This document proposes a new smart approach for efficient energy consumption management using machine learning techniques. It divides measured actual power data into training and validation portions to determine efficient energy consumption. Simulation results showed the approach can accurately reduce energy consumption and costs by lowering the maximum allowed power consumption over a 24-hour period for a single house. The approach connects to cloud services and uses Internet of Things technologies for real-time energy monitoring.
17 9740 development paper id 0014 (edit a)IAESIJEECS
This paper presents a Hybrid Artificial Neural Network (HANN) for chiller system Measurement and Verification (M&V) model development. In this work, hybridization of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are considered in modeling the baseline electrical energy consumption for a chiller system hence quantifying saving. EP with coefficient of correlation (R) objective function is used in optimizing the neural network training process and selecting the optimal values of ANN initial weights and biases. Three inputs that are affecting energy use of the chiller system are selected; 1) operating time, 2) refrigerant tonnage and 3) differential temperature. The output is hourly energy use of building air-conditioning system. The HANN model is simulated with 16 different structures and the results reveal that all HANN structures produce higher prediction performance with R is above 0.977. The best structure with the highest value of R is selected as the baseline model hence is used to determine the saving. The avoided energy calculated from this model is 132944.59 kWh that contributes to 1.38% of saving percentage.
Control energy management system for photovoltaic with bidirectional converte...IJECEIAES
Rapid population growth propels technological advancement, heightening electricity demand. Obsolete fossil fuel-based power facilities necessitate alternative energy sources. Photovoltaic (PV) energy relies on weather conditions, posing challenges for constant energy consumption. This hybrid energy source system (HESS) prototype employs extreme learning machine (ELM) power management to oversee PV, fossil fuel, and battery sources. ELM optimally selects power sources, adapting to varying conditions. A bidirectional converter (BDC) efficiently manages battery charging, discharging, and secondary power distribution. HESS ensures continuous load supply and swift response for system reliability. The optimal HESS design incorporates a single renewable source (PV), conventional energy (PNL and genset), and energy storage (battery). Supported by a BDC with over 80% efficiency in buck and boost modes, it stabilizes voltage and supplies power through flawless ELM-free logic verification. Google Colab online testing and hardware implementation with Arduino demonstrate ELM's reliability, maintaining a direct current (DC) 24 V interface voltage and ensuring its applicability for optimal HESS.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that discusses modernizing traditional grids into smart grids through renewable energy sources. It provides background on the motivation to transition to smart grids, including addressing environmental concerns from fossil fuels and the inability of traditional grids to integrate renewable energy. The document outlines key features of smart grids, including reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability, and enabling new energy markets. It also discusses challenges to smart grids, such as differences between energy generation and demand, transmitting power across grids, ensuring energy security, and developing standards to allow different technology components to work together.
Analysis of Electric Power Consumption using Smart Meter DataIRJET Journal
This document proposes an analytical model to analyze electric power consumption using smart meter data. The model consists of two modules: 1) A consumer-oriented module that clusters consumers with similar appliances and analyzes consumption patterns to provide customized recommendations for reducing usage. 2) A predictive module that uses historical consumption data to identify trends and predict future usage or irregularities. The proposed system first collects smart meter data, preprocesses it, then clusters consumers using k-means clustering based on appliance type and number. Consumption profiles are analyzed within each cluster to develop standards and suggest recommendations. Historical data is also used for predictive modeling and outlier detection.
IRJET- An Energy Conservation Scheme based on Tariff ModerationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an energy conservation scheme based on tariff modification for domestic users. It proposes a new tariff rate structure that provides incentives for low consumption and penalties for high consumption. This aims to motivate consumers to reduce energy usage without causing losses for electric utilities. The existing structure provides 100 free units, which does not encourage conservation and causes losses. The proposed system calculates bills based on consumed units and compares to averages to determine incentives or penalties. The goal is to reduce residential energy usage through this modified tariff approach.
Energy Management System in Smart Microgrid Using Multi Objective Grey Wolf O...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy management system for a smart microgrid using a multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm. The goals are to maximize the use of local renewable energy generation, minimize consumer energy costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It describes energy controllers that would manage energy sharing between providers and customers. The multi-objective grey wolf optimization technique is said to provide faster optimization than other methods. Simulation results reportedly show reductions in both pollution and energy consumption costs with this approach.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Muhammed Nazeem M to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The report discusses managing a smart grid power system using ZigBee technology. It provides background on renewable energy sources and their integration into smart grids. It also describes the benefits of smart grids, enabling technologies like ZigBee, and features of smart grid systems.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS IN SMART GRIDS: STATE OF THE ART AND EMERGING TR...ijaia
The electric grid is radically evolving into the smart grid, which is characterized by improved energy
efficiency of available resources. The smart grid permits interactions among its computational and physical
elements thanks to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICTs provide
energy management algorithms and allow renewable energy integration and energy price minimization.
Given the importance of renewable energy, many researchers developed energy management (EM)
algorithms to minimize renewable energy intermittency. EM plays an important role in the control of users'
energy consumption and enables increased consumer participation in the market. These algorithms provide
consumers with information about their energy consumption patterns and help them adopt energy-efficient
behaviour. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the energy management algorithms. We define
a set of requirements for EM algorithms and evaluate them qualitatively. We also discuss emerging tools
and trends in this area.
17 9740 development paper id 0014 (edit a)IAESIJEECS
This paper presents a Hybrid Artificial Neural Network (HANN) for chiller system Measurement and Verification (M&V) model development. In this work, hybridization of Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) are considered in modeling the baseline electrical energy consumption for a chiller system hence quantifying saving. EP with coefficient of correlation (R) objective function is used in optimizing the neural network training process and selecting the optimal values of ANN initial weights and biases. Three inputs that are affecting energy use of the chiller system are selected; 1) operating time, 2) refrigerant tonnage and 3) differential temperature. The output is hourly energy use of building air-conditioning system. The HANN model is simulated with 16 different structures and the results reveal that all HANN structures produce higher prediction performance with R is above 0.977. The best structure with the highest value of R is selected as the baseline model hence is used to determine the saving. The avoided energy calculated from this model is 132944.59 kWh that contributes to 1.38% of saving percentage.
Control energy management system for photovoltaic with bidirectional converte...IJECEIAES
Rapid population growth propels technological advancement, heightening electricity demand. Obsolete fossil fuel-based power facilities necessitate alternative energy sources. Photovoltaic (PV) energy relies on weather conditions, posing challenges for constant energy consumption. This hybrid energy source system (HESS) prototype employs extreme learning machine (ELM) power management to oversee PV, fossil fuel, and battery sources. ELM optimally selects power sources, adapting to varying conditions. A bidirectional converter (BDC) efficiently manages battery charging, discharging, and secondary power distribution. HESS ensures continuous load supply and swift response for system reliability. The optimal HESS design incorporates a single renewable source (PV), conventional energy (PNL and genset), and energy storage (battery). Supported by a BDC with over 80% efficiency in buck and boost modes, it stabilizes voltage and supplies power through flawless ELM-free logic verification. Google Colab online testing and hardware implementation with Arduino demonstrate ELM's reliability, maintaining a direct current (DC) 24 V interface voltage and ensuring its applicability for optimal HESS.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that discusses modernizing traditional grids into smart grids through renewable energy sources. It provides background on the motivation to transition to smart grids, including addressing environmental concerns from fossil fuels and the inability of traditional grids to integrate renewable energy. The document outlines key features of smart grids, including reliability, flexibility, efficiency, sustainability, and enabling new energy markets. It also discusses challenges to smart grids, such as differences between energy generation and demand, transmitting power across grids, ensuring energy security, and developing standards to allow different technology components to work together.
Analysis of Electric Power Consumption using Smart Meter DataIRJET Journal
This document proposes an analytical model to analyze electric power consumption using smart meter data. The model consists of two modules: 1) A consumer-oriented module that clusters consumers with similar appliances and analyzes consumption patterns to provide customized recommendations for reducing usage. 2) A predictive module that uses historical consumption data to identify trends and predict future usage or irregularities. The proposed system first collects smart meter data, preprocesses it, then clusters consumers using k-means clustering based on appliance type and number. Consumption profiles are analyzed within each cluster to develop standards and suggest recommendations. Historical data is also used for predictive modeling and outlier detection.
IRJET- An Energy Conservation Scheme based on Tariff ModerationIRJET Journal
This document discusses an energy conservation scheme based on tariff modification for domestic users. It proposes a new tariff rate structure that provides incentives for low consumption and penalties for high consumption. This aims to motivate consumers to reduce energy usage without causing losses for electric utilities. The existing structure provides 100 free units, which does not encourage conservation and causes losses. The proposed system calculates bills based on consumed units and compares to averages to determine incentives or penalties. The goal is to reduce residential energy usage through this modified tariff approach.
Energy Management System in Smart Microgrid Using Multi Objective Grey Wolf O...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an energy management system for a smart microgrid using a multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm. The goals are to maximize the use of local renewable energy generation, minimize consumer energy costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It describes energy controllers that would manage energy sharing between providers and customers. The multi-objective grey wolf optimization technique is said to provide faster optimization than other methods. Simulation results reportedly show reductions in both pollution and energy consumption costs with this approach.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Muhammed Nazeem M to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The report discusses managing a smart grid power system using ZigBee technology. It provides background on renewable energy sources and their integration into smart grids. It also describes the benefits of smart grids, enabling technologies like ZigBee, and features of smart grid systems.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS IN SMART GRIDS: STATE OF THE ART AND EMERGING TR...ijaia
The electric grid is radically evolving into the smart grid, which is characterized by improved energy
efficiency of available resources. The smart grid permits interactions among its computational and physical
elements thanks to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). ICTs provide
energy management algorithms and allow renewable energy integration and energy price minimization.
Given the importance of renewable energy, many researchers developed energy management (EM)
algorithms to minimize renewable energy intermittency. EM plays an important role in the control of users'
energy consumption and enables increased consumer participation in the market. These algorithms provide
consumers with information about their energy consumption patterns and help them adopt energy-efficient
behaviour. In this paper, we present a review of the state of the energy management algorithms. We define
a set of requirements for EM algorithms and evaluate them qualitatively. We also discuss emerging tools
and trends in this area.
Reinforcement Learning for Building Energy Optimization Through Controlling o...Power System Operation
This paper presents a novel methodology to control HVAC system and minimize energy cost
on the premise of satisfying power system constraints. A multi-agent architecture based on game theory and
reinforcement learning is developed so as to reduce the cost and computational complexity of the microgrid.
The multi-agent architecture comprising agents, state variables, action variables, reward function and cost
game is formulated. The paper lls the gap between multi-agent HVAC systems control and power system
optimization and planning. The results and analysis indicate that the proposed algorithm is benecial to deal
with the problem of ``curse of dimensionality'' for multi-agent microgrid HVAC system control and speed
up learning of unknown power system conditions.
Influence of Smart Technology in Power Systempavanrajawat5
This document discusses the influence of smart technology in power systems. It begins with an introduction to traditional power systems and their limitations. It then defines smart grids as power systems equipped with two-way communication that can improve efficiency, reliability, accommodate renewables, and locate faults. The document outlines the major components of smart grids including transmission and distribution automation, smart appliances, renewable energy sources, smart meters, and energy storage. It discusses problems and research gaps in these areas and inputs required. The motivation is to address issues with traditional systems through automated controls and technologies to achieve the benefits of smart grids.
Energy packet networks with energy harvestingredpel dot com
This document summarizes an energy packet network model that represents both the flow of work requiring energy and the flow of energy itself as discrete units. The model allows computation of the equilibrium state of a system including energy storage, transmission networks, consumers, and intermittent energy sources. The paper presents a stochastic model of energy packet networks inspired by queueing theory. It derives equations to compute the probabilities of energy storage units and workstations having pending units. The model is used to optimize utility functions considering consumer needs and reserve energy maintenance. Numerical examples apply the model and optimization to a remote sensing system with energy from photovoltaics and wind.
Optimization scheme for intelligent master controller with collaboratives ene...IAESIJAI
This paper explores the use of deep learning to optimize the performance of a peer-to-peer energy system with an intelligent master controller. The goal addresses inefficiencies caused by energy seasonality by predicting hourly power consumption through a deep learning algorithm. The intelligent master controller was designed to manage the collaborative energy system, and the deep learning technique was employed as an optimization scheme to forecast power system performance for more efficient utilization. The deep learning algorithm was trained using dataset from American electric power, where consumer load data serves as input, and forecasted power serves as output. The forecasted power was then used as input to the intelligent master controller, which determines suitable power supply for generation and storage based on the predicted demand. The experiment results show promising accuracy with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1819 for hourly energy consumption averaged over a year, 0.2419 for hourly energy consumption averaged over a month, 0.0662 for hourly energy consumption averaged per day, and 0.0217 for hourly energy consumption. These findings demonstrate that the system is well-trained and capable of accurately predicting the energy required by the intelligent master controller, thus enhancing the overall performance of the peer-to-peer energy system.
A survey to harness an efficient energy in cloud computingijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to
optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
This document summarizes various techniques for improving energy efficiency in cloud computing. It begins with an introduction to energy consumption problems in cloud computing such as energy sprawl and increased electricity costs. It then reviews 10 existing energy efficient models including workload consolidation, virtual machine power metering, renewable energy-aware migration, and energy-aware scheduling. Each model is evaluated based on the hardware/datasets used, tools, and parameters analyzed. The document concludes that while cloud computing can be more energy efficient, further technological solutions and enhanced frameworks are still needed to achieve optimal energy efficiency.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud
computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance,
shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to
develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to
optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on
reducing energy consumption
This document summarizes a research report on advancing energy management through smart metering systems from an operational perspective. The report discusses the limitations of traditional electricity meters and how smart meters can help overcome issues by providing consumers with more information on their energy usage. It outlines the objectives of the study, which include analyzing currently deployed smart metering systems, suggesting improvements, and studying consumer energy usage behaviors. The report also reviews the evolution of electricity meters and discusses the costs and benefits of smart metering systems for consumers and electricity suppliers.
Physical-data_Fusion_Modeling_Method_for_Energy_Co.pdfHieu Le Dinh
The document proposes a physical-data fusion modeling method to accurately analyze the energy consumption of smart buildings. It first presents thermal and electrical models to analyze a building's energy usage. It then uses a physical-data fusion approach to improve the modeling accuracy by modifying difficult-to-measure parameters in the physical model based on collected data. Case studies on a real-world dataset show the method achieves higher accuracy than traditional physical or data-driven modeling alone.
Optimal state estimation techniques for accurate measurements in internet of...IJECEIAES
This document presents techniques for optimal state estimation and forecasting in Internet of Things (IoT) enabled microgrids using deep neural networks (DNNs). It discusses using Kalman filters and variants as preprocessors to handle raw and missing sensor data. A formulated DNN approach is described to enable accurate component and system-level state estimation and forecasting. Experiments on the IEEE 118-bus system use real load data to test state estimation and forecasting. The research aims to develop novel DNN algorithms for power systems under dynamic conditions and time dependencies.
PVPF tool: an automated web application for real-time photovoltaic power fore...IJECEIAES
1) The document describes PVPF tool, a web application that provides 24-hour ahead forecasts of photovoltaic power production based on real-time weather data and a pre-trained machine learning system.
2) The tool imports temperature, solar irradiance, and PV production measurement data from the ASU weather station and a PV installation. This data is processed and fed into a neural network trained using the Bayesian Regularization algorithm.
3) Hourly power production forecasts for the next 24 hours are published in real-time on the renewable energy center's website as a power/time curve, along with actual measured production values once available.
A transition from manual to Intelligent Automated power system operation -A I...IJECEIAES
This paper reviews the transition of the power system operation from the traditional manual mode of power system operations to the level where automation using Internet of Things (IOT) and intelligence using Artificial Intelligence (AI) is implemented. To make the review paper brief only indicative papers are chosen to cover multiple power system operation based implementation. Care is taken there is lesser repeatation of similar technology or application be reviewed. The indicative review is to take only a representative literature to bypass scrutinizing multiple literatures with similar objectives and methods. A brief review of the slow transition from the traditional to the intelligent automated way of carrying out power system operations like the energy audit, load forecasting, fault detection, power quality control, smart grid technology, islanding detection, energy management etc is discussed .The Mechanical Engineering Perspective on the basis of applications would be noticed in the paper although the energy management and power delivery concepts are electrical.
Two-way Load Flow Analysis using Newton-Raphson and Neural Network MethodsIRJET Journal
The document presents a study comparing two-way load flow analysis using the Newton-Raphson method and a neural network method for networked microgrids. The optimal power flow problem is solved using both a conventional Newton-Raphson method and an artificial intelligence neural network method. Results show that the neural network method achieves minimum losses and higher efficiency compared to the Newton-Raphson method, with efficiencies of 99.3% and 97% respectively for the test networked microgrid system.
Peak load scheduling in smart grid using cloud computingjournalBEEI
In this paper present peak, energy management attainable is feasible by monitoring real-time readings of whole loads within the college premises victimization this schedule loads so energy saving is possible. Currently, cloud computing technology offer on-line real-time monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to create project supported cloud computing application for energy management that is employed for monitoring real time consumption of electricity and load planning. With respect to monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to be able to plot the load curves so it'll be useful in achieving optimum energy consumption for educational institute.
Efficient Energy Management System with Solar EnergyIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
1) The document proposes a two-stage classification method for improving energy disaggregation accuracy during non-intrusive load monitoring.
2) The first stage uses multiple classification models in parallel to process the aggregated signal and produce a binary detection score for each device.
3) The second stage uses fusion regression models to estimate the power consumption for each electrical appliance based on the outputs of the first stage.
4) The method was tested on three public datasets and showed improvements in estimation accuracy up to 4.1% overall and 10.1% for some devices, particularly continuous and nonlinear appliances.
Advance Data Mining - Analysis and forecasting of power factor for optimum el...Shrikant Samarth
Task: Execute a research project using data mining techniques
Approach: The topic chosen was ‘Analysis and Forecasting of Power Factor for Optimum Electric Consumption in a Household.’ Research question – What can be the best short term range of forecast for power factor patterns so that optimum energy consumption can be achieved for a household?
To answer the question, CRISM- DM method was used. The ARIMA machine learning model was developed using R.
Findings: The best short term range of forecasts for the power factor was achieved for 6 months and 12 months duration using the ARIMA model. The MAPE value for the ARIMA model was around 1.83.
Tools: Rstudio
This document provides an overview of Intelen Engineering's research on behavioral dynamics for building analytics with a focus on engagement. It discusses Intelen's approach to using social game mechanics and behavioral engineering to develop energy analytics systems that monitor, analyze, and predict energy consumption. The goal is to engage users to make smart energy decisions through tools like real-time feedback, social comparisons, gamification, and personalized incentives. Key aspects covered include energy data collection and analysis, smart grid integration, user interaction and motivation, and ensuring security, privacy and trust.
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
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Optimization scheme for intelligent master controller with collaboratives ene...IAESIJAI
This paper explores the use of deep learning to optimize the performance of a peer-to-peer energy system with an intelligent master controller. The goal addresses inefficiencies caused by energy seasonality by predicting hourly power consumption through a deep learning algorithm. The intelligent master controller was designed to manage the collaborative energy system, and the deep learning technique was employed as an optimization scheme to forecast power system performance for more efficient utilization. The deep learning algorithm was trained using dataset from American electric power, where consumer load data serves as input, and forecasted power serves as output. The forecasted power was then used as input to the intelligent master controller, which determines suitable power supply for generation and storage based on the predicted demand. The experiment results show promising accuracy with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.1819 for hourly energy consumption averaged over a year, 0.2419 for hourly energy consumption averaged over a month, 0.0662 for hourly energy consumption averaged per day, and 0.0217 for hourly energy consumption. These findings demonstrate that the system is well-trained and capable of accurately predicting the energy required by the intelligent master controller, thus enhancing the overall performance of the peer-to-peer energy system.
A survey to harness an efficient energy in cloud computingijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to
optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
A SURVEY: TO HARNESS AN EFFICIENT ENERGY IN CLOUD COMPUTINGijujournal
Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud computing requires many tasks to be executed by the provided resources to achieve good performance, shortest response time and high utilization of resources. To achieve these challenges there is a need to develop a new energy aware scheduling algorithm that outperform appropriate allocation map of task to optimize energy consumption. This study accomplished with all the existing techniques mainly focus on reducing energy consumption.
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Cloud computing affords huge potential for dynamism, flexibility and cost-effective IT operations. Cloud
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reducing energy consumption
This document summarizes a research report on advancing energy management through smart metering systems from an operational perspective. The report discusses the limitations of traditional electricity meters and how smart meters can help overcome issues by providing consumers with more information on their energy usage. It outlines the objectives of the study, which include analyzing currently deployed smart metering systems, suggesting improvements, and studying consumer energy usage behaviors. The report also reviews the evolution of electricity meters and discusses the costs and benefits of smart metering systems for consumers and electricity suppliers.
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PVPF tool: an automated web application for real-time photovoltaic power fore...IJECEIAES
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Peak load scheduling in smart grid using cloud computingjournalBEEI
In this paper present peak, energy management attainable is feasible by monitoring real-time readings of whole loads within the college premises victimization this schedule loads so energy saving is possible. Currently, cloud computing technology offer on-line real-time monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to create project supported cloud computing application for energy management that is employed for monitoring real time consumption of electricity and load planning. With respect to monitoring knowledge, we have a tendency to be able to plot the load curves so it'll be useful in achieving optimum energy consumption for educational institute.
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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
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To answer the question, CRISM- DM method was used. The ARIMA machine learning model was developed using R.
Findings: The best short term range of forecasts for the power factor was achieved for 6 months and 12 months duration using the ARIMA model. The MAPE value for the ARIMA model was around 1.83.
Tools: Rstudio
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A new smart approach of an efficient energy consumption management by using a machine-learning technique
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 25, No. 1, January 2022, pp. 68~78
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i1.pp68-78 68
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
A new smart approach of an efficient energy consumption
management by using a machine-learning technique
Maha Yousif Hasan, Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 6, 2021
Revised Nov 22, 2021
Accepted Nov 27, 2021
Many consumers of electric power have excesses in their electric power
consumptions that exceed the permissible limit by the electrical power
distribution stations, and then we proposed a validation approach that works
intelligently by applying machine learning (ML) technology to teach
electrical consumers how to properly consume without wasting energy
expended. The validation approach is one of a large combination of
intelligent processes related to energy consumption which is called the
efficient energy consumption management (EECM) approaches, and it
connected with the internet of things (IoT) technology to be linked to Google
Firebase Cloud where a utility center used to check whether the consumption
of the efficient energy is satisfied. It divides the measured data for actual
power (Ap) of the electrical model into two portions: the training portion is
selected for different maximum actual powers, and the validation portion is
determined based on the minimum output power consumption and then used
for comparison with the actual required input power. Simulation results show
the energy expenditure problem can be solved with good accuracy in energy
consumption by reducing the maximum rate (Ap) in a given time (24) hours
for a single house, as well as electricity’s bill cost, is reduced.
Keywords:
Actual power
Energy consumption
Energy efficiency
Machine learning
Validation approach
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Maha Yousif Hasan
Department of Electrical Engineering, Baghdad University
Baghdad, Iraq
Email: m.salman1802m@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
The most recent research that deals with the energy consumption from the electricity consumers
which are saved in different ways to reduce the maximum rate of energy consumption through specific times,
many processes that be done to satisfy the useful or efficient energy consumption of these processes are
called energy management. This management can be connected with machine learning (ML) and many
works are dealt with it [1]-[3]. The research [4] presented a hybrid machine learning approach that includes
both unsupervised and supervised categorization. Consumers are classified depending on how similar their
normal electricity use routines are. To extract common electricity usage behaviors, an unsupervised
clustering approach is applied. A fuzzy ranking system for consumers, followed by a novel algorithm to
select great products. Consumer types and their preferences in terms of consumption. The algorithm for
supervised classification is used to categorize new customers and analyze the health of specific groups of
people. The proposed model is tested using real data from non-US users obtained through smart meters for a
year and a half. The findings showed that large or exceptional institutions have differently valued, although
medium and small entities, as well as similar building styles, may have the same features.
2. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
A new smart approach of an efficient energy consumption management by using … (Maha Yousif Hasan)
69
Montañez and Hurst [5] presented a machine learning comparison of unemployment prediction for
single home residents using derived features from smart meter electricity measurements. A variety of
nonlinear classifiers were evaluated and compared. The results are compared to a generalized linear model.
To ensure the works' long-term viability, they employed cross-validation regularly. The findings
demonstrated that the employment condition may be predicted. Using an area under the curve (AUC) of 74%,
sensitivity (SE) of 54%, and specificity (SP) of 83 percent. A multilayer neural network with leakage
followed by distance results with a polynomial kernel model and weighted discrimination was adopted. The
enhanced and distributed internet of things (IoT) technology network was also utilized to gather data.
In addition, the researchers of [6]-[8] aimed to examine recent studies on energy consumption
modeling and estimation in various areas. Governments can use their works to implement energy-saving
programs, for example, machine learning algorithms can estimate how much energy is consumed in a house
and it may also be used to estimate the future use of other sources of energy, such as electricity or natural
gas. These studies were based on the prediction of various energy types.
Yang et al. [9] proposed an energy estimation approach that uses the architecture, parallelization,
and bit-width of a deep neural network (DNN) to estimate its energy consumption. This approach can be used
to test and direct the design of energy-efficient DNNs by evaluating the various DNN architectures and
energy-efficient techniques that are currently being proposed in the field. A further work [10] proposed IoT
data collection and analysis; they suggest an energy-efficient approach; first, before transmission, they apply
a fast error-bounded loss compressor to the collected data, which is considered the most energy-intensive
component in an IoT system. They reconstructed the transmitted data on an edge node in the second step and
process it using supervised deep learning techniques. To substantiate their approach they use the context of
driving behavior monitoring in intelligent drive systems to verify their approach, in which blood tests data is
collected from the driver through a wireless body sensor network (WBSN) and wearable devices and sent to
an edge node for different stress tracking.
All of these related research works face challenges to work with or are not easy to understand,
moreover, they are not new works, and they are not mentioning how to satisfy the efficiency of energy
consumption without energy theft in their works even they use a well-known ML technique. In this work, we
use a new simplest one of the ML techniques, it differs from the previous methods presented above, we find
the efficient energy consumption data by detecting cases of theft that occur by some hackers of electrical
power transferred who have been supplied with quantities of electrical energy more than what is planned by
electrical power distribution circuits. The validation approach proposed as one approach of the efficient
energy consumption management (EECM) processes which have two types of data (approaches) that it can
be found in two ways; the first way is the traditional way, where the energy consumption data with the
amount of energy expenditure that must measure normally and periodically for one house every 24 hours by
using the traditional energy metering and then writing these un-useful data. The second way is newer and
smarter using the validation approach where the ML is involved to find the efficient energy consumption
smartly to find the useful result data (data without the amount of energy expenditure in it) [11]. EECM can be
built with large combination methods that are operated smartly with the precision and usefulness of the
smarter method.
2. PROPOSED PROCEDURE
In our work, we proposed the validation approach as one approach of the EECM approaches to
solving the problem of exceeding energy consumption and energy theft by specifying the higher active power
(Ap) for energy consumption, our proposed solution is one of the AI branches of the smartest ML
technology, where the problem arises from learning how to spend energy productively. As a result, the
validation strategy is simulated and executed in the MATLAB program. We proposed using (Ap) as an
estimated active power to overcome the issue of higher energy consumption (Ec), where the problem comes
due to a limited and useful way of energy-consuming. Then, by reducing the (Ap), we improve Ec's
performance and to see what effect it had on (Ec)'s behavior, and we see what happened to the (Ec)'s a cost
in terms of energy consumption as the (Ap) decreased. As a result, (Ap) compares the traditional and
estimated values to determine the difference in the (Ec) output values. To describe the (Ap) Methods, we
need first to know the electrical energy model and the mathematical model's types for our proposed solution.
2.1. Electrical energy model
Energy is described as the ability to perform work overtime period, people (the electrical
consumers) have learned how to convert energy from one type to another and then use it to do work, making
modern society possible. There are several different types of energy sources, which can be classified into two
types: renewable and nonrenewable [12]. Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources may use to generate
3. ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 25, No. 1, January 2022: 68-78
70
primary energy such as heat, or secondary energy such as electrical and hydrogen energies [13], [14]. In our
work, we take electrical energy as a case study which has two main categories: active and reactive powers,
and we consider the active power as the actual power transmitted to electrical devices such as electric
appliances, lighters, and heaters, and then the consumed electrical energy can be found by multiplying the
active power (𝐴𝑝) by the time taken to consume electrical energy (𝐸) as in (1):
𝐸 = 𝐴𝑝 × 𝑇 (1)
where (𝐴𝑝) has represented the actual power measured in kilowatts (kW) and (𝑇) is represented time
measured in hours [15]. The term energy efficiency [11], [12] refers to the ability can save the amount of
useful energy consumed by industrial equipment and distribution in comparison to the total of input energy
generated, the link between energy consumers and the energy consumption is the client-utility center, which
is responsible for finding the efficient energy consumption in a real-time by measured the energy-consuming
that specified by the parameters which influence on the overall energy consumption, the main formula of the
energy efficiency is a percentage ratio between useful consumption energy to total input energy as in (2):
𝐸𝐸 % = (
𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑖
) × 100% (2)
where (𝐸𝐸) is energy efficiency, (𝐸𝑐) is the energy consumed by consumers and (𝐸𝑖) is energy input [16], [17].
The energy input is represented how much energy reached the consumers from the government,
which may behave equal quantities reached them according to its government and energy output, every
ministry of electricity in the world provides its consumers with a certain amount of energy that differs from
its counterparts in other countries. These measurements were made in the State of Iraq, where the consumer
is provided with a quantity of electrical energy 53 (kilowatt-hours) that the citizen must comply with without
exceeding it to obtain (𝐸𝑐) is useful, and vice versa. Exceeding the permissible limit consumes electrical
energy, and it is warned that the power will be cut off from it if the permissible amount does not normalize
the electric current, therefore; the (𝐸𝑐) must be useful energy if all consumers consume with caution to
satisfy the energy efficiency formula with the best result. For that, we need to define the scale, which used to
measure the efficiency of the energy consumption that standard, called the power factor (𝑃𝑓) [18] for the
active power (𝐴𝑝). We need to know the actual power transmitted to nonlinear loads [19]-[21], such as
electric appliances, lighters, heaters, and laptops (kW); therefore, to calculate it we must first learn that the
current (I) lagging by 90 degrees behind the voltage (V) by an angle for the electrical loads that be used in
our houses, the vector diagram which is being used to describe currents and voltages that are perfectly
sinusoidal signals. The current vector can be divided into two components in this vector diagram: one in
phase with the voltage vector (component 𝐼𝑎) and the second is lagging 90 degrees (component 𝐼𝑟) [2] usually
the power factor (𝑃𝑓) is given in (3):
𝑃𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠φ (3)
After that, the (𝐴𝑝) can be described by the following expression:
𝐴𝑝 = V × 𝐼𝑎 = V × I × 𝑃𝑓 = V × I × 𝑐𝑜𝑠φ (4)
Now, we need to define a new term namely period of consumption (POC) which represents the
range between ending time and beginning time in hours for the consumption of different devices type. In our
research to find an appropriate and effective energy consumption mathematical model, we must first
determine the type of electrical nonlinear loads, we assumed two different examples to evaluate the
parameters of the energy consumption of our suggested system, we assumed a collection of devices in each
smart house, for satisfied the proposed EECM, we divided our devices into two groups (group x and group
y). The devices of the group (x) are the device used continuously 𝐷𝑥 is given in (6), and the devices were
located in the group (y) are the devices not used continuously 𝐷𝑦 is given in (7); therefore, the type of the
total device is given in (5):
𝐴𝑝 = V × 𝐼𝑎 = V × I × 𝑃𝑓 = V × I × 𝑐𝑜𝑠φ (5)
𝐷𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥1 + 𝑑𝑥2 + 𝑑𝑥3, … . . , 𝑑𝑥𝑖 (6)
where 𝑖 is the number of devices used continuously.
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𝐷𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦1 + 𝑑𝑦2 + 𝑑𝑦3, … . . , 𝑑𝑦𝑗 (7)
where 𝑗 the number of devices not used continuously.
We assumed four various devices in one house in this research. The (𝐴𝑝) consumption (kW) will be
in a low active if one device is operated or highly active if all devices are operating. Table 1 shows the actual
power consumption measurement for all four devices through 24 hours/day to register the active power for
each device exactly.
Table 1. Actual power consumption measurement
Device
type
Device name Device
number
(𝐴𝑝) consumption
(kW) low active
(𝐴𝑝) consumption
(kW) high active
start Time
(h)
End
Time (h)
POC
(h)
Group X Interior Lighting 5 0.06 0.3 01 24 24
Group X Fridge 2 0.3 0.6 01 24 24
Group Y Air Condition 5 1.2 6 01 24 24
Group Y Washing Machine 2 1 2 01 24 24
In addition, the cost of the energy consumption in every house is calculated according to how much
active power is measured through one hour for the nonlinear loads so below putting a table used to specify
the cost of the energy consumption divided into six units according to the 𝐸𝑐 (kWh) which are determined by
the ministry of electricity in Iraq. The (𝐸𝑐) is the energy consumption for devices are consumed by the
consumers and 𝐶(𝐸) is the total price of the energy consumption for devices consumed through one hour by
the energy consumers as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. The energy consumption unit cost
Unit name 𝑈(𝐶(𝐸)) 𝐸𝑐 (kWh) (𝐶(𝐸)) ($)
A 0.1-1 0.5
B 1.1 - 10 1
C 10.1 - 20 2
D 20.1 - 30 3
E 30.1 - 40 4
F 40.1 - 53 4.768
2.2. Mathematical model analysis
There are two types of mathematical models according to the electrical nonlinear load's type which
is represented by the number of hours of continuous or intermittent consumption of the electrical device,
group x, and group y, to find the final formula of the output data for our proposed EECM process, we do the
following analysis:
2.2.1. Mathematical model (group X) devices
Fixed load devices are another name for this type of device. This means that switching on from one
time to another, interrupting the work of such devices is not essential, or it is used for approximately a fixed
number of hours per day. Used continuously devices need a limited time to complete their working start time.
This group includes interior lighting and fridges. The mathematical models' devices of group x for the actual
power consumption is given in (8):
𝐴𝑝𝑥 = 𝑉
𝑥 × 𝐼𝑥 × 𝑃𝑓 = 𝑉
𝑥 × 𝐼𝑥 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠φ (8)
where (𝐴𝑝𝑥) has represented the actual power measured (kW), (𝑉
𝑥) is the voltage (V) and (𝐼𝑥) the current in
group x. The total energy consumption is calculated for one day through 24 hours for one house by using (9):
𝐸𝑐(𝑥) = ∑ (𝐴𝑝𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥(𝑇))
24
𝑇=1
(9)
where the parameters of this group are: (𝐸𝑐(𝑥)) is the energy-consuming for the device used continuously,
𝑑𝑥(𝑇) is the device used for each device that is active in one time (T), 𝐷𝑥 and all devices are used
continuously. After that, we can calculate the total cost of consumed energy for devices used continuously.
𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑥)) for one house through 24 hours by using the following formula is given in (10):
𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑥)) = 𝑈(𝐶(𝐸)) × ρ(T) (10)
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where 𝐶(𝐸) is the cost of the energy consumption for each device used continuously.
We can be using data as shown in Table 2 to know any unit type of energy consumption 𝑈(𝐶(𝐸)),
and we can use this expression according to 𝐸𝑐(𝑥), ρ(T) represented if the device used in the house is on, it is
equal to one or if the device used in the house is off, it is equal to zero through period (T) hours.
2.2.2. Mathematical model (group Y) devices
Devices not used continuously are manual shifter devices that can be switched to any prime time
within 24 hours. It is also possible to stop these devices from working. Here is where we bring the air
condition, washing machine, coffee machine, scanner, microwave oven, tablet, vacuum cleaner, electric car,
iron, washer, and hairdryer. The mathematical models' devices of group y for the actual power consumption
is given in (11):
𝐴𝑝𝑦 = 𝑉
𝑦 × 𝐼𝑦 × 𝑃𝑓 = 𝑉
𝑦 × 𝐼𝑦 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠φ (11)
where (𝐴𝑝𝑦) has represented the actual power measured (kW), (𝑉
𝑦) is the voltage (V) and (𝐼𝑦) the current in
group y.
The total energy consumption is calculated for one day through 24 hours for one house by using the
following formula given in (12):
𝐸𝑐(𝑦) = ∑ (𝐴𝑝𝑦 × 𝑑𝑦(𝑇))
24
𝑇=1
(12)
where the parameters of this group are: 𝐸𝑐(𝑦) is energy-consuming for devices not used continuously, 𝑑𝑦(𝑇)
is the device not used for each device is active in one time (T) and 𝐷𝑦 are all devices not used continuously,
after that, we can calculate the total cost of consumed energy for devices not used continuously 𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑦))for
one house by using the following formula is given in (13):
𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑦)) = 𝑈(𝐶(𝐸)) × ρ(T) (13)
where 𝐶(𝐸) is the price of the energy consumption for each device not used continuously, we can be using
Table 2 to know any unit type of energy consumption 𝑈(𝐶(𝐸)) we can use this equation according to 𝐸𝑐(𝑦),
ρ(𝑇) represented if the device used in the house is on equal one or off to equal zero through period (T) hours.
Finally, by using the upper equations, we can find the final formula of the total energy consumption for one
house in all types of devices is given in (14):
𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑐(𝑥) + 𝐸𝑐(𝑦) (14)
where (𝐸𝑐) is the total energy consumption.
The total efficient energy consumption (𝐸𝐸𝑐) is given in (15):
𝐸𝐸𝑐% = (
𝐸𝑐(𝑥)+𝐸𝑐(𝑦)
𝐸𝑖
) × 100 % (15)
The total prices for energy consumption 𝐶(𝐸) is given in (16):
𝐶(𝐸) = 𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑥)) + 𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑦)) (17)
Moreover, the total prices for efficient energy consumption 𝐶(𝐸𝐸) are given in (17):
𝐶(𝐸𝐸)% = (
𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑥))+𝐶(𝐸𝑐(𝑦))
𝐶(𝐸𝑖)
) × 100 % (17)
where 𝐶(𝐸𝑖) is the total price for input energy consumption, it is depending on how much the input energy
consumption equals.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
We have two approaches of the EECM processes for calculating the (𝐴𝑝) consumption including the
traditional approach and the validation approach for calculating the electrical energy consumption. These two
approaches are tested and verified by using the estimated and measured data for one day per different times
for one house. The following sections describe how these two approaches are worked.
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73
3.1. Traditional approach
This approach faces the problem of exceeding energy consumption and theft, especially in the
summer season by using ordinary electric meters [3] in one house. If we assume that the type of all devices is
active and the current input is assumed to equal 10 Ampere and the input voltage is equal to 220 volts, so
the (𝐴𝑝) consumption is equal to 2200 watts; therefore, the total input energy is 𝐸𝑖 = 53 𝑘𝑤ℎ through 24
hours for one day in one house with 𝐶(𝐸𝑖)= 4.768 $, then by using the mathematical formula in the above
expressions, we calculated every parameter for one assumed house through different time (h) for one day in
one house, the (𝐴𝑝) consumption (kW) which is measured by using the electric meter, we can use the
MATLAB program to calculate the output data, we can calculate the total energy consumption (𝐸𝑐) for
devices of the group (x) and the group (y) through specific time (hours) by using the traditional approach.
3.2. Validation approach
To find a new method of our proposed model for electrical energy consumption to solve the
exceeding energy consumption and theft problem, we used one of the famous machine learning (ML)
methods, namely the validation approach [22]-[24]. The validation is an approach that was previously used
by the AI community, but here in our research the validation approach has been formulated again with a
radical change in the basics of its work with comprehensive change in the contents and basics of its work,
this approach is connecting with the internet of thing (IoT) smart technology over a Wi-Fi network to save
the management’s data in the Google Firebase Cloud to become smart treatment one approach for the An
efficient energy consumption management (EECM) approaches. So as the utility center is often checking
whether the efficient energy consumption is satisfactory and without any theft or wrong energy expenditure.
The validation approach used to find and learn a new electrical model for the 𝐴𝑝 and the input data T. The
validation approach aims to satisfy efficient energy consumption which means the output results (𝐸𝑐) must
be without the amount of energy expenditure; therefore; if the efficient energy is satisfied, then the validation
approach is finished else if the energy consumption data is choosing the different training data, the difference
between the training data and the input data is the key because no validation approach can achieve the desired
goal with invalid estimation data. This process is known as “generalization” [25]-[27]; however, it can
occasionally lead to “overfitting” [28]-[30] which is caused by corruption of the generalizable data (output
result with the amount of energy expenditure), lowered performance, and caused invalidity of the
generalization process so we propose a solution for this problem in our approach. The validation contained
some points to satisfy a good performance for the electrical model which has output results with the amount
of energy expenditure. The work procedure for the validation approach describes in the following points:
i) Firstly, we must divide our actual measured power data into groups for a specific time as follows:
a) The first group is “the training portion” which is chosen depending on the maximum actual
measured power means choosing old input and output data with and without the amount of energy
expenditure and it must be different from the input actual measured power data which means data
with the amount of energy expenditure.
b) The second group is “the validation portion” which is represented as the minimum rate of the 𝐸𝑐 of
the actual measured power as useful energy consumption (output result data without the amount of
energy expenditure).
ii) Secondly, the ratio of actual power measurement to energy consumption output is proposed to be at
ratio 9:3 because we suppose the training portion at (75%) from the training data as the training input to
the ML and we suppose the validation portion at (25%) from the training data to make their data smartly
as useful measured for actual power with a specific time or “the useful energy consumption output”
which means the lowered energy consumption that used by the consumers.
iii) The data in the validation portion is used just for tracking and evaluating a good performance for our
electrical energy model according to the following metrics:
a) If the output data have overfitting less than or equal to 10% then the energy consumption output is
useful for consumers, complete the validation approach.
b) If not that is meaning there is overfitting in our generalization process and we must update the
training data and go back to step 1.
The two portions of the validation approach can be shown in Figure 1 and the flowchart of the
validation approach procedure is shown in Figure 2. After updating the training process until the output data
have the energy expenditure less than or equal to 10% then the energy consumption output is useful for
consumers and the validation approach is complete. So, we got a new use for Ap consumption (kW) which is
measured in all seasons of one year by using the electric smart meter, and we have new output results (Ec
(KWh)) with a limited exceeding of the energy expenditure to less than or equal to 10%.
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Figure 1. Validation approach
Figure 2. The flowchart of the validation approach
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Our simulation work does use the MATLAB program to represent the calculations of the output data
by using the above-derived expressions. Simulation results show the difference between the output data of
the traditional approach and the output data of the validation approach for the estimations and measured
actual power demand in one day through the different time (hours) in one house, we noted the (𝐴𝑝) with
specific time is the heart of our electrical model in both approaches, this is especially helpful if the
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description is used in the validation portion to estimate nonlinear loads in our houses that are especially
resistant to variation in the rounding of the energy consumption by the electrical consumers, the validation
approach is satisfied the important aim which is how to reduce (𝐴𝑝) by learning how to use it suitably as
shown in Figure 3. So, we noted that the devices of the group (x) have a maximum rate of the (𝐸𝑐𝑥) /(KWh)
through the times (06, 08, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18) hours by using the traditional approach and the (𝐴𝑝𝑥 = 2.5𝐾𝑊)
and a maximum rate of the (𝐸𝑐𝑥)/(KWh) through the times (06, 08, 10, 12) hours by using the validation
approach the (𝐴𝑝𝑥 = 1.5𝐾𝑊), also we noted the devices of the group (y) have a maximum rate of the
(𝐸𝑐𝑦)/(KWh) through the times (12, 14, 16) hours the (𝐴𝑝𝑦 = 16𝐾𝑊) by using the traditional approach and
(𝐴𝑝𝑦 = 4𝐾𝑊) by using the validation approach as shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. The total energy consumption (𝐸𝑐 (KWh)
through time for the group x between two approaches
Figure 4. The total energy consumption (𝐸𝑐 (KWh))
through time for the group y between two
approaches
Also, we noted the two devices of the two groups (x) and (y) have a maximum rate of the (𝐸𝑐)
(KWh)) through the specific times (12, 14, 16) hours (𝐴𝑝 = 1.8𝐾𝑊) by using the traditional approach by
using the validation approach and (𝐴𝑝 = 1.4𝐾𝑊) that’s mean the (𝐴𝑝) is decreased in (0.4 KW) as shown in
Figure 5, we noted the maximum rate of the (𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑥) through the times (12, 14, 16) hours by using the
traditional approach the (𝐸𝑐𝑥 = 0.33 KWh) and the (𝐸𝑐𝑥 = 0.19 KWh ) by using the validation approach as
shown in Figure 6.
Figure 5. The total energy consumption (𝐸𝑐 (KWh))
through time (hours) for the group x and the group y
between two approaches
Figure 6. The difference of the total efficient energy
consumption (𝐸𝐸𝑐) for the group x through specific
time (hours) between two approaches
The maximum rate of the (𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑦) through the times (12, 14, 16) hours the (𝐸𝑐𝑦 = 3 KWh) by using
the traditional approach and the (𝐸𝑐𝑦 = 1.8 KWh) by using the validation approach as shown in Figure 7.
The two devices of the two groups (x) and (y) have a maximum rate of the (𝐸𝐸𝑐) through the specific times
(12, 14, 16) hours the 𝐸𝑐 = 3.4 KWh by using a traditional approach and the (𝐸𝑐 = 1 KWh) by using the
mean validation approach 𝐸𝑐 is decreased to 2.4 KWh as shown in Figure 8. The maximum rate of the
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time (hours)
Apx
/
(KW)
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
5
10
15
20
Time (hours)
Apy
/
(KW)
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Time (hours)
Apx
&
Apy/
(KW)
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (hours)
Ecx
/
(KWh)
traditional data
validation data
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(𝐶(𝐸𝐸𝑐)) through the specific times (12, 14, 16) hours have the (𝐶(𝐸𝑐) = 0.09 $) by using a traditional
approach and the (𝐶(𝐸𝑐) = 0.06 $) by using the validation approach that is mean the (𝐶(𝐸𝑐) is decreased by
0.03$. the (𝐴𝑝) to satisfy more efficient energy consumption and there is a clear difference in energy
consumption and (𝐴𝑝) among different device groups for nonlinear loads in one house that fit into the same
groups of the devices under the same specific time with the different measurement output data to be better
and more efficient as shown in Figures 9-11.
Figure 7. The difference of the total efficient energy
consumption (𝐸𝐸𝑐)% for the group y through specific
time (hours) between two approaches
Figure 8. The difference of the total efficient energy
consumption (𝐸𝐸𝑐)% for the group x and the group y
through specific time (hours) between two approaches
Figure 9. The total prices efficient energy
consumption 𝐶(𝐸𝐸)% for the group x of two
approaches
Figure 10. The total prices efficient energy
consumption 𝐶(𝐸𝐸) %for the group y of two
approaches
Figure 11. The total prices efficient energy consumption 𝐶(𝐸𝐸) % for the group x and the group y between
two approaches
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Time (hours)
Ecy
/
(KWh)
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Time (hours)
Ecx
&
Ecy
/
(KWh)
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Time (hours)
C(Ec(x))
/
$
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
Time (hours)
C(Ec(y))
/
$
traditional data
validation data
0 5 10 15 20
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time (hours)
C(Ec(x))
&
C(Ec(y))
/
$
traditional data
validation data
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5. CONCLUSION
Results of the mathematical modeling and power consumption are good for the devices of groups x
and y, as the two models differ only in the number of times (hours) that they are run and one cannot do
without the other, so the result of the two appears together, this work presented, the validation approach,
which is a modern and smart method, to create more efficient energy usage for the EECM based on AI in ML
techniques and it is output data (the energy consumption data in the traditional methodology with the energy
consumption data in the validation approach) are compared together, we found some interesting differences
between the (Ap) and (EEc) data for the traditional and the validation approach. This work comes with some
clear messages for us: the first approach includes descriptions with greater computational actual power, good
covering for the differences in an increase during the day but with successfully accuracy, good fitting with
energy expenditure, and with large overfitting for the variance in time (hours) at the day, but a validation
approach provides the data that is used to track and evaluate the good performance of the electric consumers,
to solve the problem of overfitting, and it is updating the training data more than once until the output data
contains overfitting in the energy consumption less than or equal to 10%, the output power consumption is
useful to consumers, the validation approach is completed, it means that the overfitting in the generalization
process has been eliminated, and it is estimated with greater accuracy, better fitting for the variance in time
(hours) at the day, therefore; we noted the 𝐶(𝐸𝐸) is decreased when the (Ap) is decreased then the (𝐸𝑐) and
the (𝐸𝐸𝑐) are decrease also which is lead to make the energy consumption is easy to become efficient with
know-how estimation a good use for the (𝐴𝑝) to satisfy more efficient energy consumption. Finally, we
present a case study of how energy consumption estimation may be used to educate the electrical model for
solving its energy expenditure problem and to make the EECM processes have stronger precision energy
consumption with lower cost by reducing the maximum rate of the (Ap) in the specific time (24) hours for
one house. In the future, we could take this research in the many houses in the city, country for one, many
months or years, and could increase public awareness of the importance of electrical energy to minimize the
high energy consumption and learn the electric consumers how to use the energy in a true way to reach
energy to all the city in a useful way without thieves of meter, hacking, and electricity theft. Additionally,
will use the specification of the simulation feature in the build’s tools of the google firebase cloud to simulate
the implementation results instead of the MATLAB program.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Maha Yousif Hasan received B.Sc. in Control Engineering at Technology
University (2007-2008), M.Sc. student in Electrical Engineering at Baghdad University (2019-
now). Finally, she published one paper in the Journal of Engineering as a researcher. She can
be contacted at email: mahayousif086@gmail.com.
Dheyaa Jasim Kadhim received B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering at Baghdad
University, he received M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering at Baghdad University (1999-2002)
and received Ph.D. in Communication and Information Engineering at Huazhong University
of Science and Technology in China (2006-2009). He received PostDoc. in Information
Technology at Wuhan University of Science and Technology in China (2011-2013). He is
currently a Faculty Member and Associative Professor of the Electrical Engineering
Department/Baghdad University, IEEE Member. During (2004-current), he joined Cisco
Academy and Huawei s Academy as an academic instructor and he get some important
certificates from these academies. He supervised many master's and doctorate students.
Finally, he published many papers and participated in many important international
conferences as a researcher or as an editor. He can be contacted at email: deya_naw@yahoo.com