This study aimed to determine if maple sap could be used as a carbon source for growing probiotic lactobacilli and producing lactic acid. Two maple sap samples, Cetta and Pinnacle, were analyzed and found to contain sucrose, glucose, fructose, and various oligosaccharides up to a degree of polymerization of 5. When used in culture media, both maple sap samples supported increased growth of lactobacilli strains compared to a sucrose-based medium. Cetta sap was found to enhance lactic acid production more than Pinnacle sap, and contained higher levels of oligosaccharides including trisaccharides. Adding trisaccharides to the Pinnacle-based medium further stimulated the growth and lactic acid production
1) The document describes a study where maple sap was used as the sole carbon source for the bacteria Alcaligenes latus to produce the biopolymer poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
2) In shake flask experiments, A. latus produced 4.4 g/L of biomass and 77.6% PHB content when grown in maple sap, outperforming growth in sucrose medium.
3) A 10 L fermentor run using maple sap as the carbon source resulted in 4.2 g/L biomass and 77.0% PHB content, demonstrating the potential of maple sap as a renewable feedstock for PHB production.
This study developed a process for producing L-lactic acid from potato starch waste using Lactococcus lactis in a novel dialysis sac bioreactor. Fermentation in the bioreactor was compared to shake flask fermentation. The bioreactor allowed for complete starch consumption within 24 hours compared to 48 hours in shake flasks. Maximum lactic acid concentration and productivity in the bioreactor were 1.2-fold and 2.4-fold higher than shake flasks, respectively. L. lactis cells remained viable for 4 cycles in the bioreactor compared to 1 cycle in shake flasks, demonstrating improved recycling of cells.
This study aimed to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria from dairy products in Egypt with probiotic potential. Fifty-four isolates were obtained from samples including human milk, yogurt and raw milk. Eight isolates from different dairy products were found to be tolerant to low pH and bile salt and had antagonistic effects against pathogenic bacteria. Biochemical and physiological testing identified the isolates as belonging to Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus, and L. lactis. The isolates were also found to produce enzymes and have no hemolytic activity, indicating their potential as safe and effective probiotics.
Evaluation of the Glucuronic Acid Production and Other Biological Activities...IJMER
The document evaluates the production of glucuronic acid and other biological activities of fermented sweetened black tea fermented with Kombucha culture alone or in combination with different Lactobacillus strains isolated from Kefir grains. Key findings include:
1) Lactobacillus casei increased glucuronic acid production in fermented tea by 39.6% compared to Kombucha culture alone.
2) Lactobacillus plantarum enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of fermented tea to a greater level than normal fermented tea or mixes with other Lactobacillus strains.
3) The study suggests certain Lactobacillus strains from Kefir grains
Effects of Nitrogen Concentration and Culturing Temperatureon Lipase Secretio...IJRES Journal
This study examined the effects of nitrogen concentration and culturing temperature on lipase secretion and morphology of the Antarctic basidiomycetous yeast Mrakia blollopis SK-4. The key findings were:
1) At low nutrient concentrations, SK-4 took a mycelial form regardless of temperature, while at high nutrient concentrations it maintained a yeast form.
2) SK-4 formed the largest clear zone, indicating highest lipase activity, at 4°C when grown on media with high nitrogen concentration.
3) Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, SK-4 was observed to take a yeast-like morphology when actively secreting lipase in production medium.
Biochemical basis for malate over production in Actinomycete spp.Sakhmeet Patel
This document discusses actinomycetes found in various habitats and their ability to solubilize phosphate and produce organic acids. It focuses on two phosphate solubilizing actinomycete isolates, CR-16 and EC-11, obtained from cotton rhizosphere. CR-16 was found to overproduce malic acid, while EC-11 did not. The document aims to elucidate the pathway of malate overproduction in CR-16 through enzyme assays and gene expression studies of isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase. It also details the methods used, including culture revival, organic acid analysis, sugar utilization assays, enzyme extraction, primer design, RNA isolation,
Detection of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Peptide Isolated from Fe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) The document describes a study where maple sap was used as the sole carbon source for the bacteria Alcaligenes latus to produce the biopolymer poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
2) In shake flask experiments, A. latus produced 4.4 g/L of biomass and 77.6% PHB content when grown in maple sap, outperforming growth in sucrose medium.
3) A 10 L fermentor run using maple sap as the carbon source resulted in 4.2 g/L biomass and 77.0% PHB content, demonstrating the potential of maple sap as a renewable feedstock for PHB production.
This study developed a process for producing L-lactic acid from potato starch waste using Lactococcus lactis in a novel dialysis sac bioreactor. Fermentation in the bioreactor was compared to shake flask fermentation. The bioreactor allowed for complete starch consumption within 24 hours compared to 48 hours in shake flasks. Maximum lactic acid concentration and productivity in the bioreactor were 1.2-fold and 2.4-fold higher than shake flasks, respectively. L. lactis cells remained viable for 4 cycles in the bioreactor compared to 1 cycle in shake flasks, demonstrating improved recycling of cells.
This study aimed to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria from dairy products in Egypt with probiotic potential. Fifty-four isolates were obtained from samples including human milk, yogurt and raw milk. Eight isolates from different dairy products were found to be tolerant to low pH and bile salt and had antagonistic effects against pathogenic bacteria. Biochemical and physiological testing identified the isolates as belonging to Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus, and L. lactis. The isolates were also found to produce enzymes and have no hemolytic activity, indicating their potential as safe and effective probiotics.
Evaluation of the Glucuronic Acid Production and Other Biological Activities...IJMER
The document evaluates the production of glucuronic acid and other biological activities of fermented sweetened black tea fermented with Kombucha culture alone or in combination with different Lactobacillus strains isolated from Kefir grains. Key findings include:
1) Lactobacillus casei increased glucuronic acid production in fermented tea by 39.6% compared to Kombucha culture alone.
2) Lactobacillus plantarum enhanced the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of fermented tea to a greater level than normal fermented tea or mixes with other Lactobacillus strains.
3) The study suggests certain Lactobacillus strains from Kefir grains
Effects of Nitrogen Concentration and Culturing Temperatureon Lipase Secretio...IJRES Journal
This study examined the effects of nitrogen concentration and culturing temperature on lipase secretion and morphology of the Antarctic basidiomycetous yeast Mrakia blollopis SK-4. The key findings were:
1) At low nutrient concentrations, SK-4 took a mycelial form regardless of temperature, while at high nutrient concentrations it maintained a yeast form.
2) SK-4 formed the largest clear zone, indicating highest lipase activity, at 4°C when grown on media with high nitrogen concentration.
3) Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, SK-4 was observed to take a yeast-like morphology when actively secreting lipase in production medium.
Biochemical basis for malate over production in Actinomycete spp.Sakhmeet Patel
This document discusses actinomycetes found in various habitats and their ability to solubilize phosphate and produce organic acids. It focuses on two phosphate solubilizing actinomycete isolates, CR-16 and EC-11, obtained from cotton rhizosphere. CR-16 was found to overproduce malic acid, while EC-11 did not. The document aims to elucidate the pathway of malate overproduction in CR-16 through enzyme assays and gene expression studies of isocitrate dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and malate synthase. It also details the methods used, including culture revival, organic acid analysis, sugar utilization assays, enzyme extraction, primer design, RNA isolation,
Detection of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Peptide Isolated from Fe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Jam from Cola parchycarpa and ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study investigates proximate composition, vitamin contents, and sensory evaluation of jam produced from blends of Cola parchycarpa and orange. C. parchycarpa and orange were formulated in the ratio of 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 designated as COL, ORA and CO5, respectively. Protein content ranged from 0.76% to 1.01%, fat from 0.56% to 1.65%, fiber from 1.03% to 2.16%, ash from 0.43% to 0.80%, and carbohydrates from 72.53 to 77.52%. Vitamin A and Vitamin C were significantly (P < 0.05) high in sample COL. Sample CO5 (50% C. parchycarpa: 50% orange) had the highest mean scores in taste (8.30), flavor (7.90), aftertaste (8.30), spreadability (8.40), mouthfeel (8.30), and general acceptability (8.90). Highly nutritional and acceptable jam can be produced from blends of C. parchycarpa and orange.
Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Waste Processing to O...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Blue crab’ waste is a good source of valuable substances although only few studies are related to its use, especially concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis and recovery of compounds such as astaxanthin. Besides, the reuse of crab waste may reduce environmental pollution, add value to this residue and promote a social responsibility in several small fishery communities. Therefore, this study aimed to recover protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from blue crab waste by means of enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and bromelain. High hydrolysis efficiency, defined by hydrolysis degree (DH), was achieved with 3% alcalase (E/S), recovering 30% of protein in 120 minutes reaction. The highest extraction yield (3.1 ± 0.4% - w/w) and astaxanthin content (97.7 ± 14.3% μgastaxanthin/gresidue) were from demineralized sample under acid process (DERS), before carotenoid recovery. Thermogravimetric analysis of the sample with enzymatic deproteinization presented higher thermal stability and mass loss. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the blue crab processing waste proved to be efficient for the production of protein hydrolysates, mostly using 3% of alcalase enzyme related to the substrate (E/S). Additionally, it was possible to obtain chitin and astaxanthin-enriched extract from the hydrolyzed residue with enzymes, similar to what obtained through an alkaline deproteinization process and, consequently, promote improvements in the blue crab waste environmental management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the kinetics of yeast growth and production during fermentation. It defines fermentation as a process where yeast converts organic molecules like sugar into energy, carbon dioxide, and/or ethanol. The document outlines the objectives to determine kinetics parameters like the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) and saturation constant (Ks) using nonlinear regression and Lineweaver-Burk plots. It also aims to determine yield coefficients and project minimum and maximum cell mass, carbon dioxide, and ethanol production.
021614 lt yang-ethephon to enhance sucrose content in sugarcanenguyenvanlocbh
This document discusses research on increasing sucrose content in sugarcane through the use of ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound. It summarizes the following key points:
1) Field experiments found that spraying sugarcane crops with ethephon significantly increased sucrose content and yield. Ethephon increased green leaf numbers and chlorophyll content.
2) Studies examined the effects of ethephon on enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism.
3) Differential gene expression analysis identified genes regulated by ethephon related to primary metabolism, disease resistance, and stress response.
4) Cloning and analysis of sugarcane sucrose-related genes like ethylene receptors and sucrose phosphate synth
This research article studied the stability of vitamin C in homogenized fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Samples of broccoli, potatoes, spinach, strawberries, oranges, and tomatoes were homogenized and stored under refrigeration (0-5°C), conventional freezing (-10 to -20°C), or ultra-low freezing (<-55°C) for up to 7 days. Vitamin C was most stable in samples stored at ultra-low freezing, with no decrease after 7 days. Under refrigeration, the largest decreases were seen in raw spinach and broccoli, losing an average of 9.5 mg/100g and 33.1 mg/100g respectively after 1 day. With conventional freezing, losses were
This study evaluated the effects of four iodine-based teat disinfectants on milk iodide concentrations. The disinfectants varied in iodine level (0.25% vs 0.5%), viscosity, and application method. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows before, during, and after using the disinfectants. Introduction of iodine disinfectants increased milk iodide levels compared to the non-iodine control, but remained below acceptable limits for human consumption. Higher iodine concentration and spray application led to higher milk iodide levels than lower concentrations and dipping. The carefully controlled study showed small increases in milk iodide from iodine disinf
Rula Ehsan Shahin is a Jordanian national with a bachelor's degree in business administration from Hashemite University. She is fluent in Arabic and proficient in English. Her skills include advanced Microsoft applications, accounting, inventory management, and team leadership. Her work experience includes administrative and accounting roles at a medical supplies company, a secretarial position, and human resources roles in a pharmacy.
Nada Stanisic is a fashion designer from Belgrade, Serbia seeking a position in the fashion industry. She has experience working as a salesperson in boutiques from 2014 to 2015, where she assisted customers, kept changing rooms organized, and maintained a clean store environment. Stanisic graduated from The College of Textile - Design, technology and management in Belgrade in 2014 with a focus on textile and clothing design.
The log entries show that the RecBoot process attempted to connect 13 times between 11:20 AM and 12:40 PM, but reported a failure each time. The process named RecBoot failed to connect repeatedly over a two hour period.
This one sentence document contains three names: Gregoria, Annabell, and Parraga Pinargote. No other information is provided about these names or what they may refer to. The essential information is these three names with no other context given.
This document appears to be announcing the rankings for some sort of "Parents of the Year" award, listing the placements from 11th to 1st without providing any additional context about the award, criteria, or people being ranked.
Chinese students in Estes need to learn how to spell. Learning to spell words correctly is an important part of education and will help these students communicate more effectively through written language. Mastering spelling at a young age lays the foundation for strong writing skills later in their academic careers.
ARM Cortex -M3 based Motor Controling with Infineon Embedded Power ICsInfineon4Engineers
This Slideshare provides a variety of interesting information regarding Infineon Embedded Power ICs which target mainly the automotive market. In particular these are 3-phase motor control IC TLE987x and 2-Phase motor control IC TLE986x. Both chips are based on ARM Cortex -M3 and thus offer a lot of powerful opportunities.
Main applications of both ICs are driving high-end sunroofs, windows lifting, H-bridge DC motor controlling and much more. Interesting aspect is the software development tool chain Infineon provides with its motor control ICs.
O documento descreve as instalações e benefícios oferecidos aos funcionários da Google em seus escritórios na Suíça, incluindo refeições grátis, ginásio, áreas de descanso com lanches e bebidas gratuitas, flexibilidade de horário, e ambientes de trabalho criativos e descontraídos.
Min femte berättelse är en fristående fortsättning av Josephine. Alla mina berättelser handlar om transpersoner och deras liv, förhoppningar och möjligheter. Det är berättelser som är i fiktiv form, men platser och händelser kan ha verklighetsbakgrund, likaså med personerna i mina berättelser.
Publicerad i augusti 1998
Os fabulosos x men a saga da fenix negra parte 8Marcos Donato
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e bateria de longa duração. O dispositivo também possui processador mais rápido e armazenamento expansível. O novo modelo será lançado em outubro por um preço inicial de US$799.
Case Studies - How Wearables have used Reward-Based CrowdfundingKarsten Wenzlaff
This document lists several crowdfunding campaigns for wearable technology products, including the Pebble e-paper watch which raised over $10 million of its $100,000 goal on Kickstarter, the RITOT projection watch which raised over $1.3 million of its $50,000 goal on Indiegogo, and the Neptune Pine smartwatch which succeeded in raising $8 million Canadian dollars of its $100,000 Canadian dollar goal also on Kickstarter.
This document outlines the key processes and modules within a pharmaceutical ERP system. It includes processes for administration, purchasing, sales, accounting, stores and warehousing, production, excise transactions, and human resources. The main modules covered are master data, purchasing, sales, accounts, stores, production, and HR. Key transactions within each process like purchase orders, sales orders, inventory movements, and payroll are also summarized.
Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Jam from Cola parchycarpa and ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study investigates proximate composition, vitamin contents, and sensory evaluation of jam produced from blends of Cola parchycarpa and orange. C. parchycarpa and orange were formulated in the ratio of 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 designated as COL, ORA and CO5, respectively. Protein content ranged from 0.76% to 1.01%, fat from 0.56% to 1.65%, fiber from 1.03% to 2.16%, ash from 0.43% to 0.80%, and carbohydrates from 72.53 to 77.52%. Vitamin A and Vitamin C were significantly (P < 0.05) high in sample COL. Sample CO5 (50% C. parchycarpa: 50% orange) had the highest mean scores in taste (8.30), flavor (7.90), aftertaste (8.30), spreadability (8.40), mouthfeel (8.30), and general acceptability (8.90). Highly nutritional and acceptable jam can be produced from blends of C. parchycarpa and orange.
Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Waste Processing to O...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Blue crab’ waste is a good source of valuable substances although only few studies are related to its use, especially concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis and recovery of compounds such as astaxanthin. Besides, the reuse of crab waste may reduce environmental pollution, add value to this residue and promote a social responsibility in several small fishery communities. Therefore, this study aimed to recover protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from blue crab waste by means of enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and bromelain. High hydrolysis efficiency, defined by hydrolysis degree (DH), was achieved with 3% alcalase (E/S), recovering 30% of protein in 120 minutes reaction. The highest extraction yield (3.1 ± 0.4% - w/w) and astaxanthin content (97.7 ± 14.3% μgastaxanthin/gresidue) were from demineralized sample under acid process (DERS), before carotenoid recovery. Thermogravimetric analysis of the sample with enzymatic deproteinization presented higher thermal stability and mass loss. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the blue crab processing waste proved to be efficient for the production of protein hydrolysates, mostly using 3% of alcalase enzyme related to the substrate (E/S). Additionally, it was possible to obtain chitin and astaxanthin-enriched extract from the hydrolyzed residue with enzymes, similar to what obtained through an alkaline deproteinization process and, consequently, promote improvements in the blue crab waste environmental management.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This study evaluated the nutritional quality of treated and untreated Jatropha curcas seed meals used to formulate diets for rats. Proximate analysis showed the food intake and growth parameters like growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and food transformation index of rats were significantly better for diets made from treated seed meals compared to untreated meals. The differences were attributed to reductions in anti-nutrients like phorbol esters and trypsin inhibitors achieved through various treatments. This suggests treatments that reduce anti-nutrients can improve the nutritional value of Jatropha seeds and support animal growth without negative effects.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses the kinetics of yeast growth and production during fermentation. It defines fermentation as a process where yeast converts organic molecules like sugar into energy, carbon dioxide, and/or ethanol. The document outlines the objectives to determine kinetics parameters like the maximum specific growth rate (μmax) and saturation constant (Ks) using nonlinear regression and Lineweaver-Burk plots. It also aims to determine yield coefficients and project minimum and maximum cell mass, carbon dioxide, and ethanol production.
021614 lt yang-ethephon to enhance sucrose content in sugarcanenguyenvanlocbh
This document discusses research on increasing sucrose content in sugarcane through the use of ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound. It summarizes the following key points:
1) Field experiments found that spraying sugarcane crops with ethephon significantly increased sucrose content and yield. Ethephon increased green leaf numbers and chlorophyll content.
2) Studies examined the effects of ethephon on enzyme activities involved in sucrose metabolism.
3) Differential gene expression analysis identified genes regulated by ethephon related to primary metabolism, disease resistance, and stress response.
4) Cloning and analysis of sugarcane sucrose-related genes like ethylene receptors and sucrose phosphate synth
This research article studied the stability of vitamin C in homogenized fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Samples of broccoli, potatoes, spinach, strawberries, oranges, and tomatoes were homogenized and stored under refrigeration (0-5°C), conventional freezing (-10 to -20°C), or ultra-low freezing (<-55°C) for up to 7 days. Vitamin C was most stable in samples stored at ultra-low freezing, with no decrease after 7 days. Under refrigeration, the largest decreases were seen in raw spinach and broccoli, losing an average of 9.5 mg/100g and 33.1 mg/100g respectively after 1 day. With conventional freezing, losses were
This study evaluated the effects of four iodine-based teat disinfectants on milk iodide concentrations. The disinfectants varied in iodine level (0.25% vs 0.5%), viscosity, and application method. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows before, during, and after using the disinfectants. Introduction of iodine disinfectants increased milk iodide levels compared to the non-iodine control, but remained below acceptable limits for human consumption. Higher iodine concentration and spray application led to higher milk iodide levels than lower concentrations and dipping. The carefully controlled study showed small increases in milk iodide from iodine disinf
Rula Ehsan Shahin is a Jordanian national with a bachelor's degree in business administration from Hashemite University. She is fluent in Arabic and proficient in English. Her skills include advanced Microsoft applications, accounting, inventory management, and team leadership. Her work experience includes administrative and accounting roles at a medical supplies company, a secretarial position, and human resources roles in a pharmacy.
Nada Stanisic is a fashion designer from Belgrade, Serbia seeking a position in the fashion industry. She has experience working as a salesperson in boutiques from 2014 to 2015, where she assisted customers, kept changing rooms organized, and maintained a clean store environment. Stanisic graduated from The College of Textile - Design, technology and management in Belgrade in 2014 with a focus on textile and clothing design.
The log entries show that the RecBoot process attempted to connect 13 times between 11:20 AM and 12:40 PM, but reported a failure each time. The process named RecBoot failed to connect repeatedly over a two hour period.
This one sentence document contains three names: Gregoria, Annabell, and Parraga Pinargote. No other information is provided about these names or what they may refer to. The essential information is these three names with no other context given.
This document appears to be announcing the rankings for some sort of "Parents of the Year" award, listing the placements from 11th to 1st without providing any additional context about the award, criteria, or people being ranked.
Chinese students in Estes need to learn how to spell. Learning to spell words correctly is an important part of education and will help these students communicate more effectively through written language. Mastering spelling at a young age lays the foundation for strong writing skills later in their academic careers.
ARM Cortex -M3 based Motor Controling with Infineon Embedded Power ICsInfineon4Engineers
This Slideshare provides a variety of interesting information regarding Infineon Embedded Power ICs which target mainly the automotive market. In particular these are 3-phase motor control IC TLE987x and 2-Phase motor control IC TLE986x. Both chips are based on ARM Cortex -M3 and thus offer a lot of powerful opportunities.
Main applications of both ICs are driving high-end sunroofs, windows lifting, H-bridge DC motor controlling and much more. Interesting aspect is the software development tool chain Infineon provides with its motor control ICs.
O documento descreve as instalações e benefícios oferecidos aos funcionários da Google em seus escritórios na Suíça, incluindo refeições grátis, ginásio, áreas de descanso com lanches e bebidas gratuitas, flexibilidade de horário, e ambientes de trabalho criativos e descontraídos.
Min femte berättelse är en fristående fortsättning av Josephine. Alla mina berättelser handlar om transpersoner och deras liv, förhoppningar och möjligheter. Det är berättelser som är i fiktiv form, men platser och händelser kan ha verklighetsbakgrund, likaså med personerna i mina berättelser.
Publicerad i augusti 1998
Os fabulosos x men a saga da fenix negra parte 8Marcos Donato
A empresa de tecnologia anunciou um novo smartphone com câmera aprimorada, maior tela e bateria de longa duração. O dispositivo também possui processador mais rápido e armazenamento expansível. O novo modelo será lançado em outubro por um preço inicial de US$799.
Case Studies - How Wearables have used Reward-Based CrowdfundingKarsten Wenzlaff
This document lists several crowdfunding campaigns for wearable technology products, including the Pebble e-paper watch which raised over $10 million of its $100,000 goal on Kickstarter, the RITOT projection watch which raised over $1.3 million of its $50,000 goal on Indiegogo, and the Neptune Pine smartwatch which succeeded in raising $8 million Canadian dollars of its $100,000 Canadian dollar goal also on Kickstarter.
This document outlines the key processes and modules within a pharmaceutical ERP system. It includes processes for administration, purchasing, sales, accounting, stores and warehousing, production, excise transactions, and human resources. The main modules covered are master data, purchasing, sales, accounts, stores, production, and HR. Key transactions within each process like purchase orders, sales orders, inventory movements, and payroll are also summarized.
Embedded World 2015: Sense2Go - 24GHz Sensor Solution for Industrial Applicat...Infineon4Engineers
With this slideshare presentation you will learn a lot about Infineon's Sense2Go Development Kit which provides everything for your own motion detection, door opener and warehouse smart lighting project.
The presentation is fully packed with detailed information about Infineon microcontroller, shows the Sense2Go evaluation boards, delivers a detailed snapshot of the Sense2Go PCB with all technical features and presents the complete roadmap for BGTxx ICs. Moreover you find the Infineon microcontroller portfolio which consists of XMC1100 on the lower end and XMC4500 at the upper end.
12 Tips for Creating Amazon Product Listings That Outsell The CompetitionGen Furukawa
Copywriting is the easiest way to boost your sales quickly and efficiently,
increase your conversions, improve your Best Sellers Rank & generate more profits.
In an overcrowded marketplace, good copy can highlight the
differences in your product and quickly show shoppers why your product is the obvious choice.
In this exclusive webinar, Amazon copywriting expert, Karon Thackston,
will reveal the top 12 techniques & approaches she the Marketing Words’
team use when producing million-dollar-selling listings for their clients – including her “secret sauce.”
Integration of sewage sludge digestion with advanced biofuel synthesiszhenhua82
The document describes integrating anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with advanced biofuel production. Sewage sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion under two conditions: 1) low pH control and 2) chemical inhibition of methanogens. Both treatments resulted in accumulation of acetic acid. Acetic acid from digestion was then used as a carbon source for a fungus (Mortierella isabellina) and engineered Escherichia coli to produce fatty acids. The engineered E. coli strain had higher fatty acid yield and produced both medium and long chain fatty acids, while the fungus mainly produced long chain fatty acids. The study demonstrated a potential process to combine anaerobic digestion with microbial cultivation to simultaneously treat sewage
Fungal cellulase xylanase production and corresponding hydrolysis using pretr...zhenhua82
Three pretreated corn stover (ammonia fiber expansion, dilute acid, and dilute alkali) were used as carbon source to culture Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for cellulase and xylanase production. The results indicated that the cultures on ammonia fiber expansion and alkali pretreated corn stover had better enzyme production than the acid pretreated ones. The consequent enzymatic hydrolysis was performed applying fungal enzymes on pretreated corn stover samples. Tukey’s statistical comparisons exhibited that there were significant differences on enzymatic hydrolysis among different combination of fungal enzymes and pretreated corn stover. The higher sugar yields were achieved by the enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute alkali pretreated corn stover.
This document summarizes a study that screened eight Monascus strains for their ability to produce lovastatin, an alternative to statin drugs. Strain M. purpureus Went (JCM 6934) produced the highest amount of lovastatin at 84.85 ppm. Angkak rice fermented with the local Philippine strain M. purpureus UPLB-MNH-MCC 2108 was found to also contain lovastatin. This showed that lovastatin is a characteristic component of angkak rice. A preliminary study found very low levels of the toxin citrinin in cookies made with angkak rice, showing it is safe for human consumption.
Studies on Lysine Accumulation in the Broth Culture of Bacillus Species using...ijtsrd
Lysine production in the broth culture of Bacillus species using carbohydrates as carbon source and seed meals as nitrogen source was investigated. Different carbohydrate and proteins seeds were sourced from an open market in Awka Anambra State South Eastern Nigeria and prepared in the laboratory using standard procedures. The carbohydrates carbon source and seed meals nitrogen source were added into Erlenmeyer flasks containing the basal medium and inoculated with different cultures of Bacillus subtilis PR13, B. subtilis PR9 and B. pumilus SS16. Maize hydrolysate recorded the highest reducing sugar 5.2mg ml , followed by sorghum 4.8mg ml and the least was recorded by sweet potato 2.1mg ml .The best carbon source for maximum lysine yield by B. subtilis PR13 was millet, while for B. subtilis PR9 and B. pumilus SS16 it was sorghum respectively. Maximum lysine production by B. subtilis PR13 was stimulated at a millet concentration of 6 , while enhanced lysine yield by B. subtilis PR9 and B. pumilus SS16 was observed at a sorghum concentration of 6 . The best nitrogen source for enhanced lysine yield by B. subtilis PR13 and B. pumilus SS16 was soyabean meal respectively, while for B. subtilis PR9 the best was peanut meal. Optimum lysine yield by B. subtilis PR13 and B. pumilus SS16 was observed at soyabean concentrations of 4 and 2 respectively, while maximum lysine accumulation by B. subtilis PR9 was observed at 4 . These findings indicate appreciable lysine production capability of Bacillus species when agricultural products are used as carbon and nitrogen sources. Okpalla J. | Ekwealor I. A. "Studies on Lysine Accumulation in the Broth Culture of Bacillus Species using Carbohydrates as Carbon Sources and Seed Meals as Nitrogen Sources" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21444.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/21444/studies-on-lysine-accumulation-in-the-broth-culture-of-bacillus-species-using-carbohydrates-as-carbon-sources-and-seed-meals-as-nitrogen-sources/okpalla-j
Preservative potentials of crude bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus tucce...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
effects on kefir properties and antioxidant activity during 4 weeks cold (4 °C) storage. Carob
flours differed in composition, mucilage yield, antioxidant activity and phenolic components analyzed by
HPLC. Bacterial count increased during the first week of kefir storage with carob supplementation
stimulating bacterial growth similar to inulin. Bacterial viability and titratable acidity of carob
supplemented kefir increased, whereas pH decreased during storage. The antioxidant activity of kefirs
generally increased during storage attaining maximum level at 14 days with the supplemented kefirs
exhibiting higher activity compared to the control plain kefir.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Production of α-amylase using new strain of Bacillus polymyxa isolated from s...IOSR Journals
In this study, a new amylase producer strain was isolated from sweet potato tuber. This strain was able to grow at 37 °C and produce α-amylase in high quantity compared to other standard strain cultures. In the first part, cultivation in shake flask in standard medium was carried out to give complete information about the growth and production kinetics of this strain. The results clearly demonstrate that the isolated strain is able to production α-amylase in submerged culture with concentration up to 2050 kat/L after 20 h cultivation. Furthermore, medium optimization was carried out by changing the starch concentration and cell cultivation in medium of mixed carbon source (composed of starch and glucose of ratio 15:5 g/g) to enhance the production process and to increase the growth rate. The volumetric and specific α-amylase production in this optimized medium were 4550 kat/L and 1060 kat/g, respectively. Further improvement in enzyme production process was achieved by scaling up the process from shake flask to 3-L stirred tank bioreactor under non-oxygen limiting condition. The maximal volumetric and specific α-amylase productions in bioreactor batch culture were 5210 kat/L and 1095kat/g, respectively, after only 14 h cultivation
Abstract— Biofuel production from microalgae biomass appears as a promising long term alternative. Dunaliella tertiolecta is a microalgae with high tolerance to salinity, temperature, and light, making it relatively easy to grow. The aim of this study was to establish a pilot-scale culture to evaluate the biomass yield and bioethanol production. The cell culture of D. tertiolecta was started in 20 ml tubes and escalated to 20 L containers. The biomass yield was 0.153 g L-1 of dry basis (db) and its characterization showed protein (37% db) as major component followed by carbohydrates (35.6), lipids (13% db) and ash (6.5%). The carbohydrate fraction was composed of starch (27.1% db) and fiber (8.5 %) and its neutral sugar characterization yield glucose (91% molar). The main components of the lipid fraction were linolenic and palmitic acids. The biomass was subjected to an acid pre-treatment for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates, and the hydrolyzed biomass was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was possible to produce 0.615 ml g-1 of ethanol. In conclusion, D. tertiolecta has the potential for bioethanol production, making it a promising option for the biofuels future.
The document summarizes the identification and characterization of an antimicrobial protein from the mucus of the stingray Potamotrygon cf. henlei. Through solid-phase extraction and chromatographic purification, a 16072.8 Da protein was isolated that showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast without hemolytic activity. Mass spectrometry and Edman degradation identified the protein as similar to the beta-chain of hemoglobin. Effects of the novel antimicrobial protein on the microcirculation were also evaluated. This represents the first description of a bioactive polypeptide isolated from stingray mucus.
Encapsulation of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 cells and evaluation of their s...Meng Xu
This document summarizes a study that encapsulated the probiotic Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 in pea protein isolate-alginate capsules to evaluate its survival during freeze-drying, storage, and under gastrointestinal conditions. The encapsulation process achieved a high yield of 85.69% and the capsules were freeze-dried. During freeze-drying, encapsulation did not improve survival compared to non-encapsulated cells. Storage tests at 22, 4, and -15°C found the highest survival (59.9%) for capsules stored at -15°C after 84 days. Capsules stored at -15°C showed weaker protection against gastric conditions compared to fresh
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized a potential probiotic bacterium from traditionally fermented pickled yam in India. Researchers screened 63 bacterial isolates for their ability to produce the enzymes alpha-amylase and beta-galactosidase. One isolate, identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, produced the highest levels of these enzymes. This isolate was then assessed for probiotic characteristics such as tolerance to acidic and bile conditions and antagonism against foodborne pathogens. The results suggest this isolate has potential applications as a probiotic and for industrial enzyme production.
Effect of Various Parameters on the Growth and Ethanol Production by Yeasts I...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
Two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from date juice and grapes and grown in YEPD medium. They were characterized for alcoholic fermentation using sugarcane molasses and their growth conditions were optimized with respect to pH and sugar concentration. Results revealed a temperature of 30ºC, pH 6.0 and 6.5% sugar concentration as optimum for fermentation. Stress tolerance tests showed that date juice isolate was highly tolerant to temperature, pH and high ethanol concentration in the medium. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisiae isolated from date-juice produced 7.75% of ethanol in molasses as estimated by Conway method.
Isolation and identification by pcr and analysis for probioticAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized Lactobacillus bacteria from dairy products in Iraq. Ten Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from 88 dairy samples using conventional culturing and identified using PCR and biochemical tests. The isolates were tested for probiotic properties including growth at different pH levels and salt concentrations as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogens. The Lactobacillus isolates produced inhibitory substances with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens, demonstrating their potential protective effects.
Isolation and identification by pcr and analysis for probioticAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized Lactobacillus bacteria from dairy products in Iraq. Ten Lactobacillus isolates were obtained from 88 dairy samples using conventional culturing and identified using PCR and biochemical tests. The isolates were tested for probiotic properties including growth at different pH levels and salt concentrations as well as antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The Lactobacillus isolates produced inhibitory substances with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against enteric pathogens, demonstrating their potential protective effects.
Chemical characterization of the immunomodulating polysaccharide of aloe vera l.Ximena
This document summarizes the chemical characterization of the polysaccharide isolated from Aloe vera gel, known as acemannan. It finds that acemannan has a backbone containing alternating β-(1,4)-linked mannose and glucose residues in a ratio of about 15:1. Single α-galactose side chains are attached to the O-2, O-3, or O-6 positions of some mannose residues in the backbone. NMR analysis of oligosaccharides generated by enzymatic and acid hydrolysis confirmed the presence of mannose, glucose, and galactose residues linked in a manner consistent with this structure. Previous models of the acemannan structure are called into question.
Isolation of Yeasts from Raisins and Palm-Juice and Ethanol Production in Mol...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
The alternative fuels are expected to satisfy the progressive demand for energy on the wake of the negative effects of fossil fuel on the atmosphere and resultant universal warming. In this study two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisae were isolated from Palm juice and Raisins. Both isolates were grown in Yeast extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) medium and characterized for alcoholic fermentation using molasses medium and optimized for pH, thermo-, osmo-, ethanol tolerance and sugar concentration. Results showed for ethanol fermentation, 31°C temperature, 6.01 pH and 6.50% sugar concentration is the prime condition. Raisin-isolate emerged as highly thermophilic and stress tolerant in nature. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisae isolated from Palmjuice produced 9.85% of ethanol in the medium. Creation of ethanol through fermentation appears to be a potential other fossil fuel and can be used as exclusive fuel in vehicles with dedicated engines or in fuel blends.
This document describes a study that used solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize metabolites produced during the biodesulfurization of two model organosulfur compounds, dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-diethyl-dibenzothiophene (DEDBT), by Rhodococcus sp. strain ECRD-1. The following metabolites were identified for DBT: DBT sulfoxide, DBT sulfone, dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxathiin 6-oxide (sultine), dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxathiin
This document summarizes a study that compared the genomes of two Shewanella bacteria (S. halifaxensis and S. sediminis) that are able to degrade the explosive RDX in cold marine conditions to other Shewanella genomes. The study found that the RDX-degrading bacteria had genomic adaptations for life in cold marine environments, including acquiring genes for sodium-dependent nutrient transporters to use sodium as an energy source. They also decreased their genome GC content and increased flexibility proteins to adapt to low temperatures. Compared to other Shewanella, they had more genes related to cytochromes and enzymes involved in RDX degradation pathways. One cytochrome in particular was found to degrade RDX through mono-denit
This study examined the sorption and desorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) in natural and model soil systems. The study found that the sorption of these nitroaromatic compounds increased with the number of amino groups in topsoil. It also observed significant hysteresis between sorption and desorption in topsoil. In nonsterile topsoil, it detected the formation of acetylated metabolites of 2,4-DANT over longer contact times.
This study examined biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons and microbial activity in contaminated sub-Arctic soils under seasonal freeze-thaw conditions. Pilot-scale experiments subjected soils to temperatures representative of post-summer freezing and pre-summer thawing periods. In nutrient-amended soils, semi-volatile hydrocarbons decreased 32% during freezing, compared to 14% in unamended soils. Microbial respiration and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were observed even at subzero temperatures when unfrozen water was present. Bacterial populations shifted with temperature changes, indicating adaptation to freeze-thaw cycles. The study suggests biodegradation potential exists under seasonal sub-Arctic temperature fluctuations.
This document describes the development of a sensitive in vitro bioassay to quantify the biological activity of phorbol esters in Jatropha oil. The researchers:
1) Confirmed that exposure to Jatropha oil triggered the same cellular response in MDCK cells as the model phorbol ester TPA.
2) Showed that Jatropha oil's phorbol esters activate protein kinase C, similarly to TPA.
3) Measured the expression of COX-2, an inflammation-related gene, in MDCK cells exposed to Jatropha oil and used this to quantify phorbol ester activity in terms of TPA toxic equivalents (TEQ).
This study used electron spin resonance and infrared spectroscopy to examine ivory fragments from Nimrud, Iraq to determine the extent of ancient pyrolysis and deterioration. Spectroscopic analysis of ancient ivory samples of different colors (black, blue-grey, cream) was able to ascertain thermal breakdown from non-thermal deterioration. Comparative studies on ancient ivory and modern ivory heated to high temperatures provided insights. Ash analyses of ancient ivories from different sites showed a complex relationship between color and composition that was influenced by burial conditions.
This document summarizes an ESR study of the photolysis of dicyclopentadienyltitanium dichloride. The study aimed to monitor the radicals formed under various conditions.
The main findings were:
1) Photolysis produced the cyclopentadienyl radical, providing direct evidence of its formation. It also formed a titanium(III) fragment.
2) In some solvents or with added reagents like pyridine, spectra indicated the presence of two distinct titanium(III) radicals with resolvable hyperfine structure.
3) Spin trapping with nitrosodurene was found to be unreliable, as the observed spectra could also be produced by photolysis of just the nitros
This document reports on research measuring the strength of silicon-hydrogen bonds in various silane compounds using photoacoustic calorimetry. The main findings are:
1) Silicon-hydrogen bond strengths are significantly weakened by the successive substitution of silyl groups, with the bond in tris(trimethylsilyl)silane having one of the weakest bond strengths measured at 79.0 kcal/mol.
2) Steric effects and radical stabilization may contribute to the weakening of the silicon-hydrogen bond from additional silyl substitutions, though the exact origin is unclear.
3) The weak silicon-hydrogen bond in tris(trimethylsilyl)silane
This document describes an interlaboratory study conducted by 11 laboratories to evaluate the precision and practicality of a nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method for determining the content of R-timolol impurity in S-timolol maleate samples. The study was designed according to ISO guidelines and involved qualitative and quantitative assessments of the method performances within and between laboratories. Statistical analysis of the results allowed estimation of variances within and between laboratories, days, and replicates to determine the method's repeatability and reproducibility. The estimated measurement uncertainty was found to be concentration-dependent above a certain threshold.
This document reports on an electron spin resonance study of the reactivity of alkylchlorotin radicals, RnC13-n* (n = 0-3), toward alkenes, alkyl bromides, and biacetyl. The radicals were generated by photolysis of cyclopentadienyltin compounds. Reactivity decreased as the number of chloro ligands increased, likely due to reduced interaction of the radical's highest occupied molecular orbital and the alkene or alkyl bromide's lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. All radicals reacted with biacetyl to form tin derivatives of butane-2,3-semidione, whose spectra and structures are analyzed.
1) Rhodococcus sp. strain Q15 was examined for its ability to degrade individual alkanes and diesel fuel at low temperatures of 0 and 5°C.
2) Q15 was able to mineralize short chain alkanes like dodecane and hexadecane to a greater extent than long chain alkanes like octacosane and dotriacontane at 0 and 5°C.
3) Q15 utilized a broad range of aliphatic hydrocarbons present in diesel fuel, including linear and branched alkanes, at 5°C.
The document summarizes research on the biodegradation kinetics of three nitrogen-substituted naphthalenes (1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 1-amino-2-methylnaphthalene) under aerobic conditions in flooded soil. The researchers found that mineralization of the compounds proceeded in two phases - an initial fast phase followed by a slower second phase. Sorption of the compounds onto the soil followed hyperbolic isotherms described by the Langmuir model. Initial mineralization rates obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics and were directly proportional to aqueous concentrations, reaching a maximum at 100 μg/g soil slurry. The second phase mineralization rates were
This document summarizes a study investigating the sorption and biodegradation of six nitrogen-substituted naphthalenes (I-VI) in flooded soil under different pH and redox conditions. The compounds showed curvilinear adsorption patterns. Adsorption of the ionizable amino-compounds (I-III) increased under acidic conditions, suggesting cation exchange is an important mechanism. Adsorption of the nonionizable nitro-compounds (IV, VI) did not vary with pH. Aerobic biodegradation occurred in two phases, with an initial fast phase followed by a slower phase. Methyl substitution increased adsorption but decreased biodegradation rates. All compounds showed recalcitrance under an
This document describes research on the degradation of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine), a common contaminant, using zerovalent iron nanoparticles (ZVINs) with and without stabilizing additives like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). RDX degradation rates with the different treatments followed the order CMC-ZVINs > PAA-ZVINs > ZVINs. Degradation involved initial denitration and reduction of RDX to nitroso intermediates like MNX and TNX before complete decomposition. When MNX and TNX were treated with
This document describes a new method for quantifying poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in microbial cells using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography. The method involves either methanolyzing or hydrolyzing PHB in samples to form methyl 3-hydroxybutyrate (Me-3-HB) or crotonic acid, respectively. These products are then extracted using SPME and analyzed by gas chromatography. The new SPME-based methods provide accurate results, are easier to perform than existing methods, and avoid use of hazardous chlorinated solvents. The document compares the new methods to the commonly used methanolysis/chloroform method and finds excellent agreement between all
This document summarizes a study on the aerobic biodegradation of RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) by Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22. Key metabolites identified during degradation included nitrite (NO2-), nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia, and formaldehyde. Isotope labeling experiments revealed that RDX carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and incorporated into a dead-end product with a molecular weight of 119. The proposed degradation pathway involves initial denitration of RDX followed by ring cleavage producing formaldehyde and the metabolite with a molecular weight of 119.
This study investigated the ability of two cyclodextrins (CDs), heptakis-2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (DMβCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), to desorb and solubilize 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its metabolites from contaminated soils. DMβCD was more effective than HPβCD at desorbing TNT, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-ADNT), and 2,4-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document summarizes an article that appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is provided to the author for non-commercial research and education purposes only. Other uses such as reproduction, distribution, selling or posting online are prohibited without permission. The document also provides a link for authors to view Elsevier's full archiving and manuscript policies.
The document discusses the analysis of key transformation products of the explosive RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) in groundwater samples from various US military sites. It finds that nitroso derivatives (MNX, DNX, TNX) and 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB) are stable under typical environmental conditions, but methylenedinitramine (MEDINA) is highly unstable. Adding 10% sea salts was found to stabilize MEDINA when samples were stored at 4°C. Appropriate preservation allowed detection of nitroso derivatives and NDAB, but not MEDINA, at some
1. ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Maple sap as a rich medium to grow probiotic lactobacilli
and to produce lactic acid
A. Cochu, D. Fourmier, A. Halasz and J. Hawari
Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Introduction
There has been an increased interest in the development
of nutraceuticals and functional foods, specifically in pro-
biotics. However, there has been an increase in the
demand for nondairy-based probiotic products. In a col-
loquium of the American Academy for Microbiology held
in Baltimore in November 2005 (report available at:
http://www.asm.org/Academy/index.asp?bid=2093) and in
a recent review (Sleator and Hill 2008), it was reported
that the use of probiotics could benefit human and ani-
mal health, specifically in the prevention or in the treat-
ment of irritable bowel syndrome, bladder and colon
cancer, urogenital infections, Clostridium difficile infec-
tions, atopic eczema, asthma and diarrhoea caused by
Rotavirus in children. Most probiotics belong to the lactic
acid bacteria (LAB) family, with many species of Lacto-
bacillus, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus
casei and Lactobacillus plantarum.
In addition to the interest in lactobacilli themselves, lac-
tic acid, which is the primary metabolite of LAB, is widely
used in pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic, textile and
food industries. Lactic acid is also used as an acidulant, a
preservative agent, and as precursor for the production of
base chemicals or biodegradable polymers such as polylac-
tic acid (PLA; Vickroy 1985; Kharas et al. 1994). The
worldwide demand for lactic acid is increasing constantly,
and is estimated roughly to range between 130 000 and
150 000 metric tonnes per year (Mirasol 1999). Presently,
lactic acid is commercially produced by fermentation of
sugar cane (Patil et al. 2006; Timbuntam et al. 2006), corn
sugars (Mercier et al. 1992), beet molasses (Kotzamanidis
et al. 2002) and whey (Wee et al. 2006). Most of these agri-
cultural feedstocks first require a pretreatment such as
extraction or hydrolysis of their sugar content, to allow
bacterial fermentation to take place.
Forests in Eastern Canada can be considered as large
reservoirs of maple sap, which contains between 10 and
Keywords
lactic acid, lactobacilli, maple sap, probiotics,
trisaccharides.
Correspondence
Jalal Hawari, Biotechnology Research Institute,
National Research Council of Canada, 6100
Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Que´bec, H4P
2R2, Canada.
E-mail: Jalal.Hawari@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca
2008 ⁄ 0471: received 18 March 2008,
revised 18 July 2008 and accepted: 21 July
2008
doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02451.x
Abstract
Aims: To demonstrate the feasibility of growing lactobacilli and producing lac-
tic acid using maple sap as a sugar source and to show the importance of oli-
gosaccharides in the processes.
Methods and Results: Two maple sap samples (Cetta and Pinnacle) and puri-
fied sucrose were used as carbon sources in the preparation of three culture
media. Compared with the sucrose-based medium, both maple sap-based
media produced increased viable counts in two strains out of five by a factor
of four to seven. Maple sap-based media also enhanced lactic acid production
in three strains. Cetta sap was found to be more efficient than Pinnacle sap in
stimulating lactic acid production and, was also found to be richer in various
oligosaccharides. The amendment of the Pinnacle-based medium with trisac-
charides significantly stimulated Lactobacillus acidophilus AC-10 to grow and
produce lactic acid.
Conclusions: Maple sap, particularly if rich in oligosaccharides, represents a
good carbon source for the growth of lactobacilli and the production of lactic
acid.
Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides a proof-of-concept,
using maple sap as a substrate for lactic acid production and for the develop-
ment of a nondairy probiotic drink.
Letters in Applied Microbiology ISSN 0266-8254
500 Journal compilation ª 2008 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 (2008) 500–507
ª 2008 The Authors
2. 30 g l)1
of sucrose with trace amounts of glucose and
fructose. Previous studies revealed that it could be directly
used as a raw material without any pretreatment for the
production of exopolysaccharides by Enterobacter agglom-
erans (Morin et al. 1995) or for the production of poly-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by fermentation with Alcaligenes
latus (Yezza et al. 2007). The aim of this study was to
determine the suitability of maple sap for the production
of: (i) a high density of viable probiotic lactobacilli, and
(ii) lactic acid, a versatile chemical with potential indus-
trial and biotechnological applications.
Materials and methods
Maple sap
The maple saps were collected during the Spring of 2007,
immediately frozen and sterilized by filtration through a
0Æ22-lm filtration unit (Millipore) before use. Maple sap
designated Cetta was provided by Mr Djamel Rabia of the
‘Centre d’Expe´rimentation et de Transfert Technologique
en Ace´riculture’ (Cetta, Pohe´ne´gamook, Quebec, Canada).
Pinnacle maple sap was kindly provided by a personal
contact in Baldwin Mills (Quebec, Canada). Both sap
samples were harvested using tubular conduits collecting
system in the middle of March.
Chemical analysis of maple saps
All chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich. Sucrose, glucose
and fructose were analysed using high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC; Waters Chromatography divi-
sion, Milford, MA, USA) equipped with an injector
model 717, a model 600 pump and a 2414 refractive
index detector. The separation was made with an ICsep
ICE-ION-300 column (Transgenomic, San Jose, CA,
USA) of 300 mm · 7Æ8 mm i.d. and an ion guard GC-
801 column (Transgenomics). The mobile phase consisted
of a solution of 0Æ035 N sulfuric acid (pH 4) flowing at
0Æ4 ml min)1
. Analyses of total organic carbon (EPA
Method 415Æ1 modified 1999), metals (EPA Method 6020,
1994) and total nitrogen (ASTM D5291, 2007) in the sap
samples were conducted by Maxxam Analytique Inc.
(Montreal, Que´bec, Canada). Oligosaccharides with vari-
ous degree of polymerization (d.p.) such as raffinose,
stachyose, maltotriose and 1-kestose were analysed by
liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS)
using a Bruker micrOTOF-Q mass spectrometer attached
to a Hewlett-Packard 1200 series HPLC system (Bruker
Daltonics, Milton, Canada). The samples were injected
into a 5-lm pore size LC-NH2 column (4Æ6 mm
i.d. · 250 mm; Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) at 35°C.
The solvent system was composed of a mixture of
CH3CN (70% v⁄ v)⁄ H2O (30% v⁄ v) at a flow rate of
1 ml min)1
. For mass analysis, positive electrospray ioni-
zation mode was used producing sodium adduct ions
[M+Na]+
. The mass range was scanned from 100 to
800 m⁄ z. In order to better characterize the trisaccharides
found in Cetta sap, the LC-MS method was modified by
eluting the sap through an LC-NH2 column using a sol-
vent mixture composed of acetonitrile (82%) and water
(18%) at a flow rate 1Æ5 ml min)1
. As described before,
trisaccharides were detected as their sodium adduct mass
[M+Na]+
using electrospray mass spectrometry in the
positive ionization mode.
Media
One litre of a sucrose-based medium was prepared by mix-
ing the following autoclaved solutions: 50 ml of a 400 g l)1
stock solution of veggietones pea (Oxoid), 25 ml of a
200 g l)1
stock solution of yeast extract (Difco), 10 ml of
a 200 g l)1
stock solution of K2HPO4 (Sigma), 10 ml of a
5 g l)1
stock solution of MnSO4 (Sigma), 10 ml of a
20 g l)1
stock of MgSO4 (Sigma) and 895 ml of a filtered-
sterilized sucrose solution at 22 g l)1
(purified sucrose; EM
Science, Gibbston, NJ), providing 20 g l)1
of sucrose in the
final mixture. The maple sap-based media were prepared
similarly, using 895 ml of either maple sap Cetta or Pinna-
cle instead of the 22 g l)1
sucrose solution. As determined
by HPLC, the final concentration of sucrose in the two
maple sap-based media, Cetta and Pinnacle, were 19Æ00 and
16Æ47 g l)1
, respectively. For some experiments, the Pinna-
cle-based medium was also amended with trisaccharides
such as raffinose and maltotriose, each one added at a final
concentration of 1 g l)1
.
Micro-organisms and growth conditions
Lactobacillus acidophilus R0240 and Lactobacillus helveticus
R0052 were kindly provided by Dr Thomas Tompkins
(Institut Rosell-Lallemand Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Can-
ada) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (designated strain AC-3)
was isolated from a fresh, commercial white cheese.
Two other lactobacilli, designated as L. casei AC-8 and
L. acidophilus AC-10 were isolated from a concentrated
nondairy-based commercial probiotic product. The iden-
tity of L. rhamnosus AC-3, L. casei AC-8 and L. acidophilus
AC-10 was confirmed by comparing their 16S rDNA gene
sequence, with the 16S rDNA sequences in the NCBI data-
base (data not shown; Altschul et al. 1997).
All bacterial strains used in this study were started
from a glycerol stock and streaked on De Man Rogosa
Sharpe (MRS) agar (De Man et al. 1960). MRS plates
were incubated at 37°C under anaerobic conditions (Gas
Pack anaerobic jar system, BBL). One CFU was used to
A. Cochu et al. Growing lactobacilli in maple sap
ª 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation ª 2008 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 (2008) 500–507 501
3. inoculate precultures in 10 ml of MRS broth for 16 h.
Two per cent (v⁄ v) of the MRS precultures were used to
inoculate 10 ml of a maple sap (Cetta and Pinnacle) or a
sucrose-based medium, which was incubated overnight at
37°C in 15 ml conical tubes (Falcon; BD Biosciences,
Franklin Lakes, NJ) under static conditions. Subsequently,
20-ml cultures were started in either maple sap or in
sucrose-based media by adding 2% (v⁄ v) of the corre-
sponding maple sap or sucrose preculture in 20-ml serum
bottles followed by incubation for 16 h at 37°C under sta-
tic conditions. At T0 of growth, initial bacterial popula-
tion was c. 7 log CFU ml)1
for all bacteria, except for L.
acidophilus R0240, which was c. 6 log CFU ml)1
.
Analysis of culture media
Aliquots of culture medium were collected and analysed
at T0 and after 16 h of incubation as follows: (i) 0Æ1 ml
was used to determine the viable cell count (CFU), which
was carried out by diluting the samples in 0Æ1% (wt ⁄ v)
peptone water, and spread plating in duplicate on soft
MRS agar plates, which were incubated at 37°C for 48 h
under anaerobic conditions (Gas Pack anaerobic jar sys-
tem, BBL); (ii) 1 ml was used to determine A600 nm; (iii)
3 ml was centrifuged at 12 000 g for 15 min, for pH anal-
ysis and analysis of lactic acid and residual sugars by
HPLC using similar conditions as those described before.
Results
Composition of maple sap samples
Table 1 describes the composition of both Cetta and Pin-
nacle maple sap samples. As determined by HPLC, both
Cetta and Pinnacle sap contained 21Æ0–18Æ2 g l)1
of
sucrose, respectively, and low concentrations of glucose
(0Æ1–0Æ15 g l)1
) and fructose (0Æ02–0Æ08 g l)1
). Cetta and
Pinnacle saps did not markedly differ in their total
organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations. How-
ever, the two sap samples differed in their nitrate, sulfate
and sodium content. For example, the concentration of
nitrate and sulfate were 5- and 20-fold higher in Cetta
sap, but in Pinnacle the concentration of sodium was
50-fold lower (data not shown). Calcium, magnesium and
manganese were also present in higher amounts in Cetta
sap than in Pinnacle sap; however, the potassium contents
were slightly similar in both saps (data not shown).
Characterization of oligosaccharides in maple sap
LC-MS analysis of Cetta and Pinnacle saps revealed the
presence of oligosaccharides with d.p. ranging from 3 to
5 (Fig. 1). The area of the peaks corresponding to oligo-
saccharides with a d.p. of 4 and 5 were found to be
greater in Cetta than in Pinnacle sap, but those corre-
sponding to trisaccharides (d.p. 3) were found to be c. 11
times greater in Cetta than in Pinnacle sap (5Æ6 · 107
and
4Æ8 · 106
, respectively) (Fig. 1).
To better characterize the d.p. 3 oligosaccharides shown
in Fig. 1, a modified LC-MS method was employed to
improve separation of overlapping signals to enhance
their detection. Figure 2a represents a typical LC-MS
chromatogram of trisaccharides in Cetta maple sap. The
peak at 25Æ2 min exhibits a sodium adduct mass
[M+Na]+
at 527 Da with a retention time (r.t.) similar to
that of 1-kestose (b-d-Fruf-(2 fi 1)b-d-Fruf(2 fi 1)a-
d-Glup). The minor LC-MS peak was observed with a
r.t. at 30Æ1 min and a [M+Na]+
at 527 Da and matched
the two trisaccharides, raffinose (O-a-galactopyrano-
syl(1 fi 6)a-d-glucopyranosyl-b-d-fructofuranoside) and
maltotriose (O-a-dd-glucopyranosyl-(1 fi 4)-O-a-d-
glucopyranosyl-(1 fi 4)-d-glucose), with each showing
the same r.t. at 30Æ1 min and [M+Na]+
at 527 Da. The
identities of these sugars and the major compound
eluting at 21Æ5 min will be discussed latter.
Growing lactobacilli in sucrose- and maple sap-based
media
The growth of L. acidophilus R0240, L. helveticus R0052
and L. acidophilus AC-10 resulted in a drop in pH (from
7Æ2 to below 4Æ5, not shown), and significant sucrose con-
sumption (1Æ3–6Æ0 g l)1
; Table 2). Whichever medium
was used, with the exception of L. acidophilus R0240 that
had low final bacterial counts, the viable counts of all
other strains reached c. 9 log CFU ml)1
after 16 h of fer-
mentation at 37°C (Fig. 3a). Extending the fermentation
time from 16 to 24 h did not result in an increased viable
count (data not shown). While L. rhamnosus AC-3,
L. acidophilus R0240 and L. casei AC-8 grew similarly in
the sucrose- and maple-based culture media, L. helveticus
R0052 and L. acidophilus AC-10 grew four to seven times
more in the maple sap-based media (Fig. 3a) and also
produced more lactic acid (1Æ89–4Æ94 g l)1
) than the
other strains (Fig. 3b). No other volatile organic acids
Table 1 Composition (in g l)1
) of the maple sap samples used
Sap component
Cetta maple sap
(Pohenegamook,
Quebec, Canada)
Pinnacle maple sap
(Balwin Mills,
Quebec, Canada)
Fructose 0Æ080 0Æ026
Glucose 0Æ145 0Æ098
Sucrose 21Æ001 18Æ201
Total organic carbon 10Æ300 9Æ210
Total nitrogen <0Æ100 <0Æ100
Growing lactobacilli in maple sap A. Cochu et al.
502 Journal compilation ª 2008 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 (2008) 500–507
ª 2008 The Authors
4. such as acetic acid were detected in the cultures. For all
cultures, except for L. casei AC-8, Cetta maple sap led to
higher lactic acid production than the Pinnacle maple
sap. It is interesting to note that L. helveticus R0052 and
L. acidophilus AC-10 both consumed increased amounts
of sucrose when grown in maple sap-based media
(Table 2). On the other hand, Table 2 shows that the
three other strains (AC-3, R0240 and AC-8) generally
consumed comparable amounts of sucrose in sucrose-
based and in Pinnacle-based media, but much less in
Cetta-based medium. To understand what factors in
maple sap could contribute to increased growth, sucrose
consumption and lactic acid production, complementary
experiments of bacterial growth in maple sap-based media
were performed.
Indeed, the two sap samples, Cetta and Pinnacle, varied
in their chemical compositions (Table 1) and we attrib-
uted the variation in lactic acid production (no significant
difference was observed on bacterial growth) between the
two samples as due to cumulative effect of maple sap
components. To demonstrate the effect of oligosaccha-
rides in promoting lactobacilli growth and in increasing
their lactic acid production, we monitored the disappear-
ance of the oligosaccharides initially present in the Cetta
maple-based medium. After 16 h of incubation, LC-MS
analysis showed that L. helveticus R0052 and L. acidophi-
lus AC-10 consumed c. 70% of the d.p. 4 oligosaccharide
appearing at 19Æ2 min and 50% of the major d.p. 3 oligo-
saccharides shown in Fig. 2a (data not shown). Since Pin-
nacle sap contained less oligosaccharides, we thus
amended the Pinnacle sap-based medium with a mixture
of two d.p. 3 oligosaccharides, raffinose (1 g l)1
) and
maltotriose (1 g l)1
) and used it to grow L. acidophilus
AC-10. Because A600 nm was previously found to perfectly
correlate with CFU (data not shown), this parameter was
used to measure bacterial growth. The lactobacilli grew
approximately three times more in the Pinnacle medium
amended with raffinose and maltotriose, and produced
double the concentration of lactic acid than when grown
in the nonamended Pinnacle medium (Table 3). It should
be noted that the average lactic acid concentration
obtained in the nonamended Pinnacle sap-based medium
presented in Table 3 is different from the average lactic
acid concentration previously shown Fig. 3b (2Æ95 and
1Æ89 g l)1
, respectively). Despite the fact that the 20-ml,
16-h culture was done similarly, the incubation times of
the precultures varied between the two experiments
explaining the variation observed.
d.p.3
d.p.3
d.p.4
d.p.4
d.p.5
d.p.3
d.p.3
d.p.4
d.p.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (min)
0·00
0·25
0·50
0·75
1·00
1·25
x104
Intens·
(a)
(b)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (min)
0·00
0·25
0·50
0·75
1·00
1·25
x104
Intens·
Figure 1 Liquid-chromatography–mass
spectrometry profile of the oligosaccharides
with degree of polymerization (d.p.) from
3 to 5 in Cetta (a) and Pinnacle (b) maple
saps obtained by ESI-Qq-TOF mass
spectrometer using positive ionization mode.
A. Cochu et al. Growing lactobacilli in maple sap
ª 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation ª 2008 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 (2008) 500–507 503
5. Discussion
In this study, we have investigated the use of maple sap
as a new feedstock for the production of probiotic lacto-
bacilli and lactic acid. The LAB strains were selected
based on their ability to yield high concentrations of via-
ble cells when grown on maple sap-based media (Fig. 3a).
Our results clearly demonstrate that (i) maple sap consti-
tutes a good carbon source; (ii) supported the growth of
L. rhamnosus AC-3, L. helveticus R0052, L. casei AC-8 and
L. acidophilus AC-10 at c. 9 log CFU ml)1
and (iii)
allowed L. helveticus R0052 and L. acidophilus AC-10 (the
best lactic acid producers of the study) to produce up to
5 g l)1
of lactic acid after 16 h of fermentation at 37°C in
Cetta sap-based medium (Fig. 3b). Figure 3 also shows
that L. rhamnosus AC-3 and L. casei AC-8 are good
candidates for production of probiotics because lactic
acid if produced would be in trace amounts. Viable bacte-
rial counts and lactic acid production were correlated
with significant sucrose consumption. These results show
that maple sap was favourable compared with other
sucrose-based feedstocks, such as beet juice and soymilk
0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (min)
0·0
0·5
1·0
1·5
x105
0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (min)
0·0
0·5
1·0
1·5
x105
0·0
0·5
1·0
1·5
x105
1-Kestose spiked maple sap
Raffinose spiked maple sap
Maltotriose spiked maple sap
0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (min)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (min)
0·0
0·5
1·0
1·5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
x105
Figure 2 Extracted ion chromatograms
([M+Na]+
at m ⁄ z 527) of the trisaccharides
from Cetta maple sap (a), 1-kestose spiked
(b), raffinose spiked (c) and maltotriose spiked
(d) Cetta maple sap.
Growing lactobacilli in maple sap A. Cochu et al.
504 Journal compilation ª 2008 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 (2008) 500–507
ª 2008 The Authors
6. containing 58 and 28 g l)1
of sucrose respectively, each of
which were shown to support the growth of lactobacilli
(8–9 log CFU ml)1
) and the production of lactic acid
(2Æ3–5Æ3 g l)1
) under similar culture conditions, i.e. batch
cultures conducted without pH control or lactic acid
removal (Garro et al. 1998; Yoon et al. 2005).
The increased lactic acid production and sucrose con-
sumption by L. helveticus R0052 and L. acidophilus AC-10
in Cetta maple sap compared with Pinnacle maple sap led
us to search for variations in their chemical compositions.
The maple sap samples came from two different regions
of Quebec and literature indicates that the location and
Table 2 Sucrose consumption (in g l)1
) by various lactobacilli after 16 h of fermentation in purified sucrose-based medium or in maple sap-based
media*
Strains
Sucrose-based
medium
Cetta-based
medium
Pinnacle-based
medium
Lactobacillus rhamnosus AC-3 1Æ05 ± 0Æ13 0Æ00 ± 0Æ04 1Æ01 ± 0Æ16
Lactobacillus acidophilus R0240 2Æ41 ± 0Æ29 1Æ26 ± 0Æ09 2Æ47 ± 0Æ13
Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 3Æ42 ± 0Æ04 5Æ64 ± 0Æ11 4Æ41 ± 0Æ08
Lactobacillus casei AC-8 0Æ92 ± 0Æ11 0Æ48 ± 0Æ09 0Æ95 ± 0Æ24
Lactobacillus acidophilus AC-10 3Æ20 ± 0Æ10 5Æ95 ± 0Æ03 4Æ57 ± 0Æ12
*The initial concentrations of sucrose in sucrose-, Cetta- and Pinnacle-based media were respectively, 20Æ0, 19Æ0 and 16Æ5 g l)1
. Glucose and fruc-
tose were totally consumed by all cultures.
7
8
9
10(a)
(b)
L. rhamnosus AC-
3
L. acidophilus
R0240
L. helveticus
R0052
L. casei AC-8 L. acidophilus AC-
10
logCFUml–1
0·00
0·83
0·92 0·75
0·35
1·98
4·94 4·82
0·00
1·20
1·98 1·89
0·00 0·00 0·00
0
2
4
6
L· rhamnosus AC-
3
L· acidophilus
R0240
L· helveticus
R0052
L· casei AC-8 L· acidophilus AC-
10
Lacticacidproduced(gl–1
)
Figure 3 Bacterial viable count (a) and lactic acid produced (b) by lactobacilli in sucrose-based (black), Cetta (white) or Pinnacle (grey) sap-based
media after 16 h of fermentation at 37°C. CFU, colony-forming units; L., Lactobacillus. Values indicate averages from two distinct cultures and
bars represent the SE.
A. Cochu et al. Growing lactobacilli in maple sap
ª 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation ª 2008 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 (2008) 500–507 505
7. several other factors that include, the age of maple trees,
period and method of maple harvest, will largely influ-
ence sap composition in terms of sugars, minerals, phe-
nolic compounds, vitamins and organic acids (Morselli
1975; Kuentz et al. 1976; Stuckel and Low 1996). Despite
the fact that some differences between the two saps were
noted in the concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, sodium,
magnesium and manganese, the amendment of sap with
culture medium components such as phosphate, yeast
extract, veggietones pea, manganese and magnesium likely
rendered these differences insignificant. Also because
sucrose was always partially consumed by the lactobacilli
cultures, the difference in sucrose concentration does not
explain the difference in growth and lactic acid produc-
tion observed in the two sap samples, Cetta and Pinnacle.
However, the most significant difference observed
between the two maple sap samples was in their content
of oligosaccharides. Both maple saps revealed the presence
of oligosaccharides with a d.p. ranging from 3 to 5. We
found that Cetta sap that contained a higher content of
oligosaccharides, particularly trisaccharides, showed a
slightly higher bacterial growth and higher yield of lactic
acid than Pinnacle. For example, Cetta sap was found to
contain 1-kestose as one of the two major trisaccharides
as confirmed by comparison with a reference standard
(Fig. 2a,b). The second major trisaccharide was tentatively
identified as neokestose (Fig. 2a) based on previous
assignment made by Haq and Adams (1961) who also
reported neokestose as a major trisaccharide in maple
sap. Whereas the minor LC-MS peak with a r.t. at
30Æ1 min was tentatively identified as raffinose as con-
firmed by Porter et al. (1954) who reported the presence
of this sugar based on detailed structural analysis of the
trisaccharide in maple sap. However, more recently Bazi-
net et al. (2007) suggested the trisaccharide to be a malto-
triose based on HPLC ⁄refractive index analysis alone.
Further confirmation to our assignments of the three tri-
saccharides was obtained by proper spiking of each ana-
lyte separately during HPLC analysis (Fig. 2b–d).
Literature reports indicated that raffinose-like oligosac-
charides could enhance the acidification rate and the pop-
ulation levels of strains of L. acidophilus and
Bifidobacterium lactis (Martı´nez-Villaluenga et al. 2005).
More recently, it was shown that also fructo-oligosaccha-
rides can enhance the production of various bacteriocins
by LAB (Chen et al. 2007) and the soybean fructo-oligo-
saccharides, inulin and raffinose, are able to enhance the
growth of various probiotic bacteria (Su et al. 2007). In
the present study, when the Pinnacle-based medium was
amended with the two trisaccharides, raffinose (1Æ0 g l)1
)
and maltotriose (1Æ0 g l)1
), L. acidophilus AC-10 grew
approximately three times faster and the lactic acid yield
increased from 2Æ95 g l)1
to 5Æ95 g l)1
.
In conclusion, our results revealed that maple sap can
be considered as a remarkable renewable feedstock for
developing a nondairy drink with probiotic lactobacilli.
Among the strains tested, L. rhamnosus AC-3 and L. casei
AC-8 represented the best choices for the probiotic drink
owing to their high viable cells count and low lactic acid
production. Finally, maple sap-based media may serve as
a convenient substrate for significant lactic acid produc-
tion by L. helveticus R0052 and L. acidophilus AC-10
without pretreatments of maple sap.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Ste´phane Deschamps, Chan-
tale Beaulieu, Louise Paquet, Karine Trudel and Alain
Corriveau for their excellent technical assistance. They
also thank Punita Mehta for the revision of the
manuscript.
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