This document proposes a new cryptosystem with four levels of encryption and discusses how parallel programming can improve efficiency. The four encryption levels are: 1) matrix transformation, 2) fractionification, 3) random number addition, and 4) change of radix. Data is first fragmented and each chunk encrypted separately with a unique key. Parallel processing allows each chunk's encryption and decryption to occur simultaneously. The decryption operations reverse the encryption steps to recover the original data.
1) The document proposes a hybrid 128-bit key AES-DES algorithm to enhance data security and transmission security for next generation networks.
2) It discusses some weaknesses in the AES encryption algorithm against algebraic cryptanalysis and outlines a hybrid approach that combines AES and DES algorithms.
3) The hybrid approach integrates the AES encryption process within the Feistel network structure of DES, using AES transformations like byte substitution and shift rows within each round of the DES Feistel network. This is intended to strengthen security by combining the advantages of both algorithms while reducing individual weaknesses.
DARE Algorithm: A New Security Protocol by Integration of Different Cryptogra...IJECEIAES
This document proposes a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm called DARE that integrates Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) for key generation, Data Encryption Standard (DES) for key scheduling, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) algorithms for encryption. It presents a block diagram of the algorithm and describes the key generation, encryption, and decryption processes. As an example, it generates keys using a passphrase and encrypts a sample message to demonstrate that the algorithm is achievable.
This document presents a block cipher that incorporates concepts from the Hill cipher and previous block ciphers developed by the authors. The cipher uses a key matrix K and encryption key bunch matrix E to encrypt plaintext P into ciphertext C. Decryption uses the inverse of K and a decryption key bunch matrix D to recover P from C. The cipher is strengthened by including Mix() and Imix() functions that diffuse bits during encryption and decryption rounds. Cryptanalysis shows the cipher is unbreakable against known attacks due to the diffusion achieved by superimposing Hill cipher and previous block cipher concepts. In 3 sentences or less, this document proposes and analyzes a block cipher combining aspects of Hill cipher and previous work, using key matrices for
SNMP Project: SNMP-based Network Anomaly Detection Using ClusteringLaili Aidi
This document contains implementation report of a system that is able to monitor the network using SNMP and identify the specific possible attacks (DoS and port scan) using a cluster analysis. In the first task, the program discovers the topology of the network. After successful discovery phase, it will be able to monitor the link utilization (network link-states) for a specified period of time, and then detect the anomaly, using k-means clustering scheme [1]. These anomalies will be analyzed to recognize the attack. Moreover, this program also provides an advance feature, which is defined as optional task, as it executes online monitoring and detects the attacks using Davies-Bouldin Index as quality scoring measurement [2].
--
Please contact trough lailiaidi at gmail.com for download request
Nearest Prime Cipher for Data Confidentiality and IntegrityEswar Publications
Communication is the process of transmitting information from source to destination. The information exchanged between sender and receiver through the proper channel. The information should not be stolen by unauthorized parties like hackers while sending or receiving via channel. To avoid this stealing of the information cryptography techniques are used. The key is playing prominent role in cryptography. This paper proposes a novel method for key generation by using nearest primes. Further 2’s complement and logical operations are
used in encryption and decryption process. The final cipher text is generated by representing the intermediate cipher in matrix form and then read by column wise.
A New hybrid method in watermarking using DCT and AESIJERD Editor
In this paper I'm trying to make a combination between the encryption by using one of the most
powerful algorithm called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt a secret message another word logo
and then embed it in the digital image in frequency domain by using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) in
low frequency to increase the robustness and then applying some attacks to check it.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) The document proposes a hybrid 128-bit key AES-DES algorithm to enhance data security and transmission security for next generation networks.
2) It discusses some weaknesses in the AES encryption algorithm against algebraic cryptanalysis and outlines a hybrid approach that combines AES and DES algorithms.
3) The hybrid approach integrates the AES encryption process within the Feistel network structure of DES, using AES transformations like byte substitution and shift rows within each round of the DES Feistel network. This is intended to strengthen security by combining the advantages of both algorithms while reducing individual weaknesses.
DARE Algorithm: A New Security Protocol by Integration of Different Cryptogra...IJECEIAES
This document proposes a new hybrid cryptographic algorithm called DARE that integrates Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) for key generation, Data Encryption Standard (DES) for key scheduling, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) algorithms for encryption. It presents a block diagram of the algorithm and describes the key generation, encryption, and decryption processes. As an example, it generates keys using a passphrase and encrypts a sample message to demonstrate that the algorithm is achievable.
This document presents a block cipher that incorporates concepts from the Hill cipher and previous block ciphers developed by the authors. The cipher uses a key matrix K and encryption key bunch matrix E to encrypt plaintext P into ciphertext C. Decryption uses the inverse of K and a decryption key bunch matrix D to recover P from C. The cipher is strengthened by including Mix() and Imix() functions that diffuse bits during encryption and decryption rounds. Cryptanalysis shows the cipher is unbreakable against known attacks due to the diffusion achieved by superimposing Hill cipher and previous block cipher concepts. In 3 sentences or less, this document proposes and analyzes a block cipher combining aspects of Hill cipher and previous work, using key matrices for
SNMP Project: SNMP-based Network Anomaly Detection Using ClusteringLaili Aidi
This document contains implementation report of a system that is able to monitor the network using SNMP and identify the specific possible attacks (DoS and port scan) using a cluster analysis. In the first task, the program discovers the topology of the network. After successful discovery phase, it will be able to monitor the link utilization (network link-states) for a specified period of time, and then detect the anomaly, using k-means clustering scheme [1]. These anomalies will be analyzed to recognize the attack. Moreover, this program also provides an advance feature, which is defined as optional task, as it executes online monitoring and detects the attacks using Davies-Bouldin Index as quality scoring measurement [2].
--
Please contact trough lailiaidi at gmail.com for download request
Nearest Prime Cipher for Data Confidentiality and IntegrityEswar Publications
Communication is the process of transmitting information from source to destination. The information exchanged between sender and receiver through the proper channel. The information should not be stolen by unauthorized parties like hackers while sending or receiving via channel. To avoid this stealing of the information cryptography techniques are used. The key is playing prominent role in cryptography. This paper proposes a novel method for key generation by using nearest primes. Further 2’s complement and logical operations are
used in encryption and decryption process. The final cipher text is generated by representing the intermediate cipher in matrix form and then read by column wise.
A New hybrid method in watermarking using DCT and AESIJERD Editor
In this paper I'm trying to make a combination between the encryption by using one of the most
powerful algorithm called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt a secret message another word logo
and then embed it in the digital image in frequency domain by using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) in
low frequency to increase the robustness and then applying some attacks to check it.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Enhancement of DES Algorithm with Multi State LogicIJORCS
The principal goal to design any encryption algorithm must be the security against unauthorized access or attacks. Data Encryption Standard algorithm is a symmetric key algorithm and it is used to secure the data. Enhanced DES algorithm works on increasing the key length or complex S-BOX design or increased the number of states in which the information is to be represented or combination of above criteria. By increasing the key length, the number of combinations for key will increase which is hard for the intruder to do the brute force attack. As the S-BOX design will become the complex there will be a good avalanche effect. As the number of states increases in which the information is represented, it is hard for the intruder to crack the actual information. Proposed algorithm replace the predefined XOR operation applied during the 16 round of the standard algorithm by a new operation called “Hash function” depends on using two keys. One key used in “F” function and another key consists of a combination of 16 states (0,1,2…13,14,15) instead of the ordinary 2 state key (0, 1). This replacement adds a new level of protection strength and more robustness against breaking methods.
A Universal Session Based Bit Level Symmetric Key Cryptographic Technique to ...IJNSA Journal
In this technical paper a session based symmetric key cryptographic technique, termed as SBSKCT, has been proposed. This proposed technique is very secure and suitable for encryption of large files of any type. SBSKCT considers the plain text as a string with finite no. of binary bits. This input binary string is broken down into blocks of various sizes (of 2k
order where k = 3, 4, 5, ….). The encrypted binary string
is formed by shifting the bit position of each block by a certain values for a certain number of times and from this string cipher text is formed. Combination of values of block length, no. of blocks and no. of iterations generates the session based key for SBSKCT. For decryption the cipher text is considered as
binary string. Using the session key information, this binary string is broken down into blocks. The decrypted binary string is formed by shifting the bit position of each block by a certain values for a certain number of times and from this string plain text is reformed. A comparison of SBSKCT with existing and industrially accepted TDES and AES has been done.
An optimal algorithm for mutual exclusion in computer networksSampson Akwafuo
The document proposes an algorithm for achieving mutual exclusion between nodes with minimal messaging. It uses sequence numbers and node IDs to determine priority. Only 2(N-1) messages are required. The algorithm guarantees mutual exclusion, avoids deadlock and starvation, and has minimal delay. It is optimal in terms of message complexity.
This document summarizes an article about implementing the RSA encryption/decryption algorithm on an FPGA. It begins with an overview of cryptography and the RSA algorithm. It then describes the key steps in RSA - key generation, encryption, and decryption. The main mathematical operations required for RSA are also summarized - modular addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. The document then presents the design of a 32-bit RSA decryption engine in VHDL, along with synthesis results showing its resource usage and maximum clock frequency on an FPGA. It concludes that an RSA decryption engine can be efficiently implemented on an FPGA using limited resources.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new symmetric block cipher algorithm similar to AES but with a 200-bit block size instead of 128 bits. It compares the power consumption and strict avalanche criteria of the proposed algorithm to other AES standards. The power consumption during encryption is up to 30% lower but decryption is 20% higher. The strict avalanche criteria shows the proposed algorithm meets security levels of AES. The algorithm is described in detail including key schedule, byte substitution, shift row, mix column, and add round key transformations.
The document describes the implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in Matlab. It includes:
1) An introduction to AES that describes its motivation, definitions, requirements and overall processes.
2) A high-level design section explaining the AES algorithm, its overall structure consisting of key expansion, encryption and decryption processes using operations like SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns and AddRoundKey.
3) A detailed design section describing the individual operations for both encryption and decryption, including pseudo-code. It also provides illustrations of the operations.
4) Sections on key expansion and results from implementing the AES algorithm in Matlab.
Secure Linear Transformation Based Cryptosystem using Dynamic Byte SubstitutionCSCJournals
Many classical cryptosystems are developed based on simple substitution. Hybrid cryptosystem using byte substitution and variable length sub key groups is a simple nonlinear algorithm but the cryptanalyst can find the length of each sub key group because the byte substitution is static and if the modulo prime number is small then byte substitution is limited to first few rows of S-box. In this paper an attempt is made to introduce the nonlinearity to the linear transformation based cryptosystem using dynamic byte substitution over GF (28). The secret value is added to the index value to shift the substitution to a new secret location dynamically. This adds extra security in addition to non-linearity, confusion and diffusion. The performance evaluation of the method is also studied and presented.
Brief Introduction to Error Correction CodingBen Miller
The document provides an overview of error correcting codes through the use of linear algebra. It discusses how error correcting codes work by encoding messages into codewords using a generator matrix, such that any errors introduced during transmission can be detected and corrected using a parity check matrix. Specific examples are given of implementing a [7,4,3] Hamming code manually and using linear algebra representations. The relationship between the generator and parity check matrices is explained, showing how they allow valid codewords to be in the nullspace of the parity check matrix for error detection and correction.
Multiple Dimensional Fault Tolerant Schemes for Crypto Stream CiphersIJNSA Journal
To enhance the security and reliability of the widely-used stream ciphers, a 2-D and a 3-D mesh-knight Algorithm Based Fault Tolerant (ABFT) schemes for stream ciphers are developed which can be universally applied to RC4 and other stream ciphers. Based on the ready-made arithmetic unit in stream ciphers, the proposed 2-D ABFT scheme is able to detect and correct any simple error, and the 3-D meshknight ABFT scheme is capable of detecting and correcting up to three errors in an n2 -data matrix with liner computation and bandwidth overhead. The proposed schemes provide one-to-one mapping between data index and check sum group so that error can be located and recovered by easier logic and simple operations.
“Proposed Model for Network Security Issues Using Elliptical Curve Cryptography”IOSR Journals
Abstract: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) plays an important role in today’s public key based security
systems. . ECC is a faster and more secure method of encryption as compared to other Public Key
Cryptographic algorithms. This paper focuses on the performance advantages of using ECC in the wireless
network. So in this paper its algorithm has been implemented and analyzed for various bit length inputs. The
Private key is known only to sender and receiver and hence data transmission is secure.
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) provides a secure
means of key exchange between communicating nodes using the
Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Exchange algorithm. This work
presents an ECC encryption implementation using of the DH
key exchange algorithm. Both encryption and decryption of text
messages using this algorithm, have been attempted. In ECC,
encoding is carried out by mapping a message character to an
affine point on an elliptic curve. It can be observed from the
comparison of the proposed algorithm and Koblitz’s encoding
method, that the proposed algorithm is as secure as Koblitz’s
encoding method and the proposed algorithm has less
computational complexity as the encoding phase is eliminated
altogether. Hence, energy efficiency of the crypto system is
improved and the same can be used in resource constrained
applications, such as Wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is
almost infeasible to attempt a brute force attack. The security
strength of the algorithm is proportional to the key length.
However, any increase in the key length results in more
communication overhead due to encryption.
Security Analysis of AES and Enhancing its Security by Modifying S-Box with a...IJCNCJournal
The document analyzes the security of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and proposes a modification to enhance its security. It summarizes AES, including its key expansion process, rounds, and steps. It then evaluates AES-128 security based on time security against brute force attacks and avalanche effect criteria. The authors propose modifying AES by XORing an additional random byte with the s-box value to increase time security and strict avalanche criterion. Security measurements of the modified AES sometimes fluctuate due to the random additional key.
1. Digital signatures provide authentication of digital documents by using asymmetric cryptography techniques. A digital signature is generated using a private key and can be verified by anyone using the corresponding public key.
2. There are various types of attacks against digital signature schemes like key-only attacks, generic chosen message attacks, and adaptive chosen message attacks. The security goals are to prevent total key breaks or the ability to forge signatures selectively or existentially.
3. A secure digital signature scheme must produce signatures that depend on the message, use secret information to prevent forgery and denial, be efficient to generate and verify, and make forgery computationally infeasible. Timestamps can be included to require message freshness.
RANDOMIZATION-BASED BLOCK CIPHER WITH KEY-MAPPED S-BOX SELECTIONijcisjournal
This document describes a new block cipher algorithm that uses randomization-based expansion and a substitution-permutation network with key-mapped S-boxes. The algorithm takes plaintext blocks of 240 bits and expands them to 256 bits using XOR with a randomly generated 16-bit string. It then performs 64 rounds of substitution and permutation on the expanded text. S-boxes are selected in each round based on subkey values, and CBC mode is identified as suitable for the algorithm. Analysis shows about 128 bits change between plaintext and ciphertext on average, providing resistance to correlation attacks.
The document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. It explains that stream ciphers encrypt data bit-by-bit or byte-by-byte, requiring a randomly generated keystream, while block ciphers encrypt fixed-length blocks, allowing for broader applications. It then focuses on the Feistel cipher structure for block ciphers, proposed by Feistel to approximate an ideal block cipher for large block sizes. The Feistel structure uses a product cipher approach involving substitutions and permutations to provide diffusion and confusion and resist statistical cryptanalysis.
This document outlines various marketing tasks and topics that can be covered over the course of a year to promote business growth. It includes recommendations to send out different types of mailers and emails on a regular basis, as well as developing marketing calendars, lead generation strategies, sales funnels, and content about topics like copywriting, referrals, sales scripts, and more. The goal is to provide businesses with ideas and resources to help achieve ongoing marketing success.
Jeffrey A. Tomalia has a Bachelor's degree in Entrepreneurial Business from Central Michigan University and is SAP TERP10 and DOT HazMat certified. He has over 3 years of experience as Operations Manager and Network Administrator for NanoSynthons LLC, where he maintained their network and ERP system, shipped products, and assisted with pricing and marketing. Prior to that, he had a full-time internship with NanoSynthons, where he designed and programmed their database and assisted with operations and marketing.
"PHP from soup to nuts" -- lab exercisesrICh morrow
This document provides instructions for setting up a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) development environment on Amazon Web Services (AWS) for completing a series of PHP/LAMP labs. It describes launching an EC2 Linux instance on AWS, installing the LAMP stack, and downloading lab code files. The labs cover topics like control structures, data types, input/output, forms, files, cookies, sessions, and regular expressions. Students are instructed to stop their EC2 instance each day to avoid costs when not in use.
TUW-ASE-Summer 2014: Advanced service-based data analytics: concepts and designsHong-Linh Truong
This document discusses concepts and designs for advanced service-based data analytics. It begins by outlining principles of elasticity for data analytics and discussing data analytics within a single system. Data analytics within a single system is complex but has limitations as it operates within a single domain and infrastructure. The document goes on to discuss performing data analytics across multiple systems and composable cost evaluation.
The document summarizes key findings from a 2014 report on giving trends among the top 300 UK charitable foundations:
- Foundation giving grew by 9.8% in real terms between 2010/12 and 2011/13, double the growth rate of US foundations, despite a nearly 10% decline in new donations to foundations in the preceding 18 months.
- The top 300 foundations account for about 90% of total private foundation giving in the UK, with the Wellcome Trust alone providing over 20% of total giving. Most foundations give under £10 million annually.
Enhancement of DES Algorithm with Multi State LogicIJORCS
The principal goal to design any encryption algorithm must be the security against unauthorized access or attacks. Data Encryption Standard algorithm is a symmetric key algorithm and it is used to secure the data. Enhanced DES algorithm works on increasing the key length or complex S-BOX design or increased the number of states in which the information is to be represented or combination of above criteria. By increasing the key length, the number of combinations for key will increase which is hard for the intruder to do the brute force attack. As the S-BOX design will become the complex there will be a good avalanche effect. As the number of states increases in which the information is represented, it is hard for the intruder to crack the actual information. Proposed algorithm replace the predefined XOR operation applied during the 16 round of the standard algorithm by a new operation called “Hash function” depends on using two keys. One key used in “F” function and another key consists of a combination of 16 states (0,1,2…13,14,15) instead of the ordinary 2 state key (0, 1). This replacement adds a new level of protection strength and more robustness against breaking methods.
A Universal Session Based Bit Level Symmetric Key Cryptographic Technique to ...IJNSA Journal
In this technical paper a session based symmetric key cryptographic technique, termed as SBSKCT, has been proposed. This proposed technique is very secure and suitable for encryption of large files of any type. SBSKCT considers the plain text as a string with finite no. of binary bits. This input binary string is broken down into blocks of various sizes (of 2k
order where k = 3, 4, 5, ….). The encrypted binary string
is formed by shifting the bit position of each block by a certain values for a certain number of times and from this string cipher text is formed. Combination of values of block length, no. of blocks and no. of iterations generates the session based key for SBSKCT. For decryption the cipher text is considered as
binary string. Using the session key information, this binary string is broken down into blocks. The decrypted binary string is formed by shifting the bit position of each block by a certain values for a certain number of times and from this string plain text is reformed. A comparison of SBSKCT with existing and industrially accepted TDES and AES has been done.
An optimal algorithm for mutual exclusion in computer networksSampson Akwafuo
The document proposes an algorithm for achieving mutual exclusion between nodes with minimal messaging. It uses sequence numbers and node IDs to determine priority. Only 2(N-1) messages are required. The algorithm guarantees mutual exclusion, avoids deadlock and starvation, and has minimal delay. It is optimal in terms of message complexity.
This document summarizes an article about implementing the RSA encryption/decryption algorithm on an FPGA. It begins with an overview of cryptography and the RSA algorithm. It then describes the key steps in RSA - key generation, encryption, and decryption. The main mathematical operations required for RSA are also summarized - modular addition, multiplication, and exponentiation. The document then presents the design of a 32-bit RSA decryption engine in VHDL, along with synthesis results showing its resource usage and maximum clock frequency on an FPGA. It concludes that an RSA decryption engine can be efficiently implemented on an FPGA using limited resources.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new symmetric block cipher algorithm similar to AES but with a 200-bit block size instead of 128 bits. It compares the power consumption and strict avalanche criteria of the proposed algorithm to other AES standards. The power consumption during encryption is up to 30% lower but decryption is 20% higher. The strict avalanche criteria shows the proposed algorithm meets security levels of AES. The algorithm is described in detail including key schedule, byte substitution, shift row, mix column, and add round key transformations.
The document describes the implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm in Matlab. It includes:
1) An introduction to AES that describes its motivation, definitions, requirements and overall processes.
2) A high-level design section explaining the AES algorithm, its overall structure consisting of key expansion, encryption and decryption processes using operations like SubBytes, ShiftRows, MixColumns and AddRoundKey.
3) A detailed design section describing the individual operations for both encryption and decryption, including pseudo-code. It also provides illustrations of the operations.
4) Sections on key expansion and results from implementing the AES algorithm in Matlab.
Secure Linear Transformation Based Cryptosystem using Dynamic Byte SubstitutionCSCJournals
Many classical cryptosystems are developed based on simple substitution. Hybrid cryptosystem using byte substitution and variable length sub key groups is a simple nonlinear algorithm but the cryptanalyst can find the length of each sub key group because the byte substitution is static and if the modulo prime number is small then byte substitution is limited to first few rows of S-box. In this paper an attempt is made to introduce the nonlinearity to the linear transformation based cryptosystem using dynamic byte substitution over GF (28). The secret value is added to the index value to shift the substitution to a new secret location dynamically. This adds extra security in addition to non-linearity, confusion and diffusion. The performance evaluation of the method is also studied and presented.
Brief Introduction to Error Correction CodingBen Miller
The document provides an overview of error correcting codes through the use of linear algebra. It discusses how error correcting codes work by encoding messages into codewords using a generator matrix, such that any errors introduced during transmission can be detected and corrected using a parity check matrix. Specific examples are given of implementing a [7,4,3] Hamming code manually and using linear algebra representations. The relationship between the generator and parity check matrices is explained, showing how they allow valid codewords to be in the nullspace of the parity check matrix for error detection and correction.
Multiple Dimensional Fault Tolerant Schemes for Crypto Stream CiphersIJNSA Journal
To enhance the security and reliability of the widely-used stream ciphers, a 2-D and a 3-D mesh-knight Algorithm Based Fault Tolerant (ABFT) schemes for stream ciphers are developed which can be universally applied to RC4 and other stream ciphers. Based on the ready-made arithmetic unit in stream ciphers, the proposed 2-D ABFT scheme is able to detect and correct any simple error, and the 3-D meshknight ABFT scheme is capable of detecting and correcting up to three errors in an n2 -data matrix with liner computation and bandwidth overhead. The proposed schemes provide one-to-one mapping between data index and check sum group so that error can be located and recovered by easier logic and simple operations.
“Proposed Model for Network Security Issues Using Elliptical Curve Cryptography”IOSR Journals
Abstract: Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) plays an important role in today’s public key based security
systems. . ECC is a faster and more secure method of encryption as compared to other Public Key
Cryptographic algorithms. This paper focuses on the performance advantages of using ECC in the wireless
network. So in this paper its algorithm has been implemented and analyzed for various bit length inputs. The
Private key is known only to sender and receiver and hence data transmission is secure.
Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) provides a secure
means of key exchange between communicating nodes using the
Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Exchange algorithm. This work
presents an ECC encryption implementation using of the DH
key exchange algorithm. Both encryption and decryption of text
messages using this algorithm, have been attempted. In ECC,
encoding is carried out by mapping a message character to an
affine point on an elliptic curve. It can be observed from the
comparison of the proposed algorithm and Koblitz’s encoding
method, that the proposed algorithm is as secure as Koblitz’s
encoding method and the proposed algorithm has less
computational complexity as the encoding phase is eliminated
altogether. Hence, energy efficiency of the crypto system is
improved and the same can be used in resource constrained
applications, such as Wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is
almost infeasible to attempt a brute force attack. The security
strength of the algorithm is proportional to the key length.
However, any increase in the key length results in more
communication overhead due to encryption.
Security Analysis of AES and Enhancing its Security by Modifying S-Box with a...IJCNCJournal
The document analyzes the security of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and proposes a modification to enhance its security. It summarizes AES, including its key expansion process, rounds, and steps. It then evaluates AES-128 security based on time security against brute force attacks and avalanche effect criteria. The authors propose modifying AES by XORing an additional random byte with the s-box value to increase time security and strict avalanche criterion. Security measurements of the modified AES sometimes fluctuate due to the random additional key.
1. Digital signatures provide authentication of digital documents by using asymmetric cryptography techniques. A digital signature is generated using a private key and can be verified by anyone using the corresponding public key.
2. There are various types of attacks against digital signature schemes like key-only attacks, generic chosen message attacks, and adaptive chosen message attacks. The security goals are to prevent total key breaks or the ability to forge signatures selectively or existentially.
3. A secure digital signature scheme must produce signatures that depend on the message, use secret information to prevent forgery and denial, be efficient to generate and verify, and make forgery computationally infeasible. Timestamps can be included to require message freshness.
RANDOMIZATION-BASED BLOCK CIPHER WITH KEY-MAPPED S-BOX SELECTIONijcisjournal
This document describes a new block cipher algorithm that uses randomization-based expansion and a substitution-permutation network with key-mapped S-boxes. The algorithm takes plaintext blocks of 240 bits and expands them to 256 bits using XOR with a randomly generated 16-bit string. It then performs 64 rounds of substitution and permutation on the expanded text. S-boxes are selected in each round based on subkey values, and CBC mode is identified as suitable for the algorithm. Analysis shows about 128 bits change between plaintext and ciphertext on average, providing resistance to correlation attacks.
The document discusses stream ciphers and block ciphers. It explains that stream ciphers encrypt data bit-by-bit or byte-by-byte, requiring a randomly generated keystream, while block ciphers encrypt fixed-length blocks, allowing for broader applications. It then focuses on the Feistel cipher structure for block ciphers, proposed by Feistel to approximate an ideal block cipher for large block sizes. The Feistel structure uses a product cipher approach involving substitutions and permutations to provide diffusion and confusion and resist statistical cryptanalysis.
This document outlines various marketing tasks and topics that can be covered over the course of a year to promote business growth. It includes recommendations to send out different types of mailers and emails on a regular basis, as well as developing marketing calendars, lead generation strategies, sales funnels, and content about topics like copywriting, referrals, sales scripts, and more. The goal is to provide businesses with ideas and resources to help achieve ongoing marketing success.
Jeffrey A. Tomalia has a Bachelor's degree in Entrepreneurial Business from Central Michigan University and is SAP TERP10 and DOT HazMat certified. He has over 3 years of experience as Operations Manager and Network Administrator for NanoSynthons LLC, where he maintained their network and ERP system, shipped products, and assisted with pricing and marketing. Prior to that, he had a full-time internship with NanoSynthons, where he designed and programmed their database and assisted with operations and marketing.
"PHP from soup to nuts" -- lab exercisesrICh morrow
This document provides instructions for setting up a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) development environment on Amazon Web Services (AWS) for completing a series of PHP/LAMP labs. It describes launching an EC2 Linux instance on AWS, installing the LAMP stack, and downloading lab code files. The labs cover topics like control structures, data types, input/output, forms, files, cookies, sessions, and regular expressions. Students are instructed to stop their EC2 instance each day to avoid costs when not in use.
TUW-ASE-Summer 2014: Advanced service-based data analytics: concepts and designsHong-Linh Truong
This document discusses concepts and designs for advanced service-based data analytics. It begins by outlining principles of elasticity for data analytics and discussing data analytics within a single system. Data analytics within a single system is complex but has limitations as it operates within a single domain and infrastructure. The document goes on to discuss performing data analytics across multiple systems and composable cost evaluation.
The document summarizes key findings from a 2014 report on giving trends among the top 300 UK charitable foundations:
- Foundation giving grew by 9.8% in real terms between 2010/12 and 2011/13, double the growth rate of US foundations, despite a nearly 10% decline in new donations to foundations in the preceding 18 months.
- The top 300 foundations account for about 90% of total private foundation giving in the UK, with the Wellcome Trust alone providing over 20% of total giving. Most foundations give under £10 million annually.
Robert Califf slides, IOM workshop on Sharing Clinical Research Data, October...Marilyn Mann
The document discusses liberating clinical trial data by pooling data from multiple clinical trials to answer broader questions. It argues that trial participants consent to participation with the goal of creating generalizable knowledge. Pooling and sharing detailed clinical trial data can help address issues like seemingly conflicting trial results, variability in treatment effectiveness between patient subgroups, and variability in cost effectiveness between patient subgroups. The document advocates for publicly sharing detailed clinical trial data to enable further analysis that can advance science and improve patient outcomes and healthcare policy.
The document discusses 3D materials used in education. It defines 3D as any object that can be represented on a three-axis system. Studies have shown educational benefits of 3D over traditional methods, with improvements in comprehension and retention. When used strategically, 3D can increase test scores and help students better understand abstract concepts. The document also discusses how 3D activates neurons related to depth perception, resulting in stronger memory formation. Specific studies found students performing object recognition tasks with fewer errors and faster when using 3D training versus 2D. Common 3D materials discussed include 3D projectors, glasses, and printers.
1) eBay and Amazon had contrasting visions in their early years. Amazon sought to replicate an online catalog model by selling products directly to consumers, while eBay recognized the unique ability of the internet to enable direct transactions between individuals through an auction platform.
2) Where Amazon's founder Jeff Bezos envisioned a large dominant retailer, eBay founder Pierre Omidyar envisioned facilitating a marketplace to directly connect many individual buyers and sellers.
3) While Amazon adopted a traditional retailer model, eBay created a unique peer-to-peer marketplace without a direct offline analog, allowing individuals to both buy and sell directly to one another.
Linkages to EHRs and Related Standards. What can we learn from the Parallel U...Koray Atalag
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The Global Carbon Project's 2013 global carbon budget.
Published 19 November 2013.
See website for more information
http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/index.htm
The Global Carbon Project (GCP) is a project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. GCP's chair Corinne Le Quéré is a member of the Future Earth scientific committee.
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IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
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In a world of accelerating communications, cryptography has become an essential component of the modern
means of communication systems. The emergence of the webas a reliable medium for commerce and
communication has made cryptography an essential component. Many algorithms or ciphers are in use
nowadays. The quality of the cipher is judged byits ability to prevent an unrelated party fromknowingthe
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in floating point numbers, plaintext, substitution techniques and key combinations with unintelligible
sequence to produce the ciphertext. The decryption process is also designed to reproduce the plaintext
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Data Security Using Elliptic Curve CryptographyIJCERT
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In a cloud scenario, biggest concern is around security of the data. “Both data in transit and at rest must
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security like SSL certificates. But data at rest is not quite secure, as database servers in public cloud
domain are more prone to vulnerabilities. Not all cloud providers give out of box encryption with their
offerings. Also implementing traditional encryption techniques will cause lot of changes in application as
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develop and migrate legacy application to cloud. It is capable of performing format preserving encryption
on numeric, string and the combination of both. This literature states various features and advantages of
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on numeric, string and the combination of both. This literature states various features and advantages of
same.
The document proposes and evaluates a new digital image security scheme that uses Residue Number System (RNS) encoding/decoding and a modified Arnold transform algorithm. Key points:
- The encryption process encodes the plain image into residual images using RNS, then encrypts them by applying the modified Arnold transform multiple times.
- The decryption process decrypts the cipher image by applying the inverse Arnold transform, then decodes the residual images back into the plain image using RNS and the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
- Experimental results on images of different sizes show the scheme can encrypt/decrypt without information loss. Security analysis indicates resistance to statistical attacks like histograms and strong sensitivity to encryption keys.
The document proposes and evaluates a new digital image security scheme that uses Residue Number System (RNS) encoding/decoding and a modified Arnold transform algorithm. Key points:
- The encryption process encodes the plain image into residual images using RNS, then encrypts them using the modified Arnold transform.
- The decryption process decrypts the cipher image using the inverse Arnold transform, then decodes the residual images back into the plain image using RNS and the Chinese Remainder Theorem.
- Experimental results on test images of different sizes and formats show the scheme can effectively encrypt and decrypt without information loss. Security analysis also indicates resistance to statistical attacks like histograms and strong sensitivity to encryption keys.
Hardware implementation of aes encryption and decryption for low area & power...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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2. 12 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
Figure 1. The encryption and decryption operations as mappings
In this paper the author proposes a new cryptosystem for the implementation in form of an
application able to perform all the encryption and decryption tasks in an abstracted manner and
thus keeping all of them transparent to only the valid user. The system operates on four levels of
layers of the encryption making the complexity of cracking it extremely high. The four layers
refer to the different set of operations, undergoes which the user data. The fragmentation and re-
organization of the data is to be done as preprocessing before passing it to the encryption module.
On the other side the decryption module works for the retrieval of encrypted data from the
chunks that it receives and reorganizes it by sorting the randomly received chunks; after
performing the four decryption operations on it which are inverses of the four encryption
operations.
The encryption operations are:
1. Matrix transformation
2. Fractionification
3. Random no. addition
4. Change of radix
The decryption operations are:
1. Change of radix
2. Random no. removal
3. Re-integerization
4. Matrix re-transformation
The key generation operations are:
1. Random no. generation
2. Matrix generation using corresponding polynomial and checking for its inevitability
3. Radix generation using corresponding polynomial.
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 13
2. THE FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
2.1. Defining Tasks
To perform the operations in a systematic manner, the author defines the tasks to be performed on
both the sides, the encryption and decryption as follows:
2.1.1. Encryption Tasks
1. Fragmentation of input data into chunks and indexing them.
2. Generation of the random key for each chunk and thus that of the key matrix and key
radix.
3. Operating each chunk with encryption operations in the sequence in which they are listed
above.
4. Augmentation of encrypted chunk with corresponding key which is a mere random
integer.
2.1.2. Decryption Tasks
1. Receipt of the encrypted chunk and separation of key
2. Generation of the key matrix and key radix for received chunk.
3. Operating each chunk with decryption operations.
4. Reorganization of the chunks using the indices to retrieve data in its original form.
The selection/formation of polynomials required for the key generation are left on the
implementation to keep this design flexible. The complexity of these polynomials will add to the
complexity of whole of the system.
2.2. Task Accomplishment Scheme
The scheme for completing each of the above tasks is discussed in this section.
2.2.1. Fragmentation of input data into chunks and indexing:
The input data is fragmented in the chunks, each of size s bytes where s is the implementation-
specific size defined for representation of an integer. The data structure to be used store these
fragments is a linear list, each node of which contains a chunk and an index value representing
the offset of that chunk from the beginning of the input data in terms of no. of chunks. Along
with these two values, the chunk contains space for its key value, a random integer generated by
the key generator. This fragmentation of the data enables the parallel functioning of every step to
follow as discussed later in the paper.
4. 14 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
2.2.2. Generation of the random key for each chunk and thus that of the key matrix and key
radix:
A random number is to be generated (generation implementation specific) for each chunk and is
then assigned as the key for that chunk. The selected polynomials are provided with this key to
generate the key matrix and key radix for that chunk. The implementation must take care that the
generated matrix will be an invertible (non singular) matrix. After completion of this step we are
ready with required input values for the computation of the encrypted counterparts of each
element in the input data.
2.2.3. Operating each chunk with encryption operations:
2.2.3.1. Matrix transformation:
The chunk formed along with the source file identifier (A random no. assigned to the source-file)
and excluding the key is represented as a 3×1 matrix and is multiplied with the 3×3 matrix
generated using the key (key matrix) to get the transformed matrix of order 3×1.
2.2.3.2. Fractionification:
The term Fractionification is defined as the conversion function which maps an integer to a
fraction by dividing the integer by Rd
where R is the radix of the number system under
consideration and d is no. of significant digits in the original integer and then adding to it the
integer value d. Thus, for an integer I in number system with radix R having d significant digits,
fractionification ƒ is defined as,
ƒ(I) = I ÷(Rd
) + d
2.2.3.3. Random no. addition:
The fractionified no is then added with some random number multiplied by 10 to preserve the
value of d (the no of significant digits in original no.). Thus, the integer I when fractionified and
added with random no. becomes r(I) given by,
r(I) = ƒ(I) + n×10
where, n is the random number generated.
2.2.3.4. Change of radix:
Now that we have converted the integer I, representing s bytes of input data, to a floating point
equivalent r(I), the radix of the number system is to be changed as the outermost encoding
operation. It is defined as the combination of two simple radix conversion operations, one for the
integer part of the input floating point no. and other for its fraction part, represented as an integer.
The target radix selection is important task and is selected using a randomization polynomial
(implementation specific) with the key of corresponding chunk as its parameter. To use radix
greater than 10, the corresponding symbols used are capital and small scripts of English alphabets
and related numerical operations on them are to be defined.
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 15
2.2.4. Augmentation of encrypted chunk with corresponding key:
Once each element in the chunk except the key are encrypted, the chunk is augmented with the
key, applied with fractionification and random no. addition, and thus is ready for the
transmission.
2.2.5. Receipt of the encrypted chunk and separation of key:
The chunk when received on decryption end, it is to be stored in the buffer for unresolved
chunks. From the key field the value of key is found and separated out and the corresponding key
matrix and key radix are calculated exactly as explained above. The inverse of this matrix is
calculated by adjoint method to get the decryption matrix.
2.2.6. Operating each chunk with decryption operations:
2.2.6.1. Change of radix:
Each element in the received chunk is operated on by the inverse change of radix with source
radix as the one derived from the key and 10 as the target radix. Obviously, the integer and
fraction part are treated individually treated as different integers, and then combined back.
2.2.6.2. Random no. removal:
Each element of the chunk is then operated upon by the inverse of the random no. addition to get
the fractionified value using following function,
ƒ(I) = (r(I)%10)
2.2.6.3. Re-integerization:
The term Re-integerization is defined as the inverse function of Fractionification which maps to
an integer, its equivalent fractionified value, and is defined as,
I = (ƒ(I) %1) × 10d
where,
d = ⌊ (ƒ ( I )%10) ⌋
2.2.6.4. Matrix re-transformation:
The chunk received is in the form of 3×1 matrix. It is multiplied by the 3×3 decryption matrix
determined for that chunk according to the simple matrix multiplication to get the original data
chunk.
2.2.7. Reorganization of the chunks
Now that having done with the decryption operations on received chunks, they are to be
reorganized in the sequence of that of the data contained by them in the original source file. This
is achieved by sorting the randomly placed data chunks using the identifier and index fields as the
key. To boost the efficiency of sorting, author proposes to form a Binary Search Tree for each
identifier and then the chunks are to be added in it according to the index field values as the key.
Once the no. of nodes in the tree approaches to the total count of chunks present in the index field
6. 16 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
of identifier node, i.e. the root, the tree is traversed in In-order manner (left-root-right) and data
field contents of each node are written into the destination file during traversal.
3. SECURITY FACTORS
The security and confidentiality of the data are the fundamental goals of any cryptosystem. In
case of the proposed system, though all of such factors already have appeared in the discussion
up till now, in this section we identify and enlist each of them for the getting the view of the
security provided by the system as a whole.
1. Randomness of the key
2. Secrecy and complexity of the polynomials used for matrix and radix generation
3. Individual random key for each chunk: This removes the threat by many of the pattern
analysis and known text attacks
4. Matrix Transformation: This transforms chunk into an integral unit whose meaning cannot be
derived without accurate inverse of key matrix
5. Fractionification and Random no. addition: This covers the transformation and makes it too
complex to analyze the resultant patterns and detect the transformation
6. Change of Radix: This changes the representation of the numbers and thus adding to the
complexity of analysis of interrelations of elements in resultant values.
4. THE PARALLEL PROGRAMMING APPROACH
The important feature of proposed design of cryptosystem in this paper is the fragmentation of
data and independency of the key for each fragment. This independence allows the parallel
functioning of different modules in of cryptosystem. Each node follows the same path after the
fragmentation is done. Thus after completion of Task 1on encryption side, each chunk is
proposed to be processed in parallel through the completion of encryption. Also on decryption
side, the received nodes are proposed to get processed in parallel till their addition to
corresponding BST. This will reduce the time complexity of the cryptosystem application by the
factor of n-1
where, n is the no. of fragments.
Along with this first level of parallel programming, the efficiency can further be increased by
incorporating the second level of the same. In the second level, within each fragment the different
elements are proposed to be operated with all the encryption as well as decryption functions
independently except the matrix transformation. This will bring the time complexity to Time
complexity of matrix multiplication + 3-1
(time complexity of rest of the operations with
sequential approach), Thus reducing it roughly by factor of 3-1.
The author further proposes the third level of parallel programming, involving the parallel
implementation of the matrix multiplication itself to further boost the efficiency. Thus the parallel
programming approach adds to the efficiency significantly.
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 17
5. FLOWCHARTS
4.1. Encryption Flowchart:
Start
Fragment and store data to indexed linear list
Perform in parallel
for each not of
the list
Stop
Form the key, key matrix and key radix for the chunk
Encrypt the node data by matrix transformation
Convert each entry to the number system with radix = ‘key radix’
Fractionify each entry
Add randomly generated integer to each fractionified entry
Return encrypted chunk of data
8. 18 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
4.2. Decryption Flowchart:
Start
Receive encrypted chunk, spawn new thread and separate key
Stop
Remove random number addition
Re-integerize each entry and convert to decimal system
Create new BST
Retrieve data in sequence from BST by in-order traversal
Is first row of
decrypted
matrix
NULL?
Insert 2nd
and 3rd
elements of
decrypted array to
data and index
attributes resp. of
new node of the BST
indicated by the 1st
9. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 19
5. CONCLUSIONS
The cryptosystem proposed in the paper works on four different layers of the encryption. All the
layers cover the possible attacks on its inner layer making the encryption extremely complex to
crack. The security factors of the system protect it against the cracking attacks. The polynomials
and random number generators are left to the implementation for making the system flexible.
This incurs the variation of complexity of encryption depending on the implementation. The
parallel approach of programming adds to the efficiency of application significantly, as discussed
in the section II.
REFERENCES
[1] Yi-Shiung Yeh, Tzong –Chen Wu, Chin Chen Chang and Wei Chizh Yang “A New Cryptosystem
using Matrix Transformation”, Proceedings. 25th Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference
on Security Technology 1991 (Cat. No.91CH3031-2)
[2] D. C. Lay “Linear Algebra” ISBN: 9781405846219, Chapters 1, 2 and 3
AUTHORS
Parag A. Guruji
Earned Bachelor of Technology degree in
Computer Science and Engineering from
Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, India
in May 2014.
Working at ZLemma Analytics in Data Science
team since June 2014