A mitochondrial DNA SNP is maternally inherited in hops (Humulus lupulus, L.) and segregates varieties of the renowned Brewer's Gold female lineage from the others
— The integration of molecular biology concepts and techniques in cultivated plant breeding programs allows defining more accurately the parents involved in crosses. The analysis of the DNA polymorphism in existing hop cultivars or wild types selected to generate new potent varieties is commonly used. Ribosomal DNA RFLP was the first to be studied in the middle of the 1990's and differentiated at least European from North American cultivated hops. The EcoRI rDNA RFLP has been established here for a selection of 31 H. lupulus plants, 17 of which are cultivars and the remaining 14 include wild types and other genotypes used for breeding. The sequence of the Magnum variety rDNA EcoRI fragment (4,957 bp) covering the intergenic spacer and corresponding to its North American heritage has been determined. As mitochondria are known to play a role in the biosynthesis of the valuable plant secondary metabolites, specially those based on isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the search for mtDNA polymorphism allowing a possible distinction among hops was engaged. After having established the 14,472 bp sequence of mtDNA encompassing the ATP synthase alpha subunit (509 aa), a 560 bp region 5' upstream of this gene allowed to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism. This SNP appeared to be maternally inherited in the lineage of Brewer's Gold, often used in crosses for its bittering properties. This work may stimulate researchers to explore further on the role of mitochondria in the biosynthesis of metabolites, mainly but not only isoprenoids, that make Humulus lupulus so interesting.
Introgression of Plantain Fruit Parthenocarpy (pfp) Genes in Land Races of Pl...Premier Publishers
Trials were conducted to investigate the transfer and effects of parthenocarpy genes between plantain and banana clones. Ten crosses were made between three plantain cultivars and two banana clones. The progenies showed segregation of parthenocarpy traits and varying ploidy levels. Traits like bunch weight, fruit size, and number were positively influenced by increases in ploidy and changes from recessive to dominant alleles of parthenocarpy genes. However, other genetic factors also influenced trait expression. Indirect marker-assisted selection proved useful for selecting progenies with good agronomic traits and parthenocarpy for further breeding.
This study examined the chemotactic response of two Pseudomonas strains (P. putida Fu1 and Pseudomonas sp. strain A3) known to degrade furan compounds, to furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfuryl alcohol, and 2-furoic acid. Swarm plate and agarose plug assays demonstrated that both strains were attracted to and could detect spatial gradients of these furan molecules. Quantitative capillary assays further showed that the response of P. putida Fu1 to 2-furoic acid was inducible by growth on 2-furoic acid and involved a LysR-family regulatory protein known to regulate furan metabolic genes.
S M Masiul Azam, Md Shahidul Islam, Parvin Shahanaz, Md Shafiqur Rahman and Sarder Md Shahriar Alam. “Molecular Characterization of Brassica Cultivars through RAPD Markers” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.3 (2019): 41-45.
Genetic inheritance of flower doubleness and fragrance Shreedhar Beese
Genetic Inheritance of Flower Doubleness And Fragrance document discusses biotechnology techniques for modifying flower traits like fragrance and doubleness through genetic improvement. It describes methods like hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploidy, and genetic engineering using RNA interference, microRNAs, and MADS-box genes. A case study is summarized that uses virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to suppress C-class MADS-box genes involved in stamen development in petunia, resulting in conversion of stamens to petals and formation of double flowers with large petaloid stamens. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze expression of C- and A-class genes in petals and
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the transcriptome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves at four developmental stages using Illumina sequencing. RNA was extracted from leaves at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after growth and sequenced. Differential gene expression analysis revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes between stages. Validation with qPCR supported the RNA-seq results. Pathway analysis identified secondary metabolic pathways involved in leaf development, including alkaloid, anthocyanin, and terpenoid biosynthesis. The study provides insight into the transcriptional changes that regulate photosynthesis and metabolism during grapevine leaf growth.
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
This document discusses plant metabolic engineering. It begins with an introduction to metabolic engineering and explains that it involves modifying biochemical reactions or introducing new ones using recombinant DNA to direct the formation of products or modify cellular properties. It then discusses plants as natural factories for metabolic engineering due to their low cost and ease of growth. Various strategies for plant metabolic engineering are covered, including modifying rate limiting steps or diverting flux. Applications like producing antibodies, edible vaccines, polymers and pharmaceuticals in plants are also summarized. Emerging technologies and the future of the field are then outlined.
The document discusses three case studies related to genetic divergence and bioactive compounds in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.):
1. The first case study evaluated 100 chickpea genotypes and found significant genetic diversity between clusters. Days to flowering, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per plant, and plant height contributed most to diversity. Six genotypes were identified for hybridization.
2. The second case study used principal component analysis on 434 chickpea genotypes evaluated for 13 traits. Eight components captured 77.68% of variation, with days to flowering and seed yield contributing most. Five genotypes performed well across components.
3. The third case study analyzed correlations and path coefficients in chickpe
Introgression of Plantain Fruit Parthenocarpy (pfp) Genes in Land Races of Pl...Premier Publishers
Trials were conducted to investigate the transfer and effects of parthenocarpy genes between plantain and banana clones. Ten crosses were made between three plantain cultivars and two banana clones. The progenies showed segregation of parthenocarpy traits and varying ploidy levels. Traits like bunch weight, fruit size, and number were positively influenced by increases in ploidy and changes from recessive to dominant alleles of parthenocarpy genes. However, other genetic factors also influenced trait expression. Indirect marker-assisted selection proved useful for selecting progenies with good agronomic traits and parthenocarpy for further breeding.
This study examined the chemotactic response of two Pseudomonas strains (P. putida Fu1 and Pseudomonas sp. strain A3) known to degrade furan compounds, to furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfuryl alcohol, and 2-furoic acid. Swarm plate and agarose plug assays demonstrated that both strains were attracted to and could detect spatial gradients of these furan molecules. Quantitative capillary assays further showed that the response of P. putida Fu1 to 2-furoic acid was inducible by growth on 2-furoic acid and involved a LysR-family regulatory protein known to regulate furan metabolic genes.
S M Masiul Azam, Md Shahidul Islam, Parvin Shahanaz, Md Shafiqur Rahman and Sarder Md Shahriar Alam. “Molecular Characterization of Brassica Cultivars through RAPD Markers” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.3 (2019): 41-45.
Genetic inheritance of flower doubleness and fragrance Shreedhar Beese
Genetic Inheritance of Flower Doubleness And Fragrance document discusses biotechnology techniques for modifying flower traits like fragrance and doubleness through genetic improvement. It describes methods like hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploidy, and genetic engineering using RNA interference, microRNAs, and MADS-box genes. A case study is summarized that uses virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to suppress C-class MADS-box genes involved in stamen development in petunia, resulting in conversion of stamens to petals and formation of double flowers with large petaloid stamens. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze expression of C- and A-class genes in petals and
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed the transcriptome of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) leaves at four developmental stages using Illumina sequencing. RNA was extracted from leaves at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after growth and sequenced. Differential gene expression analysis revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes between stages. Validation with qPCR supported the RNA-seq results. Pathway analysis identified secondary metabolic pathways involved in leaf development, including alkaloid, anthocyanin, and terpenoid biosynthesis. The study provides insight into the transcriptional changes that regulate photosynthesis and metabolism during grapevine leaf growth.
Role of biotechnology in enhancing fruit crop production and qualityankit gawri
It was evident that developed biotechnological approaches have the potential to enhance the yield, quality, and shelf-life of fruits and vegetables to meet the demands of the 21st century. However, the developed biotech approaches for fruits and vegetables were more of academic jargon than a commercial reality
This document discusses plant metabolic engineering. It begins with an introduction to metabolic engineering and explains that it involves modifying biochemical reactions or introducing new ones using recombinant DNA to direct the formation of products or modify cellular properties. It then discusses plants as natural factories for metabolic engineering due to their low cost and ease of growth. Various strategies for plant metabolic engineering are covered, including modifying rate limiting steps or diverting flux. Applications like producing antibodies, edible vaccines, polymers and pharmaceuticals in plants are also summarized. Emerging technologies and the future of the field are then outlined.
The document discusses three case studies related to genetic divergence and bioactive compounds in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.):
1. The first case study evaluated 100 chickpea genotypes and found significant genetic diversity between clusters. Days to flowering, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per plant, and plant height contributed most to diversity. Six genotypes were identified for hybridization.
2. The second case study used principal component analysis on 434 chickpea genotypes evaluated for 13 traits. Eight components captured 77.68% of variation, with days to flowering and seed yield contributing most. Five genotypes performed well across components.
3. The third case study analyzed correlations and path coefficients in chickpe
Micheletti et al., 2012. application of high throughput genotyping, pag xx sa...fruitbreedomics
This document describes the application of high throughput genotyping techniques using the 9K peach SNP chip on segregating peach populations and germplasm collections within the FruitBreedomics project. Specifically, it genotyped about 1,500 individuals from 18 Prunus crosses and 1,300 peach cultivars. The goals were to obtain SNPs closely linked to agronomic traits and improve the efficiency of fruit breeding. The SNP data was filtered and analyzed to identify markers for use in pedigree-based association mapping and genome wide association studies. Maps of two different crosses on chromosome 3 were compared as an example of the genetic mapping achieved.
The document discusses the PGR Secure project, which aims to improve conservation of crop wild relatives (CWR) and landraces (LR), and facilitate their use by breeders. It does so through four themes: novel characterization techniques, CWR and LR conservation, improving breeders' use, and informatics. The project involves partners across Europe researching topics like phenomics, genomics, transcriptomics of CWR/LR. It will develop European CWR and LR inventories and conservation strategies, identify breeders' needs, and create online information systems. The goal is to provide breeders more diverse genetic resources to develop new crop varieties with improved resistance to stresses like pests, diseases, drought and heat.
This study compared the morphological parameters, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant properties of 20 leafy lettuce varieties grown in a hydroponic system. The varieties differed significantly in fresh leaf mass, leaf size, color, as well as levels of bioactive compounds like beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Multired 4, Cantarix Lunix, and Red Curly varieties had among the highest levels of phytochemicals. The results can help select varieties for mixed salad mixes or whole products that are rich in beneficial compounds and nutritional quality.
This document summarizes a seminar on doubled haploids (DH). It defines a DH as an individual with a doubled set of chromosomes from a haploid cell. It discusses the history of DH development, including early work in the 1920s. It also covers methods for producing haploids, identifying haploids, doubling chromosomes, and applications of DHs in plant breeding like QTL mapping, backcrossing, hybrid sorting, and cultivar development. DHs allow fixing of traits in one or two generations, faster development of pure lines and cultivars compared to conventional methods.
Crop wild relative utilization in plant breedingAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) genetic resources in Pakistan and their utilization. It notes that Pakistan lies in a center of crop diversity due to its varied climate and geography. It has collected over 38,000 plant genetic resources accessions, including 361 CWR accessions. The document outlines challenges in CWR collection, characterization and utilization. It advocates for pre-breeding approaches to introduce beneficial traits from CWR into adapted varieties. Biotechnology tools can help with CWR exploration, conservation and utilization. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving CWR diversity and using pre-breeding to develop climate-resilient, nutritious crops to ensure future global food security.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS AND OVERALL QUALITY OF LEAFY LETTUCE VARIETIES (LACTUC...Dharini Sivakumar
This study compared the phytochemical contents and quality of different lettuce varieties grown in a closed hydroponic system. Several red and green lettuce varieties were analyzed for morphological parameters, bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, and overall quality. The results showed that red varieties Multired 4, Soltero, and Cantarix, and green varieties Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3 had higher levels of phytochemicals like beta-carotene, phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid. These varieties are recommended for use in mixed fresh cut salads or as whole products to improve antioxidant and nutrient intake.
This document summarizes research on advances in the breeding system of sorghum. It discusses sorghum and other millets as nutritious crops grown in marginal soils. It reviews different millet crops and their cultivation. The document also discusses plant genetic resources and genotypes collected for breeding new cultivars. It summarizes research on sorghum conducted by the Department of GPB at SHUATS, including analyzing the antioxidant properties and chemical composition of sorghum seeds harvested at different times. Breeding methods like selection, hybridization, and molecular tools are described for developing improved sorghum varieties with high yield and grain quality.
“Genetic architecture improvement in cowpea”Vinod Pawar
The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following:
- Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria.
- Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids.
- The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil.
- Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.
This document summarizes the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. It notes that plants, protozoa like malaria parasites, and most bacteria use this alternative pathway located in their plastids to produce isoprenoids. The pathway converts pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) through a series of enzymatic reactions. Inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in this pathway, like fosmidomycin and its derivative FR-900098, show potential as new
The document discusses stability for grain yield in finger millet. It begins by introducing the challenges plant breeders face in developing stable cultivars across environments due to genotype by environment (GxE) interactions. It then defines stability and the agronomic and biological concepts of stability. Different statistical models for analyzing stability are described, including the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. The AMMI model uses analysis of variance and principal component analysis to evaluate GxE interactions and identify stable genotypes. Biplots are used to graphically represent GxE interactions identified through AMMI analysis. Specifically, biplots allow visualization of genotypes and environments as well as patterns of GxE interactions.
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
Plant genetic resources their utilization and conservation in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
This document discusses plant genetic resources. It defines plant genetic resources as the genetic material in crop plants and their wild relatives. It notes that plant genetic resources include landraces, obsolete and modern cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild relatives, and induced mutants. The document outlines the various components that make up plant genetic resources and strategies for conserving genetic resources both in and ex situ.
ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT ...SriTejaswi11
This study evaluated 13 salt tolerant rice genotypes across 13 locations in India representing saline and alkaline environments over two years. Yield and other traits were measured and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was performed to assess stability and adaptation. The AMMI1 model with one interaction principal component best explained the genotype-environment interactions. The genotype CHK3 was identified as the most widely adapted, with the highest yield across the most number of environments based on the AMMI models. This genotype shows potential for cultivation in multiple saline and alkaline environments.
Pre breeding and crop improvement using cwr and lrAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces. It defines landraces as distinct populations that have developed unique characteristics through farmer selection without formal breeding. Pre-breeding is described as using unadapted genetic resources and transferring desired traits to materials more readily used by breeders. Techniques discussed for unlocking the genetic potential of landraces include wide crosses, somatic hybridization, marker-assisted breeding, and introgression libraries. The document outlines how pre-breeding can broaden the genetic base of crops and provide access to novel genes for traits like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance from secondary and tertiary gene pools. Challenges and future prospects of pre-breeding to enhance crop improvement are also
Plants and the american pika - Marisa Leungtru-ugc
This study compared plant communities, pika harvesting, and plant nutrition between anthropogenic and native pika habitats at a copper mine site. The objectives were to: 1) Compare plant communities between the two habitat types; 2) Determine plant species harvested by pikas; 3) Assess if pikas choose the most abundant or nutritious plants available and how this differs between habitats. Results showed native habitats had greater plant diversity. Pikas harvested different plant species than the most abundant available, indicating selectivity. Pika diets provided similar nutrition between habitats, suggesting plasticity in adapting to altered landscapes.
This document discusses the diallel selective mating approach (DSM) for genetic improvement of autogamous crops. DSM involves three steps: 1) a parental diallel series of crosses between multiple parents, 2) F1 diallel series of crosses between F1 plants, and 3) selective mating series where selected F2 plants are intercrossed and selfed in successive generations. The goal is to accumulate desirable genes and increase recombination through restoring heterozygosity via intermating selected plants over multiple cycles. While it broadens the genetic base, DSM is more complex than pedigree methods and success depends on identifying desirable plants in segregating generations.
RAPD Analysis Of Rapidly Multiplied In Vitro Plantlets of Anthurium Andreanum...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in Anthurium andreanum plantlets multiplied through in vitro culture. Seeds were germinated and a single plantlet was cultured on MS medium supplemented with hormones and used as the mother plant. Shoots were transferred to four media including MS medium and proliferated over 10 cycles. RAPD analysis found the mother plant was genetically identical to plantlets in some media but unique band patterns in others indicated mutations, showing in vitro culture induced genetic variability compared to the original mother plant.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Analysis of some Capparis L. accessions from Turkey based on IRAP and seed pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic diversity in 15 accessions of Capparis from 10 locations in Turkey using two marker systems: inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) and seed protein electrophoresis. High levels of polymorphism were detected with both marker types. IRAP revealed 93% polymorphism while seed protein electrophoresis revealed 55.5% polymorphism. The markers clearly delineated between species C. spinosa and C. ovata and showed segregation related to infraspecific status and eco-geographical distribution. A significant correlation was found between IRAP and seed protein profiles, indicating the combination of genomic and proteomic markers can be useful for determining genetic diversity and identifying germpl
Characterisation of some Ribes L. accessions from Turkey based on SSRs patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variability among 7 Ribes alpinum, 2 Ribes bieberstenii, and 1 Ribes uva-crispa accessions from Turkey using SSR (microsatellite) markers. A total of 10 SSR primers were used, producing 172 bands between 50-330 base pairs in length. 157 of these bands were polymorphic, representing 91.2% genetic diversity. The SSR patterns allowed for delineation of the Ribes accessions at both the specific and intraspecific levels, providing additional data for characterization of the Ribes gene pool in Anatolia.
This document discusses genetic diversity analysis of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm in India using microsatellite markers. A total of 42 grape genotypes were analyzed using 7 microsatellite markers. A total of 45 alleles were detected among the genotypes. The microsatellites grouped the genotypes into two main clusters (A and B) based on morphological and genetic characteristics, with subclusters differentiating seeded vs seedless fruits and pigmented vs non-pigmented fruits. The study found high genetic variability among the Indian grape germplasm and that microsatellite markers are a reliable tool for diversity and breeding programs.
Micheletti et al., 2012. application of high throughput genotyping, pag xx sa...fruitbreedomics
This document describes the application of high throughput genotyping techniques using the 9K peach SNP chip on segregating peach populations and germplasm collections within the FruitBreedomics project. Specifically, it genotyped about 1,500 individuals from 18 Prunus crosses and 1,300 peach cultivars. The goals were to obtain SNPs closely linked to agronomic traits and improve the efficiency of fruit breeding. The SNP data was filtered and analyzed to identify markers for use in pedigree-based association mapping and genome wide association studies. Maps of two different crosses on chromosome 3 were compared as an example of the genetic mapping achieved.
The document discusses the PGR Secure project, which aims to improve conservation of crop wild relatives (CWR) and landraces (LR), and facilitate their use by breeders. It does so through four themes: novel characterization techniques, CWR and LR conservation, improving breeders' use, and informatics. The project involves partners across Europe researching topics like phenomics, genomics, transcriptomics of CWR/LR. It will develop European CWR and LR inventories and conservation strategies, identify breeders' needs, and create online information systems. The goal is to provide breeders more diverse genetic resources to develop new crop varieties with improved resistance to stresses like pests, diseases, drought and heat.
This study compared the morphological parameters, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant properties of 20 leafy lettuce varieties grown in a hydroponic system. The varieties differed significantly in fresh leaf mass, leaf size, color, as well as levels of bioactive compounds like beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Multired 4, Cantarix Lunix, and Red Curly varieties had among the highest levels of phytochemicals. The results can help select varieties for mixed salad mixes or whole products that are rich in beneficial compounds and nutritional quality.
This document summarizes a seminar on doubled haploids (DH). It defines a DH as an individual with a doubled set of chromosomes from a haploid cell. It discusses the history of DH development, including early work in the 1920s. It also covers methods for producing haploids, identifying haploids, doubling chromosomes, and applications of DHs in plant breeding like QTL mapping, backcrossing, hybrid sorting, and cultivar development. DHs allow fixing of traits in one or two generations, faster development of pure lines and cultivars compared to conventional methods.
Crop wild relative utilization in plant breedingAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) genetic resources in Pakistan and their utilization. It notes that Pakistan lies in a center of crop diversity due to its varied climate and geography. It has collected over 38,000 plant genetic resources accessions, including 361 CWR accessions. The document outlines challenges in CWR collection, characterization and utilization. It advocates for pre-breeding approaches to introduce beneficial traits from CWR into adapted varieties. Biotechnology tools can help with CWR exploration, conservation and utilization. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving CWR diversity and using pre-breeding to develop climate-resilient, nutritious crops to ensure future global food security.
PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS AND OVERALL QUALITY OF LEAFY LETTUCE VARIETIES (LACTUC...Dharini Sivakumar
This study compared the phytochemical contents and quality of different lettuce varieties grown in a closed hydroponic system. Several red and green lettuce varieties were analyzed for morphological parameters, bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties, and overall quality. The results showed that red varieties Multired 4, Soltero, and Cantarix, and green varieties Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3 had higher levels of phytochemicals like beta-carotene, phenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid. These varieties are recommended for use in mixed fresh cut salads or as whole products to improve antioxidant and nutrient intake.
This document summarizes research on advances in the breeding system of sorghum. It discusses sorghum and other millets as nutritious crops grown in marginal soils. It reviews different millet crops and their cultivation. The document also discusses plant genetic resources and genotypes collected for breeding new cultivars. It summarizes research on sorghum conducted by the Department of GPB at SHUATS, including analyzing the antioxidant properties and chemical composition of sorghum seeds harvested at different times. Breeding methods like selection, hybridization, and molecular tools are described for developing improved sorghum varieties with high yield and grain quality.
“Genetic architecture improvement in cowpea”Vinod Pawar
The document discusses cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), an important pulse crop grown in India and other tropical regions. It provides information on the following:
- Cowpea production, uses, nutritional value, and world leading producers like Nigeria.
- Results from studies on cowpea including correlations and path analysis between traits and heterosis estimates from line x tester hybrids.
- The importance of cowpea as a food, feed, cover crop, and its ability to fix nitrogen and enrich soil.
- Tables with cowpea taxonomy, composition, year-wise production data, and combining ability analysis results from different studies.
This document summarizes the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. It notes that plants, protozoa like malaria parasites, and most bacteria use this alternative pathway located in their plastids to produce isoprenoids. The pathway converts pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) through a series of enzymatic reactions. Inhibitors of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in this pathway, like fosmidomycin and its derivative FR-900098, show potential as new
The document discusses stability for grain yield in finger millet. It begins by introducing the challenges plant breeders face in developing stable cultivars across environments due to genotype by environment (GxE) interactions. It then defines stability and the agronomic and biological concepts of stability. Different statistical models for analyzing stability are described, including the Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. The AMMI model uses analysis of variance and principal component analysis to evaluate GxE interactions and identify stable genotypes. Biplots are used to graphically represent GxE interactions identified through AMMI analysis. Specifically, biplots allow visualization of genotypes and environments as well as patterns of GxE interactions.
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
Plant genetic resources their utilization and conservation in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
This document discusses plant genetic resources. It defines plant genetic resources as the genetic material in crop plants and their wild relatives. It notes that plant genetic resources include landraces, obsolete and modern cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild relatives, and induced mutants. The document outlines the various components that make up plant genetic resources and strategies for conserving genetic resources both in and ex situ.
ESTIMATING STABILITY PARAMETERS AND STRESS INDICES USING ELITE SALT TOLERANT ...SriTejaswi11
This study evaluated 13 salt tolerant rice genotypes across 13 locations in India representing saline and alkaline environments over two years. Yield and other traits were measured and additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis was performed to assess stability and adaptation. The AMMI1 model with one interaction principal component best explained the genotype-environment interactions. The genotype CHK3 was identified as the most widely adapted, with the highest yield across the most number of environments based on the AMMI models. This genotype shows potential for cultivation in multiple saline and alkaline environments.
Pre breeding and crop improvement using cwr and lrAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces. It defines landraces as distinct populations that have developed unique characteristics through farmer selection without formal breeding. Pre-breeding is described as using unadapted genetic resources and transferring desired traits to materials more readily used by breeders. Techniques discussed for unlocking the genetic potential of landraces include wide crosses, somatic hybridization, marker-assisted breeding, and introgression libraries. The document outlines how pre-breeding can broaden the genetic base of crops and provide access to novel genes for traits like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance from secondary and tertiary gene pools. Challenges and future prospects of pre-breeding to enhance crop improvement are also
Plants and the american pika - Marisa Leungtru-ugc
This study compared plant communities, pika harvesting, and plant nutrition between anthropogenic and native pika habitats at a copper mine site. The objectives were to: 1) Compare plant communities between the two habitat types; 2) Determine plant species harvested by pikas; 3) Assess if pikas choose the most abundant or nutritious plants available and how this differs between habitats. Results showed native habitats had greater plant diversity. Pikas harvested different plant species than the most abundant available, indicating selectivity. Pika diets provided similar nutrition between habitats, suggesting plasticity in adapting to altered landscapes.
This document discusses the diallel selective mating approach (DSM) for genetic improvement of autogamous crops. DSM involves three steps: 1) a parental diallel series of crosses between multiple parents, 2) F1 diallel series of crosses between F1 plants, and 3) selective mating series where selected F2 plants are intercrossed and selfed in successive generations. The goal is to accumulate desirable genes and increase recombination through restoring heterozygosity via intermating selected plants over multiple cycles. While it broadens the genetic base, DSM is more complex than pedigree methods and success depends on identifying desirable plants in segregating generations.
Similar to A mitochondrial DNA SNP is maternally inherited in hops (Humulus lupulus, L.) and segregates varieties of the renowned Brewer's Gold female lineage from the others
RAPD Analysis Of Rapidly Multiplied In Vitro Plantlets of Anthurium Andreanum...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in Anthurium andreanum plantlets multiplied through in vitro culture. Seeds were germinated and a single plantlet was cultured on MS medium supplemented with hormones and used as the mother plant. Shoots were transferred to four media including MS medium and proliferated over 10 cycles. RAPD analysis found the mother plant was genetically identical to plantlets in some media but unique band patterns in others indicated mutations, showing in vitro culture induced genetic variability compared to the original mother plant.
tomato fruit show wide phenotypic diversity but fruit developmental gene show...Kamal Tyagi
- Researchers analyzed 127 tomato accessions from 20 countries and found extensive diversity in fruit traits, clustering them into 9 classes based on traits like soluble solids, carotenoids, ripening index, weight, and shape.
- They screened 10 genes involved in plant development for SNPs using EcoTILLING and found 36 non-synonymous and 18 synonymous changes, identifying 28 haplotypes. However, genetic diversity in the fruit development genes was low compared to the wide phenotypic diversity observed.
- While fruit shape was found to be a complex trait influenced by multiple factors, 100% variance between round and flat fruits was explained by one discriminant function. The study indicates potential to further exploit the morphological and genetic diversity in the
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Analysis of some Capparis L. accessions from Turkey based on IRAP and seed pr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic diversity in 15 accessions of Capparis from 10 locations in Turkey using two marker systems: inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP) and seed protein electrophoresis. High levels of polymorphism were detected with both marker types. IRAP revealed 93% polymorphism while seed protein electrophoresis revealed 55.5% polymorphism. The markers clearly delineated between species C. spinosa and C. ovata and showed segregation related to infraspecific status and eco-geographical distribution. A significant correlation was found between IRAP and seed protein profiles, indicating the combination of genomic and proteomic markers can be useful for determining genetic diversity and identifying germpl
Characterisation of some Ribes L. accessions from Turkey based on SSRs patternsAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variability among 7 Ribes alpinum, 2 Ribes bieberstenii, and 1 Ribes uva-crispa accessions from Turkey using SSR (microsatellite) markers. A total of 10 SSR primers were used, producing 172 bands between 50-330 base pairs in length. 157 of these bands were polymorphic, representing 91.2% genetic diversity. The SSR patterns allowed for delineation of the Ribes accessions at both the specific and intraspecific levels, providing additional data for characterization of the Ribes gene pool in Anatolia.
This document discusses genetic diversity analysis of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm in India using microsatellite markers. A total of 42 grape genotypes were analyzed using 7 microsatellite markers. A total of 45 alleles were detected among the genotypes. The microsatellites grouped the genotypes into two main clusters (A and B) based on morphological and genetic characteristics, with subclusters differentiating seeded vs seedless fruits and pigmented vs non-pigmented fruits. The study found high genetic variability among the Indian grape germplasm and that microsatellite markers are a reliable tool for diversity and breeding programs.
OVERVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF CHICKPEAS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)Harrizul Rivai
This review aims to provide basic knowledge of the medicinal plant Chickpeas (Phaseolus vulgaris). Currently, Chickpeas are considered a medicinal plant for diabetes mellitus. However, natural compounds for treating diabetes mellitus are the most alternative and complementary therapies due to their various biological and therapeutic properties. We conducted a limited, open search in English from the Mendeley, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and Pubmed databases for all available literature from 2000-2020, using terms related to phytochemical, pharmacological and Phaseolus vulgaris compounds. This view of the phytochemical content and pharmacological activity of Phaseolus vulgaris provides a solid basis for developing new treatments. Chickpeas (Phaseolus vulgaris L) have several bioactive components associated with health benefits, such as alkaloids, anthocyanins, carbohydrates, catechins, fiber, and flavonoids phytic acid, quercetin, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids and trypsin inhibitors. Therefore, Chickpeas have various biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, diuretic, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, and antiobesity. Also, Chickpeas (Phaseolus vulgaris) have been shown to have vigorous antidiabetic activity and may be useful in developing new antidiabetic therapies.
Growth Pattern, Molecular Identification and Bio molecules Analysis of FOMITO...journal ijrtem
Abstract : Fomitopsis feei, a brown rot fungus is identified tentatively using morphological characteristics and confirmed phylogenetically by 28S rDNA analysis and sequence was submitted in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database. Its growth pattern was studied on eight different solid media and found to be good on Malt extract agar medium. Biomolecules such as proteins and lipid were screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively. Aminoacid analysis by chromatography and fatty acid analysis by FAME were also done and revealed that tryptophan (20.53%), valine (20.51%) and cis-linoleic acid (43.38%) and palmetic acid (17.88%) were in high percentage.
Key words : Fomitopsis feei, growth, molecular identification and biomolecules
1) Researchers surveyed 25 locations in South Dakota to study ecological and chemical properties of Achillea (yarrow) species. Plant and soil samples were taken from plots and phenotypic measurements were recorded.
2) Extracts were prepared from two yarrow populations using sequential solvent extractions and tested in an antifungal bioassay against Candida species. Inconclusive results were found due to precipitate formation.
3) Future work includes repeating the bioassay, expanding tests to other microbes, identifying compounds in extracts, and investigating environmental and genetic influences on yarrow phenotypes between populations.
The document summarizes a study on the chemical composition, mineral profile, and antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plants - Stachys parviflora and Calotropis procera. The study found that both plants contain nutrients and minerals, with Calotropis procera having higher fat, protein, and energy content. Various parts of the plants were also found to contain essential macro and micro minerals. Extracts from both plants exhibited inhibitory effects against bacterial and fungal pathogens, indicating antimicrobial properties. The results suggest that the two studied plants have potential as nutritional food sources and natural antimicrobial agents.
GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Active Compounds in Aqueous Extract of Boerhaavia Diffu...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants have had a crucial role in human culture and civilization. The present study deals with the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy analysis of Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides, which have various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the chemical composition of the different crude aqueous extracts of these plant samples using PerkinElmer Gas Chromatography'Mass Spectrometry. Our results show that the compounds in the extract revealed by GC MS were the same as recorded in the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST library. The identity and quantity of the measured active compounds was correlated with the expected therapeutic effects. The content of active principles was determined. The quantity of the active principles in the plants was also determined. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Active Compounds in Aqueous Extract of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29436.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29436/gc-ms-analysis-of-bio-active-compounds-in-aqueous-extract-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
1) The study analyzed the morphological and molecular characteristics of 10 Iranian olive cultivars to clarify inconsistencies in their classification.
2) Morphological analysis revealed homonyms and mislabeling among 5 cultivars and led to reclassifying the 10 cultivars into 27 new groups.
3) Genetic analysis using RAPD markers on a subset of samples supported some aspects of the new morphological classification, helping to validate it.
This document reviews the Indian fruit tree Garcinia indica, commonly known as kokum. It discusses the tree's native regions in India, botanical description, phytochemistry, traditional medicinal uses, and validated pharmacological properties. Preclinical studies have shown that kokum and some of its phytochemicals possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anticancer and other medicinal effects. The review aims to highlight the nutritional and medicinal value of this underutilized indigenous fruit.
Caracterizacion de pleurotus sp. aislado de la comunidad nativa korimani echa...Ana Maria Apellidos
This document describes the characterization of a wild Pleurotus sp. strain isolated from the native community of Korimani in Cusco, Peru. The strain was isolated from fruiting bodies on four solid culture media and identified as Pleurotus djamor. It grew well at 25°C with a daily growth rate of 1.1 cm/day. Fruiting bodies were produced after 7 days of incubation on local lignocellulosic residues (banana leaves and wheat stubble) under controlled conditions. Chemical analysis found the mushroom contains 19.46% protein and 57.31% carbohydrates, making it a promising genetic resource for the Cusco region.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Jennifer Griffith, Taylor Wadley, and Daniel Crall to study the effects of light intensity and pH on the regeneration of African violets (Saintpaulia ionantha) through tissue culture. They tested five different pH levels of growth media (4.0-8.0) and three lights varying in color temperature (4100K, 6500K, 4100K) and color rendering index (89, 84, 70). They hypothesized the greatest shoot production would occur with a pH of 6.0 and light with a 4100K color temperature and 89 CRI, as these conditions are closest to established protocols and light spectra promoting growth.
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The copy is for the author's personal non-commercial use, including instruction and sharing with colleagues. Other uses like reproduction, distribution, selling, licensing copies or posting on websites are prohibited without permission. Authors can generally post their version of the article to their personal or institutional websites or repositories. The document provides a link for more information on Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies.
This document summarizes restrictions on sharing and distributing an article from a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy can be used by the author for non-commercial research and education purposes, including instruction and sharing with colleagues, but other uses like reproduction, distribution, selling, licensing copies or posting to third party websites are prohibited without permission. The author is allowed to post a version of the article to their personal website or institutional repository in most cases. Further information on Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies is available at the provided URL.
The document discusses a doctoral seminar presentation on doubled haploid (DH) technology. It begins with introducing the speaker and others involved. It then provides background on DH technology, describing it as a method to produce completely homozygous plants from haploid cells whose chromosome number has been doubled. The document discusses various chromosome doubling methods, approaches for DH production, applications in plant breeding and genomics, advantages and disadvantages. It provides timelines of haploid development and DH production in some crops. In conclusion, the document discusses DH technology as a valuable tool for plant improvement and addresses future strategies.
This study compared primary metabolites in leaf, stem, and callus of Boerhaavia diffusa (L), an important medicinal herb. Protein content was highest in callus and lowest in stem. Carbohydrates were maximum in leaf and minimum in stem. Lipid levels were also highest in leaf and lowest in callus. The results show variations in primary metabolite levels across different plant parts, with callus generally having higher protein and leaf generally having higher carbohydrates and lipids. This information could help in using different plant parts for industrial or pharmaceutical applications.
Similar to A mitochondrial DNA SNP is maternally inherited in hops (Humulus lupulus, L.) and segregates varieties of the renowned Brewer's Gold female lineage from the others (20)
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
A mitochondrial DNA SNP is maternally inherited in hops (Humulus lupulus, L.) and segregates varieties of the renowned Brewer's Gold female lineage from the others
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 46
A mitochondrial DNA SNP is maternally inherited in hops
(Humulus lupulus, L.) and segregates varieties of the renowned
Brewer’s Gold female lineage from the others
Anne Forster1
, Jean-Marc Jeltsch2
1
UMR 7242 - Biotechnology and cell signaling, CNRS – University of Strasbourg, ESBS 300 boulevard Sébastien Brant, CS
10413, 67412 ILLKIRCH CEDEX, FRANCE
2
UMR 7515 - Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), CNRS-University of
Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 STRASBOURG CEDEX 02, FRANCE
Abstract— The integration of molecular biology concepts and techniques in cultivated plant breeding programs allows
defining more accurately the parents involved in crosses. The analysis of the DNA polymorphism in existing hop cultivars or
wild types selected to generate new potent varieties is commonly used. Ribosomal DNA RFLP was the first to be studied in
the middle of the 1990’s and differentiated at least European from North American cultivated hops. The EcoRI rDNA RFLP
has been established here for a selection of 31 H. lupulus plants, 17 of which are cultivars and the remaining 14 include wild
types and other genotypes used for breeding. The sequence of the Magnum variety rDNA EcoRI fragment (4,957 bp)
covering the intergenic spacer and corresponding to its North American heritage has been determined. As mitochondria are
known to play a role in the biosynthesis of the valuable plant secondary metabolites, specially those based on isopentenyl
pyrophosphate, the search for mtDNA polymorphism allowing a possible distinction among hops was engaged. After having
established the 14,472 bp sequence of mtDNA encompassing the ATP synthase alpha subunit (509 aa), a 560 bp region 5’
upstream of this gene allowed to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism. This SNP appeared to be maternally inherited in
the lineage of Brewer’s Gold, often used in crosses for its bittering properties. This work may stimulate researchers to
explore further on the role of mitochondria in the biosynthesis of metabolites, mainly but not only isoprenoids, that make
Humulus lupulus so interesting.
Keywords— Cannabaceae, Cannabis sativa, Medicinal plant, Mitochondria, Terpenes.
I. INTRODUCTION
As revised in 2013 by Yang et al. [1], Humulus is one of the ten genera of the Cannabaceae family. The three Humulus
species, whose cradle is Eastern Asia, are H. japonicus, Siebold & Zuccarini (or H. scandens, Loureiro), H. lupulus, Linné,
known as hop, and H. yunnanensis, Hu.
H. lupulus, a dioecious diploid perennial plant was distributed primarily in Northern temperate parts of America, Asia and
Europe. Its 2.57 Gbp [2] genome is composed of 20 chromosomes (2n=2x=20), of which one pair is recognised as sexual
(XX for female and XY for male). Hops also exist as aneuploid, monoecious, triploid or tetraploid individuals [3]. The main
use of hops since the Middle Age and up to now is as a “spice” in brewing, bringing bitterness, aroma and flavour to beer [4-
6]. Only female plants are cultivated for their inflorescences, called cones (or strobili), which host lupulin glands containing
the wanted specific resins. Their principal fraction, the -acids (humulone), which is the traditional basis of the hop
commercial value, contributes, along with -acids (lupulone), to beer bitterness whereas its aroma and flavour are due to
cone essential oils [6]. These remarkable metabolites are mostly synthesized from the isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) by
involving nuclear, plastidial and/or mitochondrial pathways [7, 8].
From germplasm collections, hosted in a few places dedicated to H. lupulus in producing countries, selected female and male
individuals, used for controlled or open pollination, are requested in breeding programs to generate and establish genetically
stable new cultivars. Once such a potent new variety is chosen for its properties, it is vegetatively propagated in glasshouses
and the resulting developed plantlets are positioned in the prepared gardens for further growth. Two to four-year trials in
various places allow to establish its characteristics by both qualitative and quantitative studies, including the ease to cultivate
and harvest, the resistance to diseases, the crop yield, sensory evaluations and biochemical analyses. Parental plants used in
breeding programs can be already existing varieties (mother plants) and males originating from previous crosses or wild type
hops [9-11]. In hop gardens, and for each cultivated plant, up to 4 bines from annual shoots are fixed during Spring on a
trellis to allow a fast growth with clockwise climbing. When flowers are harvested early in Autumn, and dependant of the
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 47
hop variety, the composition and relative richness of hop resins is determined following a traditional classification in two
main groups: aroma and bittering. A third one, dual-purpose (meaning high -acids content and valuable aroma properties)
tends to become generally accepted mainly for commercial reason [12-14]. They rely on the tastes of hop flower teas and of
the beer due to hop addition (either as dried cones, pellets or extracts) in the brewing process. This qualitative scoring is
completed by quantitative biochemical analyses of a selection of hop secondary metabolites present in the thoroughly dried
cones [15, 16].
In the last thirty years, several studies on genetic diversity among cultivated hop varieties and wild type hops have been
published and used in breeding programs continuously generating numerous new registered varieties. In 2016, the production
of 249 commercial cultivars, adapted for various pedoclimatic conditions and bred mostly to fit with market driven product
requirements, was reported by the International Hop Growers’ Convention (IHGC) [17]. Hop is produced in 30 countries
with a total acreage for 2017 of about 55,000 ha. Germany and the USA, the two first producers, represented 2/3rd
of the
world production. Besides historical cultivation areas of the Northern hemisphere, the development of a hop business in Italy
is also going on [18-20] and the Southern hemisphere contribution to the world hop production rely up to now on Argentina,
Australia, New-Zeeland and South Africa [17]. Based on their knowledge accumulated over generations, hop breeders take
advantages from the availability of fine biochemical analyses and of molecular biology technologies. Genetic distances based
on various DNA polymorphisms, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and other techniques generating vast number of data, allow
the clustering of all available and future cultivars along with individuals from wild hop germplasm growing collections [21-
26]. One of the very first published study showed that rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was able to
segregate hops according to their geographical origins [27]. More recently, genomic and plastidial DNA tags identified
accurately the continental origins of hops allowing new breeding program strategies [25, 28]. A still current aim of breeding
programs is to combine in one variety both aromatic and bitter properties, with high yield, disease resistance and easy crop.
Such hunted dual-purpose varieties can preserve aromatic properties without reducing the -acid contents and the targeted
beer quality. Strong efforts have been engaged to find the suitable father plant able to bring bittering, respectively aroma,
components in an aroma, respectively bitter, mother variety without altering it first qualification and so to generate suitable
F1 plant populations expected to contain future and competitive new variety candidates. Searches for useful quantitative trait
loci (QTL) have shown to be highly complex as described in the remarkable work of McAdam et al. published in 2013 [29].
In this reference, unfortunately, no mention about plastid or mitochondrial genome contributions can be read.
With respect to cell energy (ATP production) and metabolism, the fundamental role of mitochondria is recognised [30-33].
The angiosperm mitochondrial genome size and organization differ considerably from one taxa to another and ranges from
around 200 to at least 2,500 kbp [34]. The available hop mtDNA assembled sequence of 336,811 bp [2] is positioned at the
lower size range. Although maternal inheritance in plants is predominant, biparental mitochondrial transmission have been
reported in various taxa [35, 36]. The data published by Clark et al. [8] and the progress in mtDNA sequencing [2] encourage
to overcome possible difficulties due to both size and mode of parental transmission to progeny of mitochondrial genome and
to dynamize its study in hops which has so far been timorous.
Here, within the 14,472 bp mitochondrial sequence of the Strisselspalt hop variety, a 560 bp region was selected at the 5’ end
of the gene encoding the subunit of ATP synthase (EC 3.6.1.14), highly conserved among plants [37-39]. It contains a
single nucleotide polymorphism acting as a signature that splits in two groups the 31 selected plants used in a still running
hop breeding program and raises the question of maternally inherited mitochondrial genome in hops.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant samples, either fresh, dried or lyophilized, were processed upon receipt as follows. Fresh leaves and cones were
obtained from growers in various gardens in Alsace (France) within a continuous breeding program established in 2001 and
supported by the Cophoudal – Comptoir Agricole (Hochfelden, France). Wild type samples were collected by the authors
along the Bruche river near the town of Molsheim (France). Fresh collected samples were placed immediately in a cool box
at 4-6 °C and, once in the lab, entered the dedicated DNA extraction procedure or were dropped 2 min in liquid nitrogen and
then packaged for storage at – 80°C. Dried or lyophilized plant samples were ground and processed directly with the
appropriate protocol depending upon the aim of the experiment. Samples from some of the parental plants used in part of the
program were provided, with their code numbers and filiations, by Dr Peter Darby (Wye Hop Ltd, UK). The identity and
filiations of all the plants used in this study were gathered from various sources [12-14], checked for consistency and
summarized in Table 1.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 48
FIGURE 1: PHOTOGRAPHS OF FLOWERING FEMALE AND MALE HOPS.
All molecular biology protocols used unless otherwise indicated were from Ausubel et al. [40]. Enzymes, chemicals,
oligonucleotides (primers) and/or materials, depending on public market constraints, were delivered to the laboratory by
various companies.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from fresh leaves of the Strisselspalt hop variety following the protocol of
Maureen et al. [41]. This mtDNA preparation served for primer walking experiments. For all other experiments, total DNA
was purified from hop samples using the Nucleospin Plant kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany). PCR were performed with high-
fidelity polymerases and processed with protocols optimized for each thermal cycler used. PCR products (native and/or after
their restriction endonuclease digestion) less than 2 kbp long were analyzed by 2 % w/v agarose gel electrophoresis in Tris-
Borate-EDTA buffer and either Gene Ruler Ladder Mix or Range Ruler 50 bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher, USA) was
chosen.
DNA sequencing, carried on both strands twice for each purified PCR product, was generated by an ABI Prism sequencer. In
some cases, PCR products were inserted into appropriate plasmid vectors. Recombinant DNA from positive clones were
purified from 1 mL cultures with NucleoSpin Plasmid QuickPure (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) and standard T3 and T7
primers were then used in sequencing. Sequence analysis and assembly were achieved by using the online software platform
at the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA [42].
For Southern blot hybridization, probes were generated by random primed DNA labelling with Digoxigenin-dUTP (DIG
DNA Labelling Kit) followed by luminescent signal detection (DIG Luminescent Detection Kit). Both kits were from Roche
(Germany). The Digoxigenin labelled probe used for the rDNA EcoRI fragment length polymorphism study corresponded to
the 819 bp fragment from position 5072 to 5890 of sequence AF223066 (GenBank). The DNA Molecular Weight Marker
VII, Digoxigenin-labelled (Roche, Germany) was chosen for 1 or 1.2 % w/v agarose gel electrophoresis. The unlabelled
DNA Marker VII (Roche, Germany) or the Gene Ruler Ladder Mix (Thermo Fisher, USA) was used in electrophoresis
without subsequent Southern blotting.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Linked to the breeding program initiated in 2001 in Alsace (France) and aiming at generating hop varieties with an aroma
profile like that of the starting Strisselspalt variety and an elevated content in -acids, a subset of 31 samples (known
cultivars including Strisselspalt as reference, unknown encoded plants and two wild types, one of both sexes) was used in this
study (Fig. 1 and Table 1).
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 49
TABLE 1
IDENTITIES, ORIGINS, DATES OF RELEASE AND TYPES OF THE H. LUPULUS USED.
Hop identity § Pedigree/ Origin
Date of
release
Type#
Admiral Derived from Northdown and Challenger breeding lines 1996 B
Columbus Unknown. 1970’s B
Elsaesser An old landrace (Alsace, France) distinct from Strisselspalt. Na A
Glacier
Progeny of Elsaesser (mother lineage), Northern Brewer and Brewer’s Gold
(Washington State University, USA).
2000 A
Saphir Cross of 83/17/20 x 80/56/6 (Hüll, Hallertau, Germany). 2002 A
Select
76/18/80 x 71/16/7 (derived from Hallertauer Mittelfrüh and Spalt, one of the
world oldest hop varieties, Hüll, Hallertau, Germany).
1993 A
Strisselspalt
First reported in 1885 and probably issued from a cross involving a Spalt mother
(Alsace, France).
Na A
Strisselspalt 4X Generated for the breeding program in 2001/2002. Na Na
Target Lineage of Northern Brewer and Eastwell Golding. 1972 B
Tradition
Cross between Hallertauer Gold and male 75/15/106 (Hüll, Hallertau,
Germany).
1993 A
Whitbread
Golding variety
Bates Brewer – open pollination in 1911; WGV name given in 1920 (England). 1953 A
Wild type F Wild female ecotype (Alsace, France).
Na Na
Wild type M Wild male ecotype (Alsace, France).
TB104
Progeny of Pilgrim used as mother crossed with a male having Challenger as
grandmother.
* Na
TC61
Progeny of the mother 25/91/12 having Yeoman in its mother lineage and
Olympic in its father one (3/4 of Brewer’s Gold) as grandmother and crossed
with a male having Bramling Cross as one of its grandmother.
TC132 Same mother as for TC61 but crossed with a male having as grandmothers
Yeoman and the same grandmother as Pilgrim and Admiral as mother.TC169
TD161
Progeny of a male having Yeoman and Olympic (3/4 of Brewer’s Gold) as
grandmothers and crossed with a female having the same grandmother as
Pilgrim.
2/82/12 Progeny of Challenger.
46/01/02 Progeny of Pilgrim as a mother in an open pollination.
48/02/09
Progeny of Hallertau INT32.
48/02/14
54/97/01
From an open pollination of Early Bird, a Goldings aroma hop, discovered in
1887 at Wye (Kent, England).
318/01/10
Male issued form crosses using Strisselspalt as mother plant with a male issued
from Mathon x wild type male.
Brewer’s Gold
Wild female named BB1 isolated in Morden (Manitoba, Canada) x wild male
(Kent, England) in 1919.
1934 B
Horizon
Half Sister of Nugget (lineage of Brewer’s Gold and Early Green, bred at
Oregon State University (USA).
1997 B
Magnum
Galena x male 75/5/3 (Hüll, Hallertau, Germany) (Galena released in 1978 is a
daughter of Brewer’s Gold in an open pollination).
1993 B
Merkur Magnum x male 81/8/13 (Hüll, Hallertau, Germany). 2001** B
Millenium 47 Daughter of a tetraploid Nugget (a granddaughter of Brewer’s Gold) (Yakima,
WA USA). Two isolates used (47 & 52)
2000 B
Millenium 52
Nugget Daughter of Brewer’s Gold (Oregon State University, USA). 1983 B
§: Female plants are in bold; #: A = aroma, B = bittering; Na: not applicable;
*: From various breeding programs (Peter Darby personal communication); **: registered
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 50
FIGURE 2: MAP OF THE HOP rDNA TANDEM REPEAT ORGANIZATION SHOWING TWO rDNA UNITS, THE
ECORI SITES AND CORRESPONDING FRAGMENT SIZES (IGS: INTERGENIC SPACER, ITS: INTERNAL
TRANSCRIBED SPACER). Note the position and extent of the Digoxigenin-labelled probe (Dig-P).
FIGURE 3: RESULTS OF SOUTHERN BLOT HYBRIDIZATION OF ECORI-DIGESTED HOP TOTAL DNA.
Samples of about 10 µg of digested DNA corresponding to the different varieties (lanes 1-15 upper panel and 16-31
lower panel) and the Dig-labelled DNA marker VII (lane M, sizes in kbp on the left) were loaded on 1% agarose gel.
After electrophoresis, the Southern blot hybridization and detection procedure was followed using a Dig-labelled
rDNA probe. The specific sizes of the hybridized rDNA fragments are indicated (in kbp on the right). The samples
were (lane-name): 1-Admiral, 2-Columbus, 3-Elsaesser, 4-Glacier, 5-Saphir, 6-Select, 7-Strisselspalt, 8-Strisselspalt
tetraploid, 9-Target, 10-Tradition, 11-WGV, 12-Wild type female, 13-Wild type male, 14-TB104, 15-TC61, 16-TC132,
17-TC169, 18-TD161, 19-2/82/12, 20-46/01/02, 21-48/02/09, 22-48/02/14, 23-54/97/01, 24-318/01/10, 25-Brewer’s Gold,
26-Horizon, 27-Magnum, 28-Merkur, 29-Millenium 47, 30-Millenium 52, 31-Nugget.
A first view of the distribution of this selection in terms of rDNA restriction polymorphism profiles was obtained. A
Southern blot hybridization of EcoRI total DNA digestions of the 31 plant samples with the Dig-labelled Strisselspalt rDNA
probe (819 bp) covering the EcoRI site of the 18S sequence gave typical results. The presence of two types of rDNA RFLP
was revealed with either two hybridized fragments (profile R1: 5.4 and 3.7 kbp) for European and Asian type hops or three
(profile R2: 5.4, 4.9 and 3.7 kbp) in the case of varieties containing rDNA inherited from North American cultivated hop
(Fig. 2 & 3 and Table 2). The sequence length divergence occurs in the IGS part of the rDNA repeat organisation.
The sequence of the specific 4.9 kbp EcoRI rDNA fragment was determined for Magnum (GenBank accession number
MH205730). It may serve in the understanding of the various IGS sequence rearrangements in the Humulus genera and
completes previous contributions [27, 44]. The results highlight the relevant case of Merkur (see lane 28 in Fig. 3, and Table
2). This bittering hop variety inherited via its Magnum mother plant some characteristics of Brewer’s Gold, but the rDNA
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 51
polymorphism indicates that the component of North American cultivated hops disappeared as a consequence of the cross.
This is in accordance with the conclusion of Pillay & Kenny [27] indicating that “Ribosomal DNA length phenotypes
showed simple Mendelian inheritance in hop”.
Although Merkur is a bittering hop, it can be seen on web sites from various companies commercializing hops, that there is
an increased tendency to requalify some varieties from bittering to dual-purpose type, which is the case for Merkur, probably
because the race aiming only at higher -acids cone content shifted towards other goals. Among these, already targeted since
decades, are the selection of disease resistant hops, improvement of aroma and flavour, drought tolerance with an easier
cultivation and post-harvest production processes. As well as for the hop resin synthesis [8], many properties rely on the
plant metabolism which involves mitochondrial activity [45].
To start the search for hop mitochondrial genome polymorphism information, the hop mtATPase was used to anchor the
study. A 166 bp sequence was identified in 1999 by sequencing a mtDNA fragment generated by PCR using degenerated
primers deduced from alignment of the 17 sequences (mostly partial) of plant mitochondrial ATPase subunit available at
that time (our unpublished report). From this sequence a primer walking strategy in both direction was developed. A contig
of 14,472 bp hop mtDNA was obtained for the Strisselspalt variety (Genbank access number: MH016574). It encompasses
the mtATPase subunit gene (position 9090 – 10619). The deduced 509 aa protein sequence (calculated MW of 55,337 Da)
is identical except one amino acid (position 485: I versus V) to that of Cannabis sativa (GenBank KU363807.1).
This sequence will contribute to the accuracy of the available hop mitochondrial sequences in public databases because all of
them showed unproperly assembled sequences in this specific region. This is the reason why, on the contrary of all plant
ATPAse subunits that gave at least 95 % identities using a BlastX search, no high-quality match with H. lupulus sequence
data in either hopbase.org or GenBank [42] was obtained prior to our present contribution.
FIGURE 4: PARTIAL STRISSELSPALT HOP MTDNA SEQUENCE FROM THE 14,472 BP REGION (GENBANK
MH016574). The primers NAD1 and NAD2 used for PCR, the translation start (+1, ATG) of the ATPase
subunit coding gene and the HinfI sites are positioned.
The sequence 5’ upstream of the mtATPase subunit gene diverged rapidly from that of C. sativa. So, it was interesting to
look if any variability occurred within a maximum 600 bp region ahead of the highly conserved gene sequence among the 31
selected hop genotypes used in this study. This limited short size fitted to practical conditions for further easy analysis, which
could be achieved in a one-work day experiment starting with a minimum sample size (about 1 g) thus preserving the plant
and therefore acting as a non-destructive assay. This size was also chosen for convenience in sequencing. The search for an
informative potent polymorphic restriction site resulted in the choice of HinfI, recognizing the sequence 5’ – G/ANTC – 3’,
present twice in the Strisselspalt mtDNA explored region (HinfI-1 and HinfI-2, Fig. 4). Two primers NAD 1 and NAD2 were
designed (Fig.4). Used in PCR assays the expected fragment of 560 bp was generated. The size was identical for all
genotypes tested during this study. The comparison and analysis of the sequences from 4 hop varieties (Brewer’s Gold,
Nugget, Select and Strisselspalt) revealed an HinfI restriction polymorphism to be further investigated (Fig.4). The
electropherogram of the two typical HinfI profiles is presented with a slight sample overload to see the 36 bp fragment
(Fig.5).
7. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 52
FIGURE 5: ELECTROPHEROGRAM (2% AGAROSE GEL) OF THE FRAGMENT PRODUCED BY PCR USING
PRIMERS NAD1 AND NAD2 ON HOP MTDNA FOR STRISSELSPALT (LANE 1 UNCUT & LANE 2 HINFI CUT) AND
FOR MAGNUM (LANE 3 UNCUT & LANE 4 HINFI CUT). The Range Ruler 50 bp DNA Ladder was used as
marker (lane M, sizes in bp). The 560 bp amplified fragment is either cut twice generating three bands (299
+ 225 + 36 bp, lane 2) or once, yielding two bands (299 + 261 bp, lane 4).
The 560 bp PCR product for each of the remaining 27 plants used in this study was sequenced and the HinfI polymorphism
checked by agarose gel electrophoresis (data not shown). The summarized results (Table 2) indicate clearly that this
polymorphism of the chosen 5’ upstream sequence of the hop mitochondrial ATPase subunit gene split the 31 genotypes
used here in two groups (profiles H1 and H2).
Coming back to the filiation of the plants used (Table1), the prevalence of Brewer’s Gold came as an evidence. The question
was then to give sense to the potent maternal transmission of this mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism (C/A at
position 9081, see Fig. 4) as a signature of the original mother plant which originated from North America, as confirmed by
its rDNA profile and by the known history of the English hop varieties parentage [10, 43]. Ernest Stanley Salmon at Wye
College (Kent, UK) used a wild hop collected at Morden (Manitoba, Canada) as a mother plant (designed BB1) in an open
pollination (with English wild type males) to generate, in 1919, the successful Brewer’s Gold variety [10, 43]. One sister is
Bullion and one of its brother was used to generate the Bramling Cross in 1927. The BB1 genetic background, seen as a
founder, spread through various breeding programs in an abundant and rich progeny although its genome part was therefore
diluted cross after cross. This parentage including many of the varieties issued from Wye (Table 1) until mid-1980s, was
broader and famous names can be cited such as Nugget, Galena, Northern Brewers, Magnum, Horizon, Millenium, Target,
Challenger, Northdown, Saxon, Viking, Alliance as well as Glacier [10, 43].
Maternal inheritance of mtDNA is probably the common way in H. lupulus. The single nucleotide polymorphism revealed in
this study showed to be strictly conserved over years and through all breeding programs in which the female plant is the
daughter of a mother plant harbouring this mtDNA signature. In crosses involving female plants showing a H1 mtDNA
profile with H2 mtDNA males, their progeny showed H1 profile (see Glacier as an example for cultivars and TC61, TC132,
TC169 and TD161 for other breeding plants, Table 1 and Table 2). Considering all the information presented in the 2 tables,
Merkur shows the interesting case of the inherited mother H2 mtDNA profile of Brewer’s Gold (and most probably BB1)
brought by its daughter Magnum, and the rDNA R1 profile of European hops resulting from the exclusion of the specific
rDNA sequences from North American cultivated hops still present in Magnum.
This mtDNA SNP may shed a new light on strategic breeding approaches opening yet unexplored routes for introducing
more cellular work, allowing cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) formation followed by plant regeneration [46,47].
8. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 53
TABLE 2
POLYMORPHIC PROFILES SUMMARIZED FOR rDNA AND mtDNA
Hop identity § Type #
rDNA as target mtDNA as target
Genomic DNA/ EcoRI
digestion & probe
hybridization*
PCR 5’of ATPase
-Subunit / HinfI digestion**
Admiral B
R1
H1
Columbus B
Elsaesser A
Glacier A
Saphir A
Select A
Strisselspalt A
Strisselspalt 4X Na
Target A
Tradition A
WGV A
Wild type F
Na
Wild type M
TB104
TC61 R2
TC132
R1
TC169
TD161
2/82/12
46/01/02
48/02/09
48/02/14
54/97/01 R2
318/01/10 R1
Brewers Gold B
R2
H2
Horizon B
Magnum B
Merkur B R1
Millenium 47
B
R2Millenium 52
Nugget B
§: Female are in bold; #: A= aroma, B = bittering and Na = not applicable;
* Number of EcoRI hybridized fragments: two for R1 (5.4 + 3.7 kbp) and three for R2 (5.4 + 4.9 + 3.7 kbp).
** Number of HinfI fragments: three for H1 (299 + 225 +36 bp) and two for H2 (299 + 261 bp).
Many attempts to focus on the key genes in the synthesis pathway of the valuable secondary metabolism to set up breeding
programs seem to have only partly succeeded up to now [48]. In the search for QTL, McAdam et al. made great progress in
the understanding of the pleiotropic nature of hop secondary metabolite synthesis [29] and mentioned the possible action of
still unknown regulatory elements. As seen for other regulated gene expression, allostery [49] is probably involved in the
crosstalk between nuclei, plastid and/or mitochondria in the case of the synthesis flow based on IPP [8, 50-52]. The
mitochondria contribution must be further investigated considering the importance of the chloroplast too. Understanding how
gene expression and protein activities are regulated in hop specific pathways, either by biotic or abiotic factors, will allow
enhancement of expected secondary metabolite biosynthesis. This point of view is reinforced by the fact that H. lupulus
laborious cultivation is balanced by its richness in substances of remarkable properties from which only a few have been
extensively studied yet [53, 54]. Knowing also that the amount of hop products used in beer making dropped drastically since
the 1970’s, there might be an opportunity for developing H. lupulus as a medicinal plant and re-boosting its production with
new cultivation areas [18-20, 55, 56]. This possibility, extended to the other species of the Humulus genus, will reinforce the
research interests in Cannabaceae almost solely driven by Cannabis sativa.
9. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 54
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank B. Laugel and M. Dauger (Cophoudal), F. Merckling (Experimental farm, Obernai, France) and Dr
P. Darby for providing us with hop samples. We are indebted to Prof. Vincent Phalip (University of Lille, France) for his
constant support and the numerous and constructive discussions throughout the project.
REFERENCES
[1] Yang, M.-Q., van Velzen, R., Bakker, F.T., Sattarian, A., Li, D.-Z., and Yi, T.-S. (2013). Molecular phylogenetics and character
evolution of Cannabaceae. Taxon 62(3), 473-485.
[2] Natsume, S., Takagi, H., Shiraishi, A., Murata, J., Toyonaga, H., Patzak, J., Takag Natsume, S., Takagi, H., Shiraishi, A., Murata, J.,
Toyonaga, H., Patzak, J., Takagi, M., Yaegashi, H., Uemura, A., Mitsuoka, C., et al. (2015). The Draft Genome of Hop (Humulus
lupulus), an Essence for Brewing. Plant and Cell Physiology 56, 428-441.
[3] Skof, S., Bohanec, B., Kastelec, D., and Luthar, Z. (2007). Spontaneous induction of tetraploidy in hop using adventitious shoot
regeneration method. Plant Breeding 126, 416-421.
[4] Strese, E.M.K., Lundstrom, M., Hagenblad, J., and Leino, M.W. (2014). Genetic Diversity in Remnant Swedish Hop (Humulus
lupulus L.) Yards from the 15(th) to 18(th) Century. Economic Botany 68, 231-245.
[5] Neve, R.A. (1986). Hop breeding worldwide - its aims and achievements. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 92, 21-24.
[6] Neve, R.A. (1991). Hops. Chapman & Hall (London). ISBN 0-412-30330-2.
[7] Vranova, E., Coman, D., and Gruissem, W. (2013). Network Analysis of the MVA and MEP Pathways for Isoprenoid Synthesis.
Annual Review of Plant Biology 64, 665-700.
[8] Clark, S.M., Vaitheeswaran, V., Ambrose, S.J., Purves, R.W., and Page, J.E. (2013). Transcriptome analysis of bitter acid
biosynthesis and precursor pathways in hop (Humulus lupulus). Bmc Plant Biology 13, 12.
[9] Haunold, A. (1981). Hop Production, Breeding, and Variety Development in Various Countries. Journal of the American Society of
Brewing Chemists 39, 27-34.
[10] Darby, P. (2005). The History of Hop Breeding and Development. Brewing History 121, 94-112.
[11] Murakami, A., Darby, P., Javornik, B., Pais, M.S.S., Seigner, E., Lutz, A., and Svoboda, P. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of wild
hops, Humulus lupulus L. Heredity 97, 66-74.
[12] https://www.hopsteiner.com/
[13] http://www.barthhaasgroup.com/
[14] https://ychhops.com/varieties
[15] Kaskonas, P., Stanius, Z., Kaskoniene, V., Obelevicius, K., Ragazinskiene, O., Zilinskas, A., and Maruska, A. (2016). Clustering
analysis of different hop varieties according to their essential oil composition measured by GC/MS. Chemical Papers 70, 1568-1577.
[16] Killeen, D.P., Watkins, O.C., Sansom, C.E., Andersen, D.H., Gordon, K.C., and Perry, N.B. (2017). Fast Sampling, Analyses and
Chemometrics for Plant Breeding: Bitter Acids, Xanthohumol and Terpenes in Lupulin Glands of Hops (Humulus lupulus).
Phytochemical Analysis 28, 50-57.
[17] http://www.hmelj-giz.si/ihgc/
[18] Mongelli, A., Rodolfi, M., Ganino, T., Marieschi, M., Dall'Asta, C., and Bruni, R. (2015). Italian hop germplasm: Characterization of
wild Humulus lupulus L. genotypes from Northern Italy by means of phytochemical, morphological traits and multivariate data
analysis. Industrial Crops and Products 70, 16-27.
[19] Mongelli, A., Rodolfi, M., Ganino, T., Marieschi, M., Caligiani, A., Dall'Asta, C., and Bruni, R. (2016). Are Humulus lupulus L.
ecotypes and cultivars suitable for the cultivation of aromatic hop in Italy? A phytochemical approach. Industrial Crops and Products
83, 693-700.
[20] Rossini, F., Loreti, P., Provenzano, M.E., De Santis, D., and Ruggeri, R. (2016). Agronomic performance and beer quality assessment
of twenty hop cultivars grown in Central Italy. Italian Journal of Agronomy 11, 180-187.
[21] Seefelder, S., Ehrmaier, H., Schweizer, G., and Seigner, E. (2000). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among accessions
of hop, Humulus lupulus, as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting compared with pedigree data.
Plant Breeding 119, 257-263.
[22] Sustar-Vozlic, J., and Javornik, B. (1999). Genetic relationships in cultivars of hop, Humulus lupulus L., determined by RAPD
analysis. Plant Breeding 118, 175-181.
[23] Solberg, S.O., Brantestam, A.K., Kylin, M., Bjorn, G.K., and Thomsen, J.M.G. (2014). Genetic variation in Danish and Norwegian
germplasm collections of hops. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 52, 53-59.
[24] Townsend, M.S., and Henning, J.A. (2009). AFLP Discrimination of Native North American and Cultivated Hop. Crop Science 49,
600-607.
[25] Patzak, J., Nesvadba, V., Henychova, A., and Krofta, K.(2010). Assessment of the genetic diversity of wild hops (Humulus lupulus
L.) in Europe using chemical and molecular analyses. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38, 136–145.
[26] Murakami, A., Darby, P., Javornik, B., Pais, M.S.S., Seigner, E., Lutz, A., and Svoboda, P. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of wild
hops, Humulus lupulus L. Heredity 97, 66-74.
[27] Pillay, M., and Kenny, S.T. (1996). Structure and inheritance of ribosomal DNA variants in cultivated and wild hop, Humulus lupulus
L. Theoretical Applied Genetics 93, 333-340.
10. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-4, Issue-4, April- 2018]
Page | 55
[28] Howard, E.L., Whittock, S.P., Jakse, J., Carling, J., Matthews, P.D., Probasco, G., Henning, J.A., Darby, P., Cerenak, A., Javornik, B.,
et al. (2011). High-throughput genotyping of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) utilising diversity arrays technology (DArT). Theoretical and
Applied Genetics 122, 1265-1280.
[29] McAdam, E.L., Freeman, J.S., Whittock, S.P., Buck, E.J., Jakse, J., Cerenak, A., Javornik, B., Kilian, A., Wang, C.H., Andersen, D.,
et al. (2013). Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield
and cone chemistry. Bmc Genomics 14.
[30] Kianian, P.M.A., and Kianian, S.F. (2014). Mitochondrial dynamics and the cell cycle. Frontiers in Plant Science 5,1-6.
[31] Millar, A.H., Heazlewood, J.L., Kristensen, B.K., Braun, H.-P., and Moller, I.M. (2005). The plant mitochondrial proteome. Trends in
Plant Science 10(1), 36-43.
[32] Noctor, G., De Paepe, R., and Foyer, C.H. (2007). Mitochondrial redox biology and homeostasis in plants. Trends in Plant Science
12(3),125-134.
[33] Rao, R.S.P., Salvato, F., Thal, B., Eubel, H., Thelen, J.J., and Moller, I.M. (2017). The proteome of higher plant mitochondria.
Mitochondrion 33, 22–37.
[34] Bendich A.J. (1985) Plant Mitochondrial DNA: Unusual Variation on a Common Theme. In: Hohn B., Dennis E.S. (eds) Genetic Flux
in Plants. Plant Gene Research (Basic Knowledge and Application). Springer, Vienna. ISBN 978-3-7091-8767-8.
[35] Weihe, A., Apitz, J., Pohlheim, F., Salinas-Hartwig, A., and Börner, T. (2009). Biparental inheritance of plastidial and mitochondrial
DNA and hybrid variegation in Pelargonium. Molecular Genetics Genomics 282, 587-593.
[36] Barr, C.M., Neiman, M., and Taylor, D.R. (2005). Inheritance and recombination of mitochondrial genomes in plants, fungi and
animals. New Phytologist 168, 39–50.
[37] Boutry, M., Briquet, M., and Goffeau, A. (1983). The Subunit of a Plant Mitochondrial F1-ATPase Is Translated in Mitochondria.
Journal of Biological Chemistry 258 (14), 8524-8526.
[38] Cross, R.L., and Müller, V. (2004). The evolution of A-, F-, and V-type ATP synthases and ATPases: reversals in function and
changes in the H+
/ATP coupling ratio. FEBS Letters 576, 1-4.
[39] Hamasur, B., and Glaser, E. (1992). Plant mitochondrial FoFl ATP synthase: Identification of the individual subunits and properties of
the purified spinach leaf mitochondrial ATP synthase. European Journal of Biochemistry 205, 409-416.
[40] Ausubel, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A., and Struhl, K. (Editors). (2003). Current Protocols
in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New-York.
[41] Hanson, M.R., Boeshore, M.L., McClean, P.E., O’Connell, M.A., and Nivison, H.T. (1986). The Isolation of Mitochondria and
Mitochondrial DNA. Methods in Enzymology 18, 437-453.
[42] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/data-software/
[43] Lemmens, G.W.C. The Breeding Parentage of Hop Varieties. Brewer's Digest, May 1998. 10 pages.
[44] Murakami, A. (2001). Structural Differences in the Intergenic Spacer of 18S-26S rDNA and Molecular Phylogeny using Partial
External Transcribed Spacer Sequence in Hop, Humulus lupulus. Breeding Science 51, 163-170.
[45] Arimura, S. (2018). Fission and Fusion of Plant Mitochondria, and Genome Maintenance. Plant Physiology 176, 152-161.
[46] Cai, X.D., Fu, J., Chen, C.L., and Guo, W.W. (2009). Cybrid/hybrid plants regenerated from somatic fusions between male sterile
Satsuma mandarin and seedy tangelos. Scientia Horticulturae 122, 323-327.
[47] Satpute, A.D., Chen, C.X., Gmitter, F.G., Ling, P., Yu, Q.B., Grosser, M.R., Grosser, J.W., and Chase, C.D. (2015). Cybridization of
Grapefruit with 'Dancy' Mandarin Leads to Improved Fruit Characteristics. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
140, 427-435.
[48] Matousek, J., Novak, P., Patzak, J., Briza, J., and Krofta, K. (2002). Analysis of true chalcone synthase from Humulus lupulus L. and
biotechnology aspects of medicinal hops. Rostlinna Vyroba 48(1), 7-14.
[49] Jonczyk, R., and Genschel, U. (2006). Molecular Adaptation and Allostery in Plant Pantothenate Synthetases. Journal of Biological
Chemistry 281 (49), 37435–37446.
[50] Dong, L.M., Jongedijk, E., Bouwmeester, H., and Van Der Krol, A. (2016). Monoterpene biosynthesis potential of plant subcellular
compartments. New Phytologist 209, 679-690.
[51] Dubey, V.S., Bhalla, R., and Luthra, R. (2003). An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants.
Journal of Biosciences 28, 637-646.
[52] Falara, V., Akhtar, T.A., Nguyen, T.T.H., Spyropoulou, E.A., Bleeker, P.M., Schauvinhold, I., Matsuba, Y., Bonini, M.E.,
Schilmiller, A.L., Last, R.L., et al. (2011). The Tomato Terpene Synthase Gene Family. Plant Physiology 157, 770-789.
[53] Farago, J., Psenakova, I., and Faragova, N. (2009). The Use of Biotechnology in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Improvement. New
Biotechnologica 9 (3), 279-293.
[54] Blanquer-Rossello, M.M., Oliver, J., Valle, A., and Roca, P. (2013). Effect of Xanthohumol and 8-Prenylnaringenin on MCF-7 Breast
Cancer Cells Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Complexes Expression. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 114, 2785-2794.
[55] Yu, F., and Utsumi, R. (2009). Diversity, regulation, and genetic manipulation of plant mono- and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis.
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 66, 3043-3052.
[56] Zhang, L.S., and Lu, S.F. (2017). Overview of Medicinally Important Diterpenoids Derived from Plastids. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal
Chemistry 17, 988-1001.