This document summarizes a study that screened eight Monascus strains for their ability to produce lovastatin, an alternative to statin drugs. Strain M. purpureus Went (JCM 6934) produced the highest amount of lovastatin at 84.85 ppm. Angkak rice fermented with the local Philippine strain M. purpureus UPLB-MNH-MCC 2108 was found to also contain lovastatin. This showed that lovastatin is a characteristic component of angkak rice. A preliminary study found very low levels of the toxin citrinin in cookies made with angkak rice, showing it is safe for human consumption.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cassia tora, L. Seedsiosrjce
In the present study the total and the defatted alcoholic extracts of seeds of Cassia tora Linn.
(Leguminosae) were screened for hepatoprotective activity using adult Wister albino rats (120-170 g) as the
experimental animals. Hepatic injury caused by carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST,
ALT, ALB and platelets in blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the
histopathological examination of the liver.The effects of the extracts were comparable with standardhepatoprotective drug Silymarin. On the other hand GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid
composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester
and then subjected to the analysis.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE FROM RHODOCOCCUS SPECIESSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Optimization of conditions for cholesterol oxidase production by the microorganism isolated from urban compost and dairy soil samples.Isolates were obtained on the basis of their capability of growing on isolation medium A and B and their cholesterol oxidase (CHO) production was estimated. CHO production was optimized by the optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and organic and inorganic nitrogen sources.isolates out of 22 were found to secrete extracellular CHO as detected by cholesterol oxidase indicator plate A and were designated as cholesterol oxidase producing isolate 1, 2 and 3 (COP 1, COP 2 and COP 3). Results showed that the strain COP 2 belonging to the genus Rhodococcus sp. based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics recorded highest cholesterol oxidase activity. Optimum temperature and pH for CHO activity were found to be 35 °C and 7.5 respectively. Steroidal substrate cholesterol produced a significant increase in CHO level (0.502 IU/ml). Organic and inorganic nitrogen sources were supplemented in combinations leads to increase in CHO production as compared to individual components.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cassia tora, L. Seedsiosrjce
In the present study the total and the defatted alcoholic extracts of seeds of Cassia tora Linn.
(Leguminosae) were screened for hepatoprotective activity using adult Wister albino rats (120-170 g) as the
experimental animals. Hepatic injury caused by carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST,
ALT, ALB and platelets in blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the
histopathological examination of the liver.The effects of the extracts were comparable with standardhepatoprotective drug Silymarin. On the other hand GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid
composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester
and then subjected to the analysis.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Evaluation of Metabolic Stability of Kinsenoside, an Antidiabetic Candidate, ...Cây thuốc Việt
Kinsenoside is a principle bioactive compound of Anoectochilus formosanus. It exhibits various pharmacological
effects such as antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, and hepatoprotective activities and has recently been developed as an antidiabetic drug candidate. In this study, as part of an in vitro pharmacokinetic study, the stability of kinsenoside in rat and human liver microsomes was evaluated. Kinsenoside was found to have good metabolic stability in both rat and human liver microsomes. These results will provide useful information for further in vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies.
Flavoring and medicinal values of the yellow pigment produced by Monascus rub...Premier Publishers
The Thin Layer Chromatographic analysis (TLC) of the crud red pigment extract of M. ruber 4066 cultivated on the malt static medium well developed into three separate bands includes red, orange and yellow pigmented bands. Sixty four volatile metabolites are detected by GC/MS analysis which gave yellow pigment high flavoring value. The detected metabolites are classified, chemical and physical properties are characterized, and their uses are reported. The detected metabolites including fourteen aliphatic metabolites, twenty nine aromatic metabolites and terpenoids, thirteen nitrogenous metabolites and also five heterocyclic nitrogenous thiols metabolites are detected. Also they are classified into thirteen volatile and aroma groups includes one metabolite from the each "alcohol, acid, aldehyde, amine, furan and mercapto", two phenols, three amides, four from each "indoles and ketones", twelve terpenoids, fourteen alkanes & alkenes, sixteen esters and three metabolites are unknown for me.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Fatty Acid Pattern and Alkaloids of Echium RauwolfiiEditor IJCATR
The GC/MS analysis of hexane extract revealed the presence of palmitic acid as saturated fatty acid (1.05%), versus oleic acid (2.18%), linoleic acid (1.13%), cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (2.12%) as unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, CH2Cl2 extract contained palmitic acid methyl ester (3.55%), and methyl isostearate (1.17%) as saturated fatty acids, versus linoleic acid methyl ester (3.57%) and linolenic acid methyl ester (10.01%) as unsaturated fatty acids. The GC/MS analysis of the alkaloid-rich fraction indicated the presence of the pyrazolidine alkaloids petranine (2.97%), 7-angeloyl-9-(2-methylbutyryl) retronecine (4.22%), 7-angeloylretronecine (0.59%) and 9-angeloylretronecine (0.47%).
The butanol extract showed the heights DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.3 µg),. while ethyl acetate extract was very weak in activity (IC50 = 432.3 µg) and no activity with hexane and methylene chloride extract.
The antimicrobial potentials of E. rauwolfii extracts were examined. The inhibition of the fungi species by ethyl acetate extract exert was comparable to Amphotericin B. The inhibition zone of the butanol extract against Streptococcus pneumonia was comparable to Ampicillin, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to Gentamicin and Escherichia coli was comparable to Gentamicin.
The cytotoxicity against HePG-2 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “very strong”, and that of hexane extract and methylene chloride extract were “moderate”, against MCF-7 of ethyl acetate extract and butanol extract were “strong”, that of methylene chloride extract was “moderate”, and that of hexane extract was “weak” and against HCT-116 of butanol extract was “very strong”, of ethyl acetate extract was“strong”, of methylene chloride extract and hexane extract were “moderate”.
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Evaluation of Metabolic Stability of Kinsenoside, an Antidiabetic Candidate, ...Cây thuốc Việt
Kinsenoside is a principle bioactive compound of Anoectochilus formosanus. It exhibits various pharmacological
effects such as antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulating, and hepatoprotective activities and has recently been developed as an antidiabetic drug candidate. In this study, as part of an in vitro pharmacokinetic study, the stability of kinsenoside in rat and human liver microsomes was evaluated. Kinsenoside was found to have good metabolic stability in both rat and human liver microsomes. These results will provide useful information for further in vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies.
Flavoring and medicinal values of the yellow pigment produced by Monascus rub...Premier Publishers
The Thin Layer Chromatographic analysis (TLC) of the crud red pigment extract of M. ruber 4066 cultivated on the malt static medium well developed into three separate bands includes red, orange and yellow pigmented bands. Sixty four volatile metabolites are detected by GC/MS analysis which gave yellow pigment high flavoring value. The detected metabolites are classified, chemical and physical properties are characterized, and their uses are reported. The detected metabolites including fourteen aliphatic metabolites, twenty nine aromatic metabolites and terpenoids, thirteen nitrogenous metabolites and also five heterocyclic nitrogenous thiols metabolites are detected. Also they are classified into thirteen volatile and aroma groups includes one metabolite from the each "alcohol, acid, aldehyde, amine, furan and mercapto", two phenols, three amides, four from each "indoles and ketones", twelve terpenoids, fourteen alkanes & alkenes, sixteen esters and three metabolites are unknown for me.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Biochemical components of three marine macroalgae (Padina pavonica, Ulva lact...Innspub Net
Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca, brown macroalgae Taonia atomaria and Padina pavonica are spread in the Turkish Levantine Sea. There is limited information about antioxidant activities and fatty acid composition of these species from Levantine Sea. In this study was to determine and compare antioxidant activities, vitamin and fatty acid (FA) composition of U. lactuca, T. atomaria and P. pavonica. The analysis was made with HPLC and GC device. g. Then, the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed; palmitic acid (C16:0) as the most abundant saturate fatty acid (21-41%). The green algae was rich palmitic acid (C16:0) (41.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were major components (39.81–42.89%). The total MUFA content for U. lactuca was 40.63%, P. pavonica 42.89% and for T. atomaria 38.81%. Oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) was the most abundant MUFA in all the species analyzed. Eicosapentaenoic acid ( C20:5 n-3) and arahidonic acid (C20:4 n-6) were found in significant levels in T. atomaria. P. pavonica and T. atomaria showed similar amounts of C18 and C20 PUFAs contents. In T. atomaria eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) accounted 4.78% of total fatty acids. PUFA/SFA ratio in T. atomaria was 1.10%, U. lactuca; 0.26% and for P. pavonica 0.68%.The total phenolic contents ranged from 0.96 to 2.22 mg gallic acid equivalents per 1 g of dry macroalgae material. Phenolic content of the water extract of T. atomaria (2.22 mg GAE /g) was higher than that of the water extract of P. pavonica and U. lactuca. It has been thought that the amount of α-tocoferol was higher than the other lipophilic vitamins in all the three species tested. In Conclusion; these species can be used as food and in food industry.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
ABSTRACT- Aberrant glycosylation has been recognized as hallmark of cancer. Exploiting differences in glycosylation between malignant and healthy tissues offers excellent opportunities to identify sensitive and specific cancer biomarkers. Plant lectins have demonstrated the ability to specifically agglutinate malignant transformed cells. Lectins are sugar binding proteins or glycoprotein of non-immune origin which agglutinate cells or precipitate glycol-conjugates. Some lectins shown to the anti- proliferative effect on cancer cells. A wide scope of this application of lectins is that it can be used for diagnosis as well as therapeutics of cancer. The objective of the present study was to purify a lectin from tubers of Arisaema intermedium and evaluate in vitro anti-proliferative potential towards HCT-15, a human colon cancer cell line. The present study was conceived as an offshoot to the ongoing work on lectins in our laboratory. The already reported Arisaema intermedium (AIL) lectin was purified on asialofetuin linked amino-activated silica bead matrix. The purity of the affinity purified lectin was ascertained by SDS-PAGE, pH-8.3. The lectin activity was assessed by hemagglutination and protein concentration was determined by Lowry’s method. The cytotoxicity of AIL towards HCT-15 was evaluated by MTT assay. The mechanism of anti-proliferative effect was assessed by evaluation of cell morphology, trypan blue exclusion assay, DNA fragmentation and nucleic acid content determination.
Key-words- Araceae, Arisaema, Asialofetuin, Antiproliferative effect, Apoptosis, Cytotoxicity Lectins, Mechanistic
Characterization of jec absorbed compounds in lactating rat's milk and suckli...Norhafilda Ismail
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds. Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure. Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
Characterization of jec absorbed compounds in lactating rat's milk and suckli...Norhafilda Ismail
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds. Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure. Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Similar to A possible alternative for statin drugs (20)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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A possible alternative for statin
drugs
Cyril John Dom ingo
Department of Food Science and Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics
Abstract
Lovastatin, also known as mevinolin or monacolin K, is the major monacolin found in red yeast rice.
Monacolin K, one ofthe first among many monacolins used for humans, belongs to polyketides and the
structure thereofshares similarity with HMG-CoA which has been used as a hypocholesterolemic agent.
The enzyme HMG-CoA reductase is the target ofthe widely available cholesterol-lowering drugs known
collectively as statins.This study was conducted to screen for Monascus strains which would yield high
amounts of lovastatin in rice cultures or angkak to be used for food and perhaps as food supplement.
Eight (8) Monascus strains were studied using the submerged fermentation technique. Screening was
done by thin layerchromatography (TLC), and the confirmation and quantification oflov astatin was done
by RP-HPLC and concentration was confirmed using standard grade lovastatin. Of the eight strains, M.
purpureus Went (JCM 6934) produced the highest lovastatin content, while the Philippine strain M.
purpureus UPLB-MNH-MCC 2108 followed as second highest. Using the latter, our local strain to
inoculate rice, the angkak produced was analyzed for lovastatin by extraction in 7 5%ethanol and analysis
by TLC. Quantification oflovastatin from solid-substratefermentation can only be done by HPLC using a
photodiode array detector which we still have to acquire. Using TLC, with a standard, lovastatin was
identified in angkak rice and this showed that this was also a characteristic constituent of angkak rice,
aside from that detected in submergedfermentation. Red Yeast Rice or angkak, a product of fermenting
rice with Monascus spp., has a long history as a food colorant and a folk medicine in China. In many
Asian countries now, it is used in the preparation of cheese, brewing wine and liquor, while in the
Philippines angkak has long been used as coloring agent for bagoong and as preservative for meat and
fish. The top lovastatin producing Philippine strain from the above experimentwas mass produced on rice
and was tried as a cookie ingredient in the Food Science test kitchen of this campus. Citrinin content
which was analyzed by TLC prior to the sensory evaluation was found to be very low to be detected.
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Keywords: Monascus, angkak rice, RY R, lovastatin, hypocholesterolemic
Introduction
Monascus spp. belongs to the group of Ascomycetes of the Family Monascaceae and is known for its
ability to produce three types of pigments, namely: orange, yellow and red. Fo ur species have been
isolated from traditional oriental food,however, Monascus purpureus, is the most well studied by Went
in 1985. This species is known for its production of the purple angkak pigment which is now used for
various purposes in food found in Asian countries. Aside from its coloring properties and of improving
the taste offood, Monascus has also been recorded in the ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia by the great
pharmacologist Li Shizen ofthe Ming dynasty as a medical agent for improving dige stion, revitalizing the
blood and strengthening the spleen and stomach (Hsieh et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2006). Recent studies
have shown that angkak can inhibit and prevent increase in total cholesterol, low -density lipoprotein
cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides and acts as antioxidative, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial agent
(Erdogrul and Azikar 2005). Monascus colorants have long history ofconsumption in Asia yet, no reports
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have shown that it poses hazard to human health. Some researchers, however, reported that
some Monascus strains produce citrinin which is a nephrotoxin. This has led to the controversy about the
safety ofangkak. However, more recent researches conducted by Allok (2004) and Chen, et. al (2009)
and Lee et al. 2010 confirmed that angkak poses no threat to human health.
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The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by monacolins is similar to the action of commercial statin
drugs (Journod and Jones, 2003). Monacolin K belongs to the polyketides and the structure thereof
shares similarity with HMG-CoA. Therefore, monacolin K competitively inhibits cholesterol synthesis
with HMg-CoA in producing mevalonate, resulting in the reductio n of cholesterol synthesis.
Lovastatin production can be donethrough solid-statefermentation (SSF) or submerged fermentation. A
comparison of both methods on lovastatin production was reported by Guanrong, et al.(2002). For
submerged fermentation, averageproductivity oflovastatin was observed to be higheston the 17 th day. For
solid-state fermentation, lovastatin production was slow for the first 8 days but a significant yield was
obtained in the latter phase, from the 20th day to the 30th day. Several analytical procedures have been
developed for the determination of lovastatin, based on thin layer chromatography (TLC), high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chrom-Mass spec (LC-MS). A detection method
established by Li et al.(2004) used HPLC with a photodioide array and tandem mass spectrometry
(MS/MS) where well resolved peaks ofthe seven main compounds of monacolin were profiled. Studies
done by Jaivel and Marimuthu (2010) and Samieeet al.(2003) both made use ofTLC as screening me thod
for several fungal strains and HPLC for confirmation of the presence of lovastatin and quantification.
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The present study therefore, aimed to find available strains of Monascus which can give a very good
yield oflovastatin using the submergedculturemethod, and producered yeast rice or angkak from these
strains. Further,this study would like to determine ifthe angkak samples also contain a good yield of the
lovastatin, even if they are incorporated in certain foods.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted at the Department of Food Science and Chemistry, College of Science and
Mathematics. Eight (8) Monascus strains, three of which were from the Japan Collection of
Microorganisms (JCM) and five from the UPLB-MNH- Microbial Culture Collection were used for the
screening. The submerged fermentation was chosen since the conditions are easier to replicate and
monitor. Preculture and production conditions were done according to Samiee et al. (2003) by adding
1mL ofspore suspension from strains grown on PDA onto a 40 mL seed medium, after which ten percent
seed broth was added onto the production medium, consisting of 5% glucose, 2% yeast extract, 3%
tomato paste, 2% oatmeal 1% sodium acetate, 0.5% ammonium sulphate, and 0.2% potassium
dihydrogen phosphate, The medium was adjusted to pH 7 and shaken (180 rpm) at 28 C for 7 days.
Extraction oflovastatin was done on the 7 -day samples according to Samiee et al.(2003) where fifty ml
production culturewas adjusted to pH3.0 using conc HCl, followed by the addition of ethyl acetate and
shaking at 180 rpm, ambienttemperature for 2 h. The samples were collected from the organic phase after
centrifuging at 1500g for 15 minutes.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to detect the presence of lovastatin. One and a half ml of the
organic phase concentrated to 50 uL using a block heater, 45 Cand spotted onto a PET-backed TLC plate.
The mobile phase was dichloromethane:ethyl acetate (70:30, v/v) and visualization ofthe spots was done
by exposing the plates to iodine vapour. Lovastatin standard (98% pure, Sigma) was used for
Rf comparison.
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Quantificaiton oflovastatin was done using HPLC. One and a half mL of the organic phase of each
positivesample in the TLC was completely evaporated and was dissolved in 1.5mL acetonitrile analyzed
by HPLC-LC20AD (Shimadzu Prominence, Kyoto, Japan), UV -Vis detector (23 5nm), a 150x4.6mm
Shim-pack CLC-ODS C18). The mobile phase was acetonitrile:water (60:40 v/v) and a flowrate of
1.5ml/min.
Angkak rice sample was obtainedfrom the Department ofFood Science and Chemistry from an on-going
study on angkak production for use as food ingredient. The method used for the solid state fermentation
using rice as substrate was from Dizon et al. (1984).Powdered angkak rice was extracted with 15ml of75%
ethanol at 30 C for one hour with shaking, 250 rpm (Chen and Hu 2005) and then the suspension was
centrifuged for 10min, 10,000 rpm prior to TLC analysis.
Results for the screening oflovastatin from Monascus and quantification oflovastatin were subjected to
one-way ANOVA at 0.05 level of significance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the eight Monascus strains used in this study. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was
carried out for the initial detection ofthe presence oflovastatin.Samples extracted by ethyl acetate, and
the standard were spotted onto a plastic-backed TLC plate (10cmx10cm) was developed inside a glass
chamber equilibrated with dichloromethane and ethyl acetate (7 0:30, v/v).
Monascus purpureus, Went JCM 6934
Monascus purpureus, Went JCM 22616
Monascus purpureus, Went JCM22621
Monascus anka, Nakazawa and Saito UPLB-MNH-MCC 2105
Monascus purpureus Went UPLB-MNH-MCC2106
Monascus purpureus Went UPLB-MNH-MCC 2108
Monascus sp. UPLB-MNH-MCC 2196
Monascus sp. UPLB-MNH-MCC 2197
Table 1. The eight Monascus strains used. (JCM=Japan Culture of Microorganisms; UPLB-Museum of
Natural History Microbial Culture Collection)
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The spots were visualized using iodinevapor which turned lovastatin to golden yellow. The Rf values of
the isolates were found to be 0.413± (0.0043). Using one-way ANOVA, results showed that there was no
significant differenceamong the eight cultures and the standard. All strains were shown to be positive for
lovastatin production. For confirmation and quantification of lovastatin, the extracts were analyzed by
RP-HPLC. Figure 1 shows the chromatogram of the isolates together with the standard.
Fig 1. Thin layer chromatograms of the extracts with the standard
lovastatin to confirm the spot.
Confirmation of the identity of lovastatin using HPLC
After screening for lovastatin using TLC, results showed that all eight strains were positive for lovastatin
production. For confirmation and quantification oflovastatin, All ofthe eight TLC positive cultures were
analyzed using HPLC. The analysis was done in triplicate. The peak of lovastatin was identified by
comparing the retention time with the corresponding lovastatin standard.All the cultures showed a peak
with retention times of5.408 ± (0.038) minutes for culture A, 5.416 ± (0.0043) minutes for culture B,
5.412 ± (0.0014) minutes for cultureC, 5.409 ± (0.0112) minutes for culture D, 5.422 ± (0.008) minutes
for culture E, 5.423 ± (0.027) minutes for culture F, 5.421 ± (0.016) minutes for culture G, and 5.410 ±
(0.047) minutes for culture H. The retention time ofthe lovastatin standard was 5.415 ± (0.008) minutes.
Using one-way Anova, results showed that therewas no significant differenceamong the retention time of
the eight culturesand the standard. Thus, it can be stated that all the eight cultures produced lovastatin.
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Quantification of lovastatin
Lovastatin was quantified using the equation generated from a standard curve. Figure 2 shows a graph
comparing the lovastatin content ofthe eight strains. As shown, strain A yielding the highest lovastatin
content (84.85 ppm).
Using one-way Anova, results showed that there was a significant difference among the eight cultures
used in this study F(7,16) = 412.608, 0.00<0.05.Results were then subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT) to determine which cultures are significantly different among the rest.
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Fig 2. Lovastatin
content of the eight cultures studied, analyzed by HJPLC, the highest Culture A showing a
lovastatin content of 84.85 ppm. Among the local starins Culture F showed the highest, at
38.9 ppm.
A comparison with high-yielding microbial sources reported in literature showed that lovastatin content
produced by the fungi-producing Aspergillus terreus (55 ppm), Penicillium funiculosom (19.3 ppm),
(Becker 2008), were very much less compared to our high-yielding strain A.
Identification of Lovastatin in Angkak Rice
Sample Produced Locally Using T LC
Powdered angkak rice was extracted with 7 5% ethanol and the extract was subjected to TLC using the
method described earlier. The Rfvalues ofthe rice-ethanol extract was calculated to be 0.418 ± (0.01511)
while the Rf value ofthe standard was 0.41533 ± (0.0037 9). Using one-way Anova, results showed that
there was no significant difference on the Rf value of the angkak rice sample and the standard. Figure 3
shows the chromatogram ofthe angkak rice sample extract with the lovastatin standard and that the r ice
samples also contained lovastatin similar to the submerged culture extracts.
Fig. 3. Thin Layer Chromatogram of the angkak rice sample
extract together with the standard.
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This detection method revealedthat lovastatin could be a characteristic constituent ofangkak rice or rice
fermented with Monascus strains. However, lovastatin from solid-state fermentation could further be
quantified more accurately using HPLC, with photodiode array detector, and this now being undertaken
in the lab.
Utilization of angkak in popular biscuits
A preliminary study was done to apply powdered angkak in such popular snack item as biscuits, just like
in Taiwan. Although angkak has been proven to contain compounds contributing to good health, such as
Monacolin K, issues on its safety is currently being considered.Presence of citrinin should be monitored
and controlled in angkak. Thin-layer chromatography was used to detect citrinin in angkak samples.
Standard citrinin has an Rf value of 0.686. A compound in angkak which was suspected to be citrinin
emitted a weak fluorescence and has an Rf value of 0.7 11 and 0.7 01 for samples extracted with 7 0%
ethanol and 95%ethanol, respectively. Standard citrinin emitted yellow green fluorescence but a weak
fluorescence was emitted by the angkak sample. By comparing the fluorescence emission of standard
citrinin and angkak samples and its corresponding Rf values, it was found out that citrinin in
our angkak sample was almost undetectable. Therefore, it was considered that angkak from Monascus
purpureus UPLB-MNH-MCC 2106 could be safe for human consumption. For the general acceptability
test, sign test was used to determine if the product was acceptable. Appearance/color, aroma, texture,
taste and overall acceptability from the sensory tests resulted in all acceptable. Figure 4 shows the locally
made angkak samples, the TLC for citrinin content and the biscuits made using the angkak as additive.
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Figure 4. The rice angkak samples (a) and biscuits made in the laboratory, and the test for presence of citirinin
using TLC (b). Standard citrinin is expected to emit a yellow-green chromophore, the blue fluorescent emissions
could be due to presence of monopurflouore, according to Hsu et al (2010.)
(a) (b)
Conclusion
A strain ofMonascus which our lab acquired from the Japan Culture of Microorganisms showed a very
high content (85ppm) oflovastatin in submerged culture, even higher than those reported in literatures.
A strain of Monascus purpureus acquired from the UPLB-MNH Culture collection was the highest
among the local Philippine strains at 39 ppm. The strain was cultured onto rice to make angkak and
determine if lovastatin was still synthesized. A TLC method was used and lovastatin was detected. A
preliminary utilization of the angkak rice in a popular biscuit formulation showed that the inclusion of
3g angkak did not affect the acceptability ofthe product.However, before sensory tests were done, a test
for presence ofcitrinin content was done and which showed an almost undetectable presence. Further
tests on lovastatin and citrinin, especially on solid substrates, are now being done using PhotodiodeArray
as detector for HPLC as especially recommended in literatures .
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