholding based speech enhancement approach is presented, where the threshold is statistically determined by employing the Teager energy operation on the Wavelet Packet (WP) coefficients of noisy speech. The threshold thus obtained is applied on the WP coefficients of the noisy speech by using a hard thresholding function in order to obtain an enhanced speech. Detailed simulations are carried out in the presence of white, car, pink, and babble noises to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Standard objective measures, spectrogram representations and subjective listening tests show that the proposed method outperforms the existing state-of-the-art thresholding based speech enhancement approaches for noisy speech from high to low levels of SNR.
Adaptive wavelet thresholding with robust hybrid features for text-independe...IJECEIAES
The robustness of speaker identification system over additive noise channel is crucial for real-world applications. In speaker identification (SID) systems, the extracted features from each speech frame are an essential factor for building a reliable identification system. For clean environments, the identification system works well; in noisy environments, there is an additive noise, which is affect the system. To eliminate the problem of additive noise and to achieve a high accuracy in speaker identification system a proposed algorithm for feature extraction based on speech enhancement and a combined features is presents. In this paper, a wavelet thresholding pre-processing stage, and feature warping (FW) techniques are used with two combined features named power normalized cepstral coefficients (PNCC) and gammatone frequency cepstral coefficients (GFCC) to improve the identification system robustness against different types of additive noises. Universal background model Gaussian mixture model (UBM-GMM) is used for features matching between the claim and actual speakers. The results showed performance improvement for the proposed feature extraction algorithm of identification system comparing with conventional features over most types of noises and different SNR ratios.
Audio Noise Removal – The State of the Artijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Broad phoneme classification using signal based featuresijsc
Speech is the most efficient and popular means of human communication Speech is produced as a sequence
of phonemes. Phoneme recognition is the first step performed by automatic speech recognition system. The
state-of-the-art recognizers use mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) features derived through short
time analysis, for which the recognition accuracy is limited. Instead of this, here broad phoneme
classification is achieved using features derived directly from the speech at the signal level itself. Broad
phoneme classes include vowels, nasals, fricatives, stops, approximants and silence. The features identified
useful for broad phoneme classification are voiced/unvoiced decision, zero crossing rate (ZCR), short time
energy, most dominant frequency, energy in most dominant frequency, spectral flatness measure and first
three formants. Features derived from short time frames of training speech are used to train a multilayer
feedforward neural network based classifier with manually marked class label as output and classification
accuracy is then tested. Later this broad phoneme classifier is used for broad syllable structure prediction
which is useful for applications such as automatic speech recognition and automatic language
identification.
LPC Models and Different Speech Enhancement Techniques- A Reviewijiert bestjournal
Author has already published one review paper on the quality enhancement of a speech signal by minimizing the noise. This is a second paper of same series. In last two decades the researchers have taken continuous efforts to reduce the noise signal from the speech signal. Th is paper comments on,various study carried out and analysis propos als of the researchers for en hancement of the quality of speech signal. Various models,coding,speech quality improvement methods,speaker dependent codebooks,autocorrelation subtraction,speech restoration,producing speech at low bit rates,compression and enhancement are the vari ous aspects of speech enhancement. We have presented the review of all above mentioned technologies in this paper and also willing to examine few of the techniques in order to analyze the factors affecting them in upcoming paper of the series.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Single Channel Speech Enhancement using Wiener Filter and Compressive Sensing IJECEIAES
The speech enhancement algorithms are utilized to overcome multiple limitation factors in recent applications such as mobile phone and communication channel. The challenges focus on corrupted speech solution between noise reduction and signal distortion. We used a modified Wiener filter and compressive sensing (CS) to investigate and evaluate the improvement of speech quality. This new method adapted noise estimation and Wiener filter gain function in which to increase weight amplitude spectrum and improve mitigation of interested signals. The CS is then applied using the gradient projection for sparse reconstruction (GPSR) technique as a study system to empirically investigate the interactive effects of the corrupted noise and obtain better perceptual improvement aspects to listener fatigue with noiseless reduction conditions. The proposed algorithm shows an enhancement in testing performance evaluation of objective assessment tests outperform compared to other conventional algorithms at various noise type conditions of 0, 5, 10, 15 dB SNRs. Therefore, the proposed algorithm significantly achieved the speech quality improvement and efficiently obtained higher performance resulting in better noise reduction compare to other conventional algorithms.
Wavelet Based Noise Robust Features for Speaker RecognitionCSCJournals
Extraction and selection of the best parametric representation of acoustic signal is the most important task in designing any speaker recognition system. A wide range of possibilities exists for parametrically representing the speech signal such as Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) ,Mel frequency Cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) and others. MFCC are currently the most popular choice for any speaker recognition system, though one of the shortcomings of MFCC is that the signal is assumed to be stationary within the given time frame and is therefore unable to analyze the non-stationary signal. Therefore it is not suitable for noisy speech signals. To overcome this problem several researchers used different types of AM-FM modulation/demodulation techniques for extracting features from speech signal. In some approaches it is proposed to use the wavelet filterbanks for extracting the features. In this paper a technique for extracting the features by combining the above mentioned approaches is proposed. Features are extracted from the envelope of the signal and then passed through wavelet filterbank. It is found that the proposed method outperforms the existing feature extraction techniques.
05 comparative study of voice print based acoustic features mfcc and lpccIJAEMSJORNAL
Voice is the best biometric feature for investigation and authentication. It has both biological and behavioural features. The acoustic features are related to the voice. The Speaker Recognition System is designed for the automatic authentication of speaker’s identity which is truly based on the human’s voice. Mel Frequency Cepstrum coefficient (MFCC) and Linear Prediction Cepstrum coefficient (LPCC) are taken in use for feature extraction from the provided voice sample. This paper provides a comparative study of MFCC and LPCC based on the accuracy of results and their working methodology. The results are better if MFCC is used for feature extraction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ROBUST FEATURE EXTRACTION USING AUTOCORRELATION DOMAIN FOR NOISY SPEECH RECOG...sipij
Previous research has found autocorrelation domain as an appropriate domain for signal and noise
separation. This paper discusses a simple and effective method for decreasing the effect of noise on the
autocorrelation of the clean signal. This could later be used in extracting mel cepstral parameters for
speech recognition. Two different methods are proposed to deal with the effect of error introduced by
considering speech and noise completely uncorrelated. The basic approach deals with reducing the effect
of noise via estimation and subtraction of its effect from the noisy speech signal autocorrelation. In order
to improve this method, we consider inserting a speech/noise cross correlation term into the equations used
for the estimation of clean speech autocorrelation, using an estimate of it, found through Kernel method.
Alternatively, we used an estimate of the cross correlation term using an averaging approach. A further
improvement was obtained through introduction of an overestimation parameter in the basic method. We
tested our proposed methods on the Aurora 2 task. The Basic method has shown considerable improvement
over the standard features and some other robust autocorrelation-based features. The proposed techniques
have further increased the robustness of the basic autocorrelation-based method.
A New Speech Enhancement Technique to Reduce Residual Noise Using Perceptual ...IOSR Journals
This paper deals with residual musical noise which results from the perceptual speech enhancement
type algorithms and especially using wiener filtering approach. Perceptual speech enhancement techniques
perform better than the non perceptual techniques, most of them still return a trouble residual musical noise.
This is due to that only noise above the noise masking threshold (NMT) is filtered out then noise below the noise
masking threshold (NMT) can become audible if its maskers are filtered. It can affect the performance of
perceptual speech enhancement method that process the audible noise only (Residual noise is still present). In
order to overcome this drawback a new speech enhancement technique is proposed here.The main aim here is to improve the enhanced speech signal quality provided by perceptual wiener filtering and by controlling the
latter via a second filter regarded as a psychoacoustically motivated weighting factor. The simulation results
gives the information that the performance is improved compared to other perceptual speech enhancement
methods
A Novel Uncertainty Parameter SR ( Signal to Residual Spectrum Ratio ) Evalua...sipij
Usually, hearing impaired people use hearing aids which are implemented with speech enhancement
algorithms. Estimation of speech and estimation of nose are the components in single channel speech
enhancement system. The main objective of any speech enhancement algorithm is estimation of noise power
spectrum for non stationary environment. VAD (Voice Activity Detector) is used to identify speech pauses
and during these pauses only estimation of noise. MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) speech
enhancement algorithm did not enhance the intelligibility, quality and listener fatigues are the perceptual
aspects of speech. Novel evaluation approach SR (Signal to Residual spectrum ratio) based on uncertainty
parameter introduced for the benefits of hearing impaired people in non stationary environments to control
distortions. By estimation and updating of noise based on division of original pure signal into three parts
such as pure speech, quasi speech and non speech frames based on multiple threshold conditions. Different
values of SR and LLR demonstrate the amount of attenuation and amplification distortions. The proposed
method will compared with any one method WAT(Weighted Average Technique) Hence by using
parameters SR (signal to residual spectrum ratio) and LLR (log like hood ratio), MMSE (Minim Mean
Square Error) in terms of segmented SNR and LLR.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR OBTAINING A BETTER QUALITY SPEECH SIGNAL FOR COCHLEAR IMPL...acijjournal
Cochlear implant devices are known to exist since a long time. The purpose of the present work is to develop a speech algorithm for obtaining robust speech. In this paper, the technique of cochlear implant is first introduced, followed by discussions of some of the existing techniques available for obtaining speech. The next section introduces a new technique for obtaining robust speech. The key feature of this technique lies in the use of the advantages of an integrated approach involving the use of an estimation technique such as a kalman filter with non linear filter bank strategy, using Dual Resonance Non Linear(DRNL) and Single Side Band(SSB) Encoding method. A comparative study of the proposed method with the existing method indicates that the proposed method performs well compared to the existing method.
Comparison of Feature Extraction MFCC and LPC in Automatic Speech Recognition...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Speech recognition can be defined as the process of converting voice signals into the ranks of the
word, by applying a specific algorithm that is implemented in a computer program. The research of speech
recognition in Indonesia is relatively limited. This paper has studied methods of feature extraction which is
the best among the Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) for
speech recognition in Indonesian language. This is important because the method can produce a high
accuracy for a particular language does not necessarily produce the same accuracy for other languages,
considering every language has different characteristics. Thus this research hopefully can help further
accelerate the use of automatic speech recognition for Indonesian language. There are two main
processes in speech recognition, feature extraction and recognition. The method used for comparison
feature extraction in this study is the LPC and MFCC, while the method of recognition using Hidden
Markov Model (HMM). The test results showed that the MFCC method is better than LPC in Indonesian
language speech recognition.
This paper contains a report on an Audio-Visual Client Recognition System using Matlab software which identifies five clients and can be improved to identify as many clients as possible depending on the number of clients it is trained to identify which was successfully implemented. The implementation was accomplished first by visual recognition system implemented using The Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Nearest Neighbour Classifier. A successful implementation of second part was achieved by audio recognition using Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Nearest Neighbour Classifier the system was tested using images and sounds that have not been trained to the system to see whether it can detect an intruder which lead us to a very successful result with précised response to intruder.
Performance enhancement of dct based speaker recognition using wavelet de noi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Presence of noise in the speech signal is one of the major problems in Speaker Recognition. The speaker recognition performance gradually degrades as the intensity of noise increases. The system gives high accuracy when the speech signal is noise free, but in real life scenario getting a noise free speech signal is challenging. Hence, elimination of the noise from speech signal is an important aspect in speaker recognition process. This work uses wavelet based denoising of the recorded speech signal in order to enhance the performance of speaker recognition. In this paper, wavelet based denoising technique has been applied to the DCT based speaker recognition system which was proposed in our previous work. Additive white Gaussian noise has been added to the speech signal and performance analysis of the system has been done using different SNR value. Keywords: Wavelet denoising, AWGN, Speaker Recognition, Thresholding, DCT, Feature Extraction.
Speech enhancement using spectral subtraction technique with minimized cross ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of speech enhancement is to get significant reduction of noise and enhanced speech from noisy speech. There are several
approaches for speech enhancement .earlier approaches didn’t consider cross spectral terms into account. Cross spectral terms
become prominent when processing window size becomes small i.e. 20ms-30ms. In this paper, an enhancement method is
proposed for significant reduction of noise, and improvement in the quality and perceptibility of speech degraded by correlated
additive background noise. The proposed method is based on the spectral subtraction technique. The simple spectral subtraction
technique results in poor reduction of noise. One of the main reasons for this is neglecting the cross spectral terms of speech and
noise, based on the appropriation that clean speech and noise signals are completely uncorrelated to each other, which is not true
on short time basis. In this paper an improvement in reduction of the noise is achieved as compared to the earlier methods. This
fact is mainly attributed to the cross spectral terms between speech and noise. This algorithm can be implemented and used in
hearing aids for the benefit of hearing impaired people. Objective speech quality measures, spectrogram analyses and subjective
listening tests conforms the proposed method is more effective in comparison with earlier speech enhancement techniques.
Keywords: Spectral Subtaction,Cross Spectral Components
Broad phoneme classification using signal based featuresijsc
Speech is the most efficient and popular means of human communication Speech is produced as a sequence
of phonemes. Phoneme recognition is the first step performed by automatic speech recognition system. The
state-of-the-art recognizers use mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) features derived through short
time analysis, for which the recognition accuracy is limited. Instead of this, here broad phoneme
classification is achieved using features derived directly from the speech at the signal level itself. Broad
phoneme classes include vowels, nasals, fricatives, stops, approximants and silence. The features identified
useful for broad phoneme classification are voiced/unvoiced decision, zero crossing rate (ZCR), short time
energy, most dominant frequency, energy in most dominant frequency, spectral flatness measure and first
three formants. Features derived from short time frames of training speech are used to train a multilayer
feedforward neural network based classifier with manually marked class label as output and classification
accuracy is then tested. Later this broad phoneme classifier is used for broad syllable structure prediction
which is useful for applications such as automatic speech recognition and automatic language
identification.
LPC Models and Different Speech Enhancement Techniques- A Reviewijiert bestjournal
Author has already published one review paper on the quality enhancement of a speech signal by minimizing the noise. This is a second paper of same series. In last two decades the researchers have taken continuous efforts to reduce the noise signal from the speech signal. Th is paper comments on,various study carried out and analysis propos als of the researchers for en hancement of the quality of speech signal. Various models,coding,speech quality improvement methods,speaker dependent codebooks,autocorrelation subtraction,speech restoration,producing speech at low bit rates,compression and enhancement are the vari ous aspects of speech enhancement. We have presented the review of all above mentioned technologies in this paper and also willing to examine few of the techniques in order to analyze the factors affecting them in upcoming paper of the series.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Single Channel Speech Enhancement using Wiener Filter and Compressive Sensing IJECEIAES
The speech enhancement algorithms are utilized to overcome multiple limitation factors in recent applications such as mobile phone and communication channel. The challenges focus on corrupted speech solution between noise reduction and signal distortion. We used a modified Wiener filter and compressive sensing (CS) to investigate and evaluate the improvement of speech quality. This new method adapted noise estimation and Wiener filter gain function in which to increase weight amplitude spectrum and improve mitigation of interested signals. The CS is then applied using the gradient projection for sparse reconstruction (GPSR) technique as a study system to empirically investigate the interactive effects of the corrupted noise and obtain better perceptual improvement aspects to listener fatigue with noiseless reduction conditions. The proposed algorithm shows an enhancement in testing performance evaluation of objective assessment tests outperform compared to other conventional algorithms at various noise type conditions of 0, 5, 10, 15 dB SNRs. Therefore, the proposed algorithm significantly achieved the speech quality improvement and efficiently obtained higher performance resulting in better noise reduction compare to other conventional algorithms.
Wavelet Based Noise Robust Features for Speaker RecognitionCSCJournals
Extraction and selection of the best parametric representation of acoustic signal is the most important task in designing any speaker recognition system. A wide range of possibilities exists for parametrically representing the speech signal such as Linear Prediction Coding (LPC) ,Mel frequency Cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) and others. MFCC are currently the most popular choice for any speaker recognition system, though one of the shortcomings of MFCC is that the signal is assumed to be stationary within the given time frame and is therefore unable to analyze the non-stationary signal. Therefore it is not suitable for noisy speech signals. To overcome this problem several researchers used different types of AM-FM modulation/demodulation techniques for extracting features from speech signal. In some approaches it is proposed to use the wavelet filterbanks for extracting the features. In this paper a technique for extracting the features by combining the above mentioned approaches is proposed. Features are extracted from the envelope of the signal and then passed through wavelet filterbank. It is found that the proposed method outperforms the existing feature extraction techniques.
05 comparative study of voice print based acoustic features mfcc and lpccIJAEMSJORNAL
Voice is the best biometric feature for investigation and authentication. It has both biological and behavioural features. The acoustic features are related to the voice. The Speaker Recognition System is designed for the automatic authentication of speaker’s identity which is truly based on the human’s voice. Mel Frequency Cepstrum coefficient (MFCC) and Linear Prediction Cepstrum coefficient (LPCC) are taken in use for feature extraction from the provided voice sample. This paper provides a comparative study of MFCC and LPCC based on the accuracy of results and their working methodology. The results are better if MFCC is used for feature extraction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ROBUST FEATURE EXTRACTION USING AUTOCORRELATION DOMAIN FOR NOISY SPEECH RECOG...sipij
Previous research has found autocorrelation domain as an appropriate domain for signal and noise
separation. This paper discusses a simple and effective method for decreasing the effect of noise on the
autocorrelation of the clean signal. This could later be used in extracting mel cepstral parameters for
speech recognition. Two different methods are proposed to deal with the effect of error introduced by
considering speech and noise completely uncorrelated. The basic approach deals with reducing the effect
of noise via estimation and subtraction of its effect from the noisy speech signal autocorrelation. In order
to improve this method, we consider inserting a speech/noise cross correlation term into the equations used
for the estimation of clean speech autocorrelation, using an estimate of it, found through Kernel method.
Alternatively, we used an estimate of the cross correlation term using an averaging approach. A further
improvement was obtained through introduction of an overestimation parameter in the basic method. We
tested our proposed methods on the Aurora 2 task. The Basic method has shown considerable improvement
over the standard features and some other robust autocorrelation-based features. The proposed techniques
have further increased the robustness of the basic autocorrelation-based method.
A New Speech Enhancement Technique to Reduce Residual Noise Using Perceptual ...IOSR Journals
This paper deals with residual musical noise which results from the perceptual speech enhancement
type algorithms and especially using wiener filtering approach. Perceptual speech enhancement techniques
perform better than the non perceptual techniques, most of them still return a trouble residual musical noise.
This is due to that only noise above the noise masking threshold (NMT) is filtered out then noise below the noise
masking threshold (NMT) can become audible if its maskers are filtered. It can affect the performance of
perceptual speech enhancement method that process the audible noise only (Residual noise is still present). In
order to overcome this drawback a new speech enhancement technique is proposed here.The main aim here is to improve the enhanced speech signal quality provided by perceptual wiener filtering and by controlling the
latter via a second filter regarded as a psychoacoustically motivated weighting factor. The simulation results
gives the information that the performance is improved compared to other perceptual speech enhancement
methods
A Novel Uncertainty Parameter SR ( Signal to Residual Spectrum Ratio ) Evalua...sipij
Usually, hearing impaired people use hearing aids which are implemented with speech enhancement
algorithms. Estimation of speech and estimation of nose are the components in single channel speech
enhancement system. The main objective of any speech enhancement algorithm is estimation of noise power
spectrum for non stationary environment. VAD (Voice Activity Detector) is used to identify speech pauses
and during these pauses only estimation of noise. MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) speech
enhancement algorithm did not enhance the intelligibility, quality and listener fatigues are the perceptual
aspects of speech. Novel evaluation approach SR (Signal to Residual spectrum ratio) based on uncertainty
parameter introduced for the benefits of hearing impaired people in non stationary environments to control
distortions. By estimation and updating of noise based on division of original pure signal into three parts
such as pure speech, quasi speech and non speech frames based on multiple threshold conditions. Different
values of SR and LLR demonstrate the amount of attenuation and amplification distortions. The proposed
method will compared with any one method WAT(Weighted Average Technique) Hence by using
parameters SR (signal to residual spectrum ratio) and LLR (log like hood ratio), MMSE (Minim Mean
Square Error) in terms of segmented SNR and LLR.
A NOVEL METHOD FOR OBTAINING A BETTER QUALITY SPEECH SIGNAL FOR COCHLEAR IMPL...acijjournal
Cochlear implant devices are known to exist since a long time. The purpose of the present work is to develop a speech algorithm for obtaining robust speech. In this paper, the technique of cochlear implant is first introduced, followed by discussions of some of the existing techniques available for obtaining speech. The next section introduces a new technique for obtaining robust speech. The key feature of this technique lies in the use of the advantages of an integrated approach involving the use of an estimation technique such as a kalman filter with non linear filter bank strategy, using Dual Resonance Non Linear(DRNL) and Single Side Band(SSB) Encoding method. A comparative study of the proposed method with the existing method indicates that the proposed method performs well compared to the existing method.
Comparison of Feature Extraction MFCC and LPC in Automatic Speech Recognition...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Speech recognition can be defined as the process of converting voice signals into the ranks of the
word, by applying a specific algorithm that is implemented in a computer program. The research of speech
recognition in Indonesia is relatively limited. This paper has studied methods of feature extraction which is
the best among the Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) for
speech recognition in Indonesian language. This is important because the method can produce a high
accuracy for a particular language does not necessarily produce the same accuracy for other languages,
considering every language has different characteristics. Thus this research hopefully can help further
accelerate the use of automatic speech recognition for Indonesian language. There are two main
processes in speech recognition, feature extraction and recognition. The method used for comparison
feature extraction in this study is the LPC and MFCC, while the method of recognition using Hidden
Markov Model (HMM). The test results showed that the MFCC method is better than LPC in Indonesian
language speech recognition.
This paper contains a report on an Audio-Visual Client Recognition System using Matlab software which identifies five clients and can be improved to identify as many clients as possible depending on the number of clients it is trained to identify which was successfully implemented. The implementation was accomplished first by visual recognition system implemented using The Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Nearest Neighbour Classifier. A successful implementation of second part was achieved by audio recognition using Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient, Linear Discriminant Analysis and Nearest Neighbour Classifier the system was tested using images and sounds that have not been trained to the system to see whether it can detect an intruder which lead us to a very successful result with précised response to intruder.
Performance enhancement of dct based speaker recognition using wavelet de noi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Presence of noise in the speech signal is one of the major problems in Speaker Recognition. The speaker recognition performance gradually degrades as the intensity of noise increases. The system gives high accuracy when the speech signal is noise free, but in real life scenario getting a noise free speech signal is challenging. Hence, elimination of the noise from speech signal is an important aspect in speaker recognition process. This work uses wavelet based denoising of the recorded speech signal in order to enhance the performance of speaker recognition. In this paper, wavelet based denoising technique has been applied to the DCT based speaker recognition system which was proposed in our previous work. Additive white Gaussian noise has been added to the speech signal and performance analysis of the system has been done using different SNR value. Keywords: Wavelet denoising, AWGN, Speaker Recognition, Thresholding, DCT, Feature Extraction.
Speech enhancement using spectral subtraction technique with minimized cross ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of speech enhancement is to get significant reduction of noise and enhanced speech from noisy speech. There are several
approaches for speech enhancement .earlier approaches didn’t consider cross spectral terms into account. Cross spectral terms
become prominent when processing window size becomes small i.e. 20ms-30ms. In this paper, an enhancement method is
proposed for significant reduction of noise, and improvement in the quality and perceptibility of speech degraded by correlated
additive background noise. The proposed method is based on the spectral subtraction technique. The simple spectral subtraction
technique results in poor reduction of noise. One of the main reasons for this is neglecting the cross spectral terms of speech and
noise, based on the appropriation that clean speech and noise signals are completely uncorrelated to each other, which is not true
on short time basis. In this paper an improvement in reduction of the noise is achieved as compared to the earlier methods. This
fact is mainly attributed to the cross spectral terms between speech and noise. This algorithm can be implemented and used in
hearing aids for the benefit of hearing impaired people. Objective speech quality measures, spectrogram analyses and subjective
listening tests conforms the proposed method is more effective in comparison with earlier speech enhancement techniques.
Keywords: Spectral Subtaction,Cross Spectral Components
Comparative performance analysis of channel normalization techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract A major part of the interaction between humans takes place via speech communication. The speech signal carries both useful and unwanted information. Processing of such signals involve enhancing the useful information. The intelligibility of speech signals is significantly reduced due to the presence of unwanted information such as noise. Channel normalization algorithms suppress such additive noise introduced in the speech signals by transmission channel or by recording environment conditions. Enhancing the quality and intelligibility of speech signals improve the performance of speech systems such as Automatic speech recognition (ASR) , voice communication and hearing aids to name the few. Based on the experimental results the comparative analysis of channel normalization techniques have been presented in this paper to find out the most suitable algorithm for enhancing the speech signals. Keywords: Cepstral Mean Normalization, Spectral Subtraction, Weiner filter, Signal to Noise Ratio
Noise reduction in speech processing using improved active noise control (anc...eSAT Journals
Abstract An improved feed forward adaptive Active Noise Control (ANC) scheme is proposed by using Voice Activity Detector (VAD) and wiener filtering method. The ‘speech-plus-noise’ periods and ‘noise-only’ periods are separated using VAD and the unwanted noise is removed by adaptive filtering method. By using Speech Distortion Weighted- Multichannel Wiener Filtering (SDW-MWF) algorithm the noise periods which is present along with the speech signal, is processed and filtered out. The background noise along with the speech samples are removed by the iterative procedure of filtering process. Feed forward based ANC is used to achieve a system with a better noise reduction in speech processing. Adaptive filtering process is carried out and the speech signal without the background noise can be achieved. Key Words: Active Noise Control (ANC), Noise reduction, Adaptive filtering, Feed forward ANC
Noise reduction in speech processing using improved active noise control (anc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Compressive speech enhancement using semi-soft thresholding and improved thre...IJECEIAES
Compressive speech enhancement is based on the compressive sensing (CS) sampling theory and utilizes the sparsity of the signal for its enhancement. To improve the performance of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) basisfunction based compressive speech enhancement algorithm, this study presents a semi-soft thresholding approach suggesting improved threshold estimation and threshold rescaling parameters. The semi-soft thresholding approach utilizes two thresholds, one threshold value is an improved universal threshold and the other is calculated based on the initial-silenceregion of the signal. This study suggests that thresholding should be applied to both detail coefficients and approximation coefficients to remove noise effectively. The performances of the hard, soft, garrote and semi-soft thresholding approaches are compared based on objective quality and speech intelligibility measures. The normalized covariance measure is introduced as an effective intelligibility measure as it has a strong correlation with the intelligibility of the speech signal. A visual inspection of the output signal is used to verify the results. Experiments were conducted on the noisy speech corpus (NOIZEUS) speech database. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method of semi-soft thresholding using improved threshold estimation provides better enhancement compared to the other thresholding approaches.
Compressive Sensing in Speech from LPC using Gradient Projection for Sparse R...IJERA Editor
This paper presents compressive sensing technique used for speech reconstruction using linear predictive coding because the
speech is more sparse in LPC. DCT of a speech is taken and the DCT points of sparse speech are thrown away arbitrarily.
This is achieved by making some point in DCT domain to be zero by multiplying with mask functions. From the incomplete
points in DCT domain, the original speech is reconstructed using compressive sensing and the tool used is Gradient
Projection for Sparse Reconstruction. The performance of the result is compared with direct IDCT subjectively. The
experiment is done and it is observed that the performance is better for compressive sensing than the DCT.
In the present-day communications speech signals get contaminated due to
various sorts of noises that degrade the speech quality and adversely impacts
speech recognition performance. To overcome these issues, a novel approach
for speech enhancement using Modified Wiener filtering is developed and
power spectrum computation is applied for degraded signal to obtain the
noise characteristics from a noisy spectrum. In next phase, MMSE technique
is applied where Gaussian distribution of each signal i.e. original and noisy
signal is analyzed. The Gaussian distribution provides spectrum estimation
and spectral coefficient parameters which can be used for probabilistic model
formulation. Moreover, a-priori-SNR computation is also incorporated for
coefficient updation and noise presence estimation which operates similar to
the conventional VAD. However, conventional VAD scheme is based on the
hard threshold which is not capable to derive satisfactory performance and a
soft-decision based threshold is developed for improving the performance of
speech enhancement. An extensive simulation study is carried out using
MATLAB simulation tool on NOIZEUS speech database and a comparative
study is presented where proposed approach is proved better in comparison
with existing technique.
Improvement of minimum tracking in Minimum Statistics noise estimation methodCSCJournals
Noise spectrum estimation is a fundamental component of speech enhancement and speech recognition systems. In this paper we propose a new method for minimum tracking in Minimum Statistics (MS) noise estimation method. This noise estimation algorithm is proposed for highly nonstationary noise environments. This was confirmed with formal listening tests which indicated that the proposed noise estimation algorithm when integrated in speech enhancement was preferred over other noise estimation algorithms.
An effective evaluation study of objective measures using spectral subtractiv...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Unwanted noises have a negative influence over communication because it disturbs the conversation and make the communication impossible. Speech enhancement algorithms are used for improving the quality and intelligibility or to reduce listener fatigues. Assessment of speech quality can be done by using either subjective listening test or objective quality measure. Evaluation of several objective measures with the speech processed by enhancement algorithms has been performed but these having limitations to assess original speech signal. This paper represents the study of speech quality measures and compute the values used for regression analyses of the objective measures evaluation study using spectral subtraction algorithm based enhanced speech signal.
Keywords: MOS, ITU-T (P.835), SNRseg, log- likelihood ratio and itakura-saito.
Audio Noise Removal – The State of the Artijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
In recent times,the gear design has become a highl y complicated and comprehensive subject. A designer of modern gear drive system must have to r emember that the main objective of gear drive is to transmit higher power with comparatively smaller overall dim ensions of the driving system which can be construc ted with minimum possible manufacturing cost,runs reas onably free of noise and vibration and which requir es little maintenance. In this paper single stage spur gear t rain and helical gear train with a idler gear are d esigned by American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA) stan dard. A idler gear is placed between two gearwheel to obtained the same direction of rotation. AGMA stres s equation is used to determined the tooth bending strength and surface contact strength. As a result,dimensio ns of gears are find out and comparative study is c arried out to select the optimum design of gear train for a give n input parameter
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD OF MG-ALLOY ijiert bestjournal
The automobile engine connecting rod is a high volume production,critical component. It co nnects reciprocating piston to rotating crankshaft,transmitting the thrust of the piston to the crankshaft. Every vehicle that uses an internal combustion engine requires at least one connecting rod depending upon the number of cylinders in the engine. As the purp ose of the connecting rod is to transfer the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft. Connecting ro ds for automotive applications are typically manufactured by forging from either w rought steel or powdered metal. the material used f or this process is Mg-Alloy and also finite element analysis of connecting rod
REVIEW ON CRITICAL SPEED IMPROVEMENT IN SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE VALVE TRAINijiert bestjournal
The purpose of valve train is to operate the inlet and outlet valves of the engine. The valve train m ainly consists of rocker arm,push rod,cam,poppet valve and spring for kee p the valves closed position. The Greaves G400WG en gine valve train is operated at the maximum speed of 3600 rpm. The main objective of this project is to improve the valve train speed up to safe speed limit that is up to 5000 rpm. The valve spring parameters are optimized based on space availability,stress limit,stiffness,buckl ing of pushrod and natural frequency of the system. The optimized valv e spring configuration is used in the push rod type valve train and the valve train dynamics for different engine speed is studie d using commercially available multi-body dynamic A DMAS software. A comparative valve train dynamics analysis is also c arried out with the existing and optimized valve sp ring combinations. It is observed that valve jump engine speed with respect to optimized valve spring is enhanced to considerab le amount when compared to the existing valve spring configuration. Design improvements include detail study on following topi cs:1. Valve Spring Stiffness. 2. Push rod buckling. 3. Valve closing Velocity. 4. Contact stress between cam and follower
ENERGY CONVERSION PHENOMENON IN IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER LIFTING BY USING PEND...ijiert bestjournal
This paper consist of working of reciprocating pump which is driven by a compound pendulum. It provide s the energy required to lift the water from a tank placed approximately several meter below the ground level. Basic application of the mechanism will be for watering the garden which will be operated by means of operation opening and closing of entrance gate. Paper consists of basic concept,design of pump and compound pendulum mecha nism and fabricationed model. The concept can also be implemented in the rural areas,having the problem of electric supply. We aim at making a prototype for providing some me an for pumping of water by the pump which requires less human efforts,conside ring cost effectiveness,easy to operate and portab le mechanism.
The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN JOURNAL BEARING OPERAT...ijiert bestjournal
The excessive rise of temperature in the journal be aring operating at boundary/mixed lubrication regim es. Journal bearing test set- up is used to measure the temperature along the cir cumference of the bearing specimen for different lo ading conditions. Here in this journal bearing of l/d ratio 1,diameter of jo urnal is 60mm and the bearing length is 60mm,clear ance is .06mm has been designed and tested to access the temperature rise of the bearing. The result shows that as the load o n the bearing is increasing temperature also increasing. Temperature analysis o f journal bearing is also done by the Ansys workben ch software
STUDY OF SOLAR THERMAL CAVITY RECEIVER FOR PARABOLIC CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR ijiert bestjournal
Energy is one of the building blocks of the country . The growth of the country has been fueled by chea p,abundant energy resources. Solar energy is a form of renewable ener gy which is available abundantly and collected unre servedly. The parabolic concentrator reflects the direct incident solar rad iation onto a receiver mounted above the dish at it s focal point. The conversion of concentrated solar radiation to heat takes place in receiver. The heat transfer characteristics of the receiver changes during the rotation of the receiver which affects thermal performance. The working temperature may also influence the ther mal performance and overall efficiency of the system. Thermal as well as optica l losses affect the performance of a solar paraboli c dish-cavity receiver system. The thermal losses of a solar cavity receiver include c onvective and radiative losses to the air in the ca vity and conductive heat loss through the insulation used behind the helical tube surface. Convective and radiative heat losses form the major constituents of the thermal losses. The convection heat loss from cavit y receiver in parabolic dish solar thermal power sy stem can significantly reduce the efficiency and consequently the cost effectiveness of the system. It is important to assess this heat loss and subsequently improve the thermal performance of the receiver.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFTijiert bestjournal
Crankshaft is a crucial component in an engine asse mbly. Crankshaft is consisting of two web sections and one crankpin,which converts the reciprocating displacement of the pist on to a rotary motion with a four link mechanism. G enerally crankshafts are manufactured using cast iron and forged steel mater ial. In this work to design and finite element anal ysis of crankshaft of 4 cylinder petrol engine of Maruti swift Vxi. of 1200 cubic capacity. The finite element analysis in ABA QUS software by using six materials based on their composition viz. Cast iron,EN30B,SAE4340,Structural steel,C70 Alloy steel and Aluminium based composite material reinforced with silicon carbide & fly ash. The parameter like von misses stress,deformation;maximum and minimum principal stress & strain were obtained from analysis software. The results of Finite element show that t he Aluminium based composite material is best mater ial among all. Compare the result like weight and Stiffness parameter. It is resulted of 65.539 % of weight,with reduction i n deformation.
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING PROCESSES MICRO...ijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,necessity of small components is a common trend. These requirements encourage the researcher s to develop very minutest size components to fulfill the demand. The manufact uring of these type of components is a difficult ob ligation and for that various machining methods are develop to manufacture such c omponents. In this article the Electro Chemical mac hining and Electrical Discharge Machining is reviewed. We tried to summar ize the work of various researchers. The study show s that this type of machining processes gives good alternative.
HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT BY USING NANOFLUID JET IMPINGEMENTijiert bestjournal
An experimental investigation was carried out for s tudying the heat transfer performance of the water-Al2O3 (28nm average particle size) nanofluid inside a liquid evacuated impinging jet system dest ined to the cooling of circular target surface. Results have shown that th e surface heat transfer coefficient increases consi derably when the mass flow rate is increased,but is relatively insensitive to the nozzle-to heated-surface distance. It was foun d that the use of a nanofluid can provide a heat transfer enhancement when compared t o water. Thus most practical applications of jet im pingement occur in industries where the heat transfer requirements hav e exceeded capacity of ordinary heating and cooling techniques. This work presents and discusses the results of an experiment al investigation of heat transfer between the horiz ontal smooth plate of impinged jets.
MODIFICATION AND OPTIMIZATION IN STEEL SANDWICH PANELS USING ANSYS WORKBENCH ijiert bestjournal
The demand for bigger,faster and lighter moving ve hicles,such as ships,trains,trucks and buses has increased the importance of efficient str uctural arrangements. In principle two approaches exist to develop efficient structures:e ither application of new materials or the use of new structural design. A proven and well-establi shed solution is the use of composite materials and sandwich structures. In this way high strength to weight ratio and minimum weight can be obtained. The sandwich structures have potential to offer a w ide range of attractive design solutions. In addition to the obtained weight reduction,these so lutions can often bring space savings,fire resistance,noise control and improved heating and cooling performance. Laser-welded metallic sandwich panels offer a number of outstand ing properties allowing the designer to develop light and efficient structural configuratio ns for a large variety of applications. These panels have been under active investigations during the last 15 years in the world.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL BUMPER BEAM: A REVIEW ijiert bestjournal
Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
In these paper structural fields of the solid disc brake during short and emergency braking with four different materials is studied. The distribution of the tempe rature depends on the various factors such as frict ion,surface roughness and speed. The effect of the angular velo city and the contact pressure induces the temperatu re rise of disc brake. The finite element simulation for three -dimensional model was preferred due to the heat fl ux ratio constantly distributed in circumferential direction . Here value of temperature,friction contact power,nodal displacement and deformation for different pressure condition using analysis software with four materi als namely cast iron,cast steel,aluminium and carbon fibre reinforced plastic are taken. Presently the D isc brakes are made up of cast iron and cast steel. With the v alue of simulation result best suitable material fo r the brake drum with higher life span is determined.
REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
Metallic matrix composites are combinations of two or more different metals inter metallic compounds or second phases in which dispersed phases are embe dded within the metallic matrix. They are produced by controlling the morphologies of the constituents to achieve optimum combination of properties. Properties of the composites depend on the properti es of the constituent phases,their relative amount,and dispersed phase geometry including particle siz e,shape and orientation in the matrix. In this pap er,The mechanical properties,behaviour and micro stru ctural evolution of aluminium metal matrix metallic composites fabricated under various process conditi ons were investigated to understand their process- structure�property relations by optimization proces s. Addition of silicon carbide to aluminum has show n an increase in its mechanical properties.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
A REVIEW OF LPC METHODS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF SPEECH SIGNALS
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July-2015
1 | P a g e
A REVIEW OF LPC METHODS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF
SPEECH SIGNALS
Mr. Arjun Ghule
Research Scholar, Department of ECE, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad, India,
Dr.Prabhu Benakop
Director, Aurora`s Engineering College, Bongir, Hyderabad, India
Abstract
This paper presents a review of LPC methods for enhancement of speech signals. The purpose of
all method of speech enhancement is to improve quality of speech signal by minimizing the
background noise. This paper especially comments on Power Spectral Subtraction, Multiband
Spectral Subtraction, Non-Linear Spectral Subtraction Method, MMSE Spectral Subtraction
Method and Spectral Subtraction based on perceptual properties. As the spectral subtraction
produces the Residual noise, Musical noise, Linear Predictive Analysis method is used to
enhance the Speech.
Keywords: Power Spectral Subtraction, Multiband Spectral Subtraction, Non-Linear Spectral
Subtraction Method, MMSE Spectral Subtraction Method and Spectral Subtraction based on
perceptual properties
Introduction
Linear prediction coding methods needs highly efficient LPC filter and its excitation to provide
high quality of speech at minimum cost. [1] In an abandoned surrounding the speech signals
includes the noise, mixing of speech from other speakers and many other unwanted components.
[2] This presence of noise reduces clarity and quality of signal. Removing or reducing such noise
signal in order to improve the clarity of speech without losing its quality is really a challenge. [3]
Methods of Speech improvement are classified on the criteria such as number of input
channels, time domain or frequency domain, adaptive or non adaptive and some additional
constraints.
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 7, July-2015
2 | P a g e
Various ways such as spectral subtraction method, subspace methods, Hidden Markov
modeling, wavelet-based methods etc. were proposed for speech enhancement and further more
improvements, revisions are done in proposed methods in order to achieve most efficient
solution. The spectral subtraction method is widely used enhancement methods for all types of
noise, has been chosen for its simplicity of implementation and low computational load [3].
Speech coding has been and still is a major issue in the area of digital speech processing. As a
result, a greater emphasis is being placed on the design of new and efficient speech coder for
voice communication and transmission. [4]
Literature Review
The several models proposed for minimization of noise present in the speech signal are having
their own advantages and disadvantages; one has to analyze the methods and models depending
upon the practical application where we are actually willing to utilize the models. Few models
are discussed below in detail.
Power Spectral Subtraction Method:
Spectral subtraction is a method for restoration of the power spectrum or the magnitude spectrum
of a signal observed in additive noise, through subtraction of an estimate of the average noise
spectrum from the noisy signal spectrum. [5] This method is one of the oldest or firstly
introduced methods for reducing the noise from the speech signal. The method proposed by Boll
is very popular due to simplicity and high effectiveness in improving the speech due to noise
addictiveness. The basic principle of this method is that one can approximate and renew the
noise band when speech signal is not present and deduct it from the noisy speech signal to obtain
clean speech signal spectrum. [6]The assumptions are to be made such that the noise signal is
additive and noise is time invariant or slowly varying with time. The block diagram drawn below
explains the method in better sense.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Spectral Subtraction
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In this method the noise signal is suppressed from the speech by subtraction of the approximate
noise or estimated noise from the noisy speech signal. The noise band is estimated and
modernized, for the duration of the periods when the signal is not present or when only noise is
present. [7] These algorithms undertaking to be a universal way out for all types of noise
surroundings. The limitation of this method is, the practical noise present in the surrounding is
not constant and it is really challenging to suppress the noise present in speech.
Multiband Spectral Subtraction Method
This model also considered as one of the earliest proposed model for the suppression of noise.
Here the speech signal is divided in to x samples and subtraction of pre calculated sample noise
signal is subtracted from each sample. [8]
There are four stages for execution of this method. In the first stage, the signal is windowed and
FFT used to estimate the magnitude spectrum. In the second stage to calculate the over
subtraction factor, we divide the noise and speech into different frequency band. The third stage
includes processing the individual frequency bands by subtracting the corresponding noise
spectrum from the noisy speech spectrum and in the last stage the modified frequency bands are
recombined and the time signal is obtained by using the noisy phase information and taking the
IFFT.
Figure2: Block Diagram of Multi-band Spectral Subtraction Method
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Non-Linear Spectral Subtraction Method
The use of spectral subtraction in its basic form may cause deterioration in the quality and the
information content of a signal. For example, in audio signal restoration, the musical noise can
cause degradation in the perceived quality of the signal, and in speech recognition the basic
spectral subtraction can result in deterioration of the recognition accuracy. In the literature, there
are a number of variants of spectral subtraction that aim to provide consistent performance
improvement across a range of SNRs. These methods differ in their approach to estimation of the
noise spectrum, in their method of averaging the noisy signal spectrum, and in their post
processing method for the removal of processing distortions. Non-linear spectral subtraction
methods are heuristic methods that utilize estimates of the local SNR, and the observation that at
a low SNR over subtraction can produce improved results. [5]
MMSE Spectral Subtraction Method
Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Spectral subtraction method is proposed by Sim. [9] A
method for selecting the subtractive parameters in the mean error sagacity. [10] In this method
the mean square of the predefined error signal is subtracted from speech signal in order to
improve the efficiency of the system by achieving a better quality speech signal.
Spectral Subtraction based on perceptual properties
In the previous methods, the subtractive parameters were computed experimentally, based on
short term SNR levels [11] or obtained optimally in a mean square error sense [9]. No perceptual
properties of the auditory system have been considered. An algorithm proposed by Virag [12]
that incorporates psycho acoustical properties of speech signal, in the spectral subtraction
process. The main objective of this algorithm is to remove the residual noise perceptually
inaudible and improve the intelligibility of enhanced speech by taking into account the properties
of the human auditory system [13]. Method proposed by Virag [12] was based on idea that, if the
estimated masking threshold at a particular frequency is low, the residual noise level might be
above. The threshold and will therefore be audible. The subtraction parameters should therefore
attain their maximal values at that frequency. Similarly, if the masking threshold level is high at
a certain frequency, the residual noise will be masked and will be inaudible. The subtraction
parameters should attain their minimal values at that frequency.
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7] Ekaterina Verteletskaya, Boris Simak “Noise Reduction Based on Modified Spectral
Subtraction Method” IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, 38:1,
IJCS_38_1_10.
8] GANGA PRASAD, SURENDER “A Review of Different Approaches of Spectral Subtraction
Algorithms for Speech Enhancement” Department of Electronics, Madhav Institute of
Technology & Science Vol 01, 57-64, Issue 02 April 2013
9] Sim B, Tong Y, chang J., Tan C.(1998) “A parametric formulation of the generalized spectral
subtraction method” IEEE. Trans. Speech Audio Process,6(4), 328-337
10] Martin, R(2002) “Speech Enhancement Using MMSE Short Time Spectral Estimation with
Gamma Distributed Speech Priors”, in Proc. IEEE Intl. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal
Processing (ICASSP), vol. I, pp. 253–256, 2002
11] Berouti,M. Schwartz,R. and Makhoul,J.,"Enhancement of Speech Corrupted by Acoustic
Noise", Proc ICASSP 1979, pp208-211,.
12] Virag, N., (1999). “Single channel speech enhancement based on masking properties of the
human auditory system”. IEEE. Trans. Speech Audio Process, 7(3), 126-137.
13] Phillips C Loizou “Speech enhancement theory and practice” 1st ed. Boca Raton, FL.:
CRC, 2007. Releases Taylor & Francis