Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, abbreviated as Quats, are produced in massive quantities every year in the chemical industry. It has found its use in several applications due to its microbiological property. There are hundreds of categories of this product, each serving as an individual chemical. TatvaChintan, a leading manufacturer of chemical products, provides a detailed insight with an in-depth study of the chemical composition and uses of Quaternary compounds in this piece.
Also reffered to as QUATs, Quaternary Ammonium Compouns are widely used in industry as surface-active agents, disinfectants, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, and wood preservation.
Usually Chlorine or Bromine is used as anion with quaternary ammonium cations.
QUATs have good penetration ability to deal with porous surface.
QUATs are natural wetting agents and have natural detergent properties and hence they are also referred to as syntheti....
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
METHOD OF POLYMERIZATION
FLOW DIAGRAM
MODEL OF SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANCEMENT IN THE FIELD OFSUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
CONCLUSION
Natural Rubber is an elastic substance obtained from the latex sap of trees, especially those trees which belong to the genera Hevea and Ficus. It is having wide range of applications in the anthropogenic world. And it may undergo various kinds of degradation. Hence, Degradation is an important parameter when we study the application of NR. The slides consisting of various mechanism of degradation of Natural Rubber taken from various books and study materials.
This is a brief introduction to the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation/Rearrangement in the form of a micro-presentation.
The Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation is useful in the synthesis of esters and lactones. Consult the pdf file for more information.
You are encouraged to visit :
http://www.harinchem.com/named_organic_reactions.html to view a flash micro movie of the mechanism.
Please send feedback or questions through:
http://www.harinchem.com/contactpage.aspx.
The importance of lactone synthesis is underscored by its presence in diverse molecules of pharmacological significance, including statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors).
Silicone polymers structure, prepartion, properties, uses
INORGANIC POLYMERS
Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybridpolymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber.
Of synthetic polymers whose backbone is made of repeating silicone to oxygen bonds (siloxane bonds) with organic side groups, such as methyl, phenyl or vinyl.The basic repeating unit became known as siloxane and the most common available silicone is polydimethylsiloxane
Organo-silicone polymers contain chains or network of alternating silicone and oxygen atoms in their structures ,that is exhibited in some natural silicone minerals
Polymeric molecules in silicones held together by weak van der waals force results, they are liquids of varying viscosity or gums or solids containing polymeric molecules which generally soluble in organic mediaHydrolysis of dichloro dimethyl silane (CH3)2SiCl2 gives long chain polymers.As there is active OH group at each end .The length of the chain increasing.so it is called chain building unit
properties
1.The si-o-si bond in silanes is shorter than the expected si-o-si bond as calculated from the their radii.This indicates that there is some ionic character in si-o bond due to which it becomes quite stable.
2.This the the reason for why polysiloxanes are thermally stable and do not decompose even upto 350-400`C.
1. Highly polar character of si-o bond and the ability of si to expand its valency shell by utilizing its d-orbitals renders polysiloxanes susceptible to attack by several reagents.
2.The siloxanes may undergo hydrolysis and alcoholysis at elevated temperature in the presence of strong acids and bases
to give silanols and alkaxysilanes .In general, the greater the extent of substitution on Si atom, the greater is the case of hydrolysis in the presence of acids and greater is the difficulty of hydrolysis in the presence of bases.
thankingyou
ESWARAN .M -inboxeswaran@gmail.com
Also reffered to as QUATs, Quaternary Ammonium Compouns are widely used in industry as surface-active agents, disinfectants, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, and wood preservation.
Usually Chlorine or Bromine is used as anion with quaternary ammonium cations.
QUATs have good penetration ability to deal with porous surface.
QUATs are natural wetting agents and have natural detergent properties and hence they are also referred to as syntheti....
streptomycin production, uses, disadvantages , medium, inoculum preparation, commercial production, harvest and recovery process, biosynthetic pathway from glucose to streptomycin, flow sheet of streptomycin production by submerged culture method, chemical structure of streptomycin,
which functional unit have antibiotic activity?
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
METHOD OF POLYMERIZATION
FLOW DIAGRAM
MODEL OF SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANCEMENT IN THE FIELD OFSUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION
CONCLUSION
Natural Rubber is an elastic substance obtained from the latex sap of trees, especially those trees which belong to the genera Hevea and Ficus. It is having wide range of applications in the anthropogenic world. And it may undergo various kinds of degradation. Hence, Degradation is an important parameter when we study the application of NR. The slides consisting of various mechanism of degradation of Natural Rubber taken from various books and study materials.
This is a brief introduction to the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation/Rearrangement in the form of a micro-presentation.
The Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation is useful in the synthesis of esters and lactones. Consult the pdf file for more information.
You are encouraged to visit :
http://www.harinchem.com/named_organic_reactions.html to view a flash micro movie of the mechanism.
Please send feedback or questions through:
http://www.harinchem.com/contactpage.aspx.
The importance of lactone synthesis is underscored by its presence in diverse molecules of pharmacological significance, including statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors).
Silicone polymers structure, prepartion, properties, uses
INORGANIC POLYMERS
Polymers containing inorganic and organic components are sometimes called hybrid polymers, and most so-called inorganic polymers are hybridpolymers. One of the best known examples is polydimethylsiloxane, otherwise known commonly as silicone rubber.
Of synthetic polymers whose backbone is made of repeating silicone to oxygen bonds (siloxane bonds) with organic side groups, such as methyl, phenyl or vinyl.The basic repeating unit became known as siloxane and the most common available silicone is polydimethylsiloxane
Organo-silicone polymers contain chains or network of alternating silicone and oxygen atoms in their structures ,that is exhibited in some natural silicone minerals
Polymeric molecules in silicones held together by weak van der waals force results, they are liquids of varying viscosity or gums or solids containing polymeric molecules which generally soluble in organic mediaHydrolysis of dichloro dimethyl silane (CH3)2SiCl2 gives long chain polymers.As there is active OH group at each end .The length of the chain increasing.so it is called chain building unit
properties
1.The si-o-si bond in silanes is shorter than the expected si-o-si bond as calculated from the their radii.This indicates that there is some ionic character in si-o bond due to which it becomes quite stable.
2.This the the reason for why polysiloxanes are thermally stable and do not decompose even upto 350-400`C.
1. Highly polar character of si-o bond and the ability of si to expand its valency shell by utilizing its d-orbitals renders polysiloxanes susceptible to attack by several reagents.
2.The siloxanes may undergo hydrolysis and alcoholysis at elevated temperature in the presence of strong acids and bases
to give silanols and alkaxysilanes .In general, the greater the extent of substitution on Si atom, the greater is the case of hydrolysis in the presence of acids and greater is the difficulty of hydrolysis in the presence of bases.
thankingyou
ESWARAN .M -inboxeswaran@gmail.com
Photo degradation & photo stabilization of polymersKeshav Singh
Photo-Degradation & Photo-Stabilization of Polymers
Polymer Degradation
Different Types of Degradation
Photodegradation
Factors Causing Photodegradation
Effects of Photodegradation & Need for Photostabilization
Photo-stabilization
Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptxRAHUL PAL
surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. In the dyeing of textiles, surfactants help the dye penetrate the fabric evenly.
Photo degradation & photo stabilization of polymersKeshav Singh
Photo-Degradation & Photo-Stabilization of Polymers
Polymer Degradation
Different Types of Degradation
Photodegradation
Factors Causing Photodegradation
Effects of Photodegradation & Need for Photostabilization
Photo-stabilization
Brief intro about crystalline and amorphous structures,
glass transition temperature,
free volume theory of glass transition temperature,
factors effecting glass transition temperature etc.
SURFACTANT (SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT)AND CLASSIFICATION.pptxRAHUL PAL
surfactant, also called surface-active agent, substance such as a detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension, thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties. In the dyeing of textiles, surfactants help the dye penetrate the fabric evenly.
Being a part of the chemical industries, you need to be very meticulous while performing any activity. So what type of safety training is provided by the chemical industries to ensure that the employees and other working staff are safe and secure? Read this PPT to know more about it!
The spread of Covid-19 has spurred a surge in demand for disinfectants to keep the surfaces clean. But what do we know about how disinfectants deactivate Covid-19?
The spread of Covid-19 has spurred a surge in demand for disinfectants to keep the surfaces clean. But what do we know about how disinfectants deactivate Covid-19?
Phase Transfer Catalysts is reshaping today’s polyester industry because it offers a lot of amazing benefits like higher conversion rates and faster chemical reactions. In this PPT by TATVA CHINTAN, we will study the Importance of Phase Transfer Catalysts for Polyester Industry.
Chemical Industries are the place where the production of chemicals is performed. It contributes to the half of the world economy and forms an important part of the industrial sector with the advancement in technology, every sector is becoming tech-oriented including the chemical industry. TatvaChintan – a leading manufacturer of chemicals – explain the emergence of latest technology in the chemical industry.
A poor quality medicine may contain toxic substances that have been unintentionally added. A medicine that contains little or none of the claimed ingredient will not have the intended therapeutic effect. Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is a system for ensuring that products are consistently produced and controlled according to quality standards. It is designed to minimize the risks involved in any pharmaceutical production that cannot be eliminated through testing the final product.
The chemical industries are the primary factors to convert raw materials into the desired items that people use in day-to-day life. It has brought a big change in every way things operate. The chemical manufacturers play a huge role and very important for everyone as they touched every industry including food, transportation, entertainment, agriculture, and so on. It has also used in recycling industries to curb the usage of the virgin products. Recycling helps a lot in using waste materials and provides a more life-cycle for the items.
Chemical enterprises include chemical industries, trade association related to them, government laboratories and academic research institutions which train workforces related to this field in advanced science. The chemical industries have a huge role to play in sustainable development by providing chemicals and various other chemicals which efficiently uses natural resources and thus help in conserving energy. This ultimately protects the environment and improves human health.
The high profit margins in the specialty chemicals sector in India has drawn many companies to enter this sector. India is witnessing a huge demand for chemicals and this demand, giving rise to more manufacturers who want to take advantage of this boom. In this globalized economy, you have to be on your toe to give the best product at the most affordable price. Pharmaceutical industry plays an vital role in the world's economy as well as in ensuring the welfare of its citizen. TatvaChintan is one of the world’s leading specialty chemical company in the Pharmaceutical Drug Development Industry.
Specialty chemicals are produced by a complex, interlinked industry. These are chemical products that are sold on the basis of their performance or function, rather than for their composition. They can be single-chemical entities or formulations (combinations of several chemicals) whose composition sharply influences the performance and processing of the consumer product. Products and services in the specialty chemicals industry require intensive knowledge and ongoing innovation.TatvaChintan is one of the world’s leading specialty chemical company in the Pharmaceutical Drug Development Industry.
India has gained immense progress in the field of pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical industry is important in India due to certain reasons like Research & Development related to various vaccines. Pharmaceutical industry plays an vital role in the world's economy as well as in ensuring the welfare of its citizen. TatvaChintan is one of the world’s leading specialty chemical company in the Pharmaceutical Drug Development Industry.
The hydration of the hydroxide ion (OH-) is very important for biological and non-biological processes. Unfortunately, it is neither well-known nor simply described. Most experimental structural work on this hydrated ion involves concentrated or very concentrated solutions, containing structure-disruptive cations. Within such experimental environments, the basic tetrahedral structuring of water is destroyed and the specific effects of solvent separated and contact ion pairs are introduced and confuse any results. TatvaChintan provides pharmaceuticals raw materials that have proved to be a bane for pharmaceutical companies. It is a leading manufacturer, supplier and exporter of Hydroxides and its products in India
Electrolytes also known as polar molecules are bonded by ionic bond. They conduct electricity in molten or dissolved state.TatvaChintan Pharma Chem is a renowned company that manufactures electrolytic chemicals.
Ionic liquids are excellent substitutes for traditional organic solvents in many typical organic reactions, often producing higher selectivities as well as higher yields, and enhancing the reaction rate. Tatva chintan is a globally recognized, integrated pharmaceutical company with core competencies in the development and manufacture of ionic liquids.
Tatvachintan Pharma Chem Pvt. Ltd. is globally recognized as leading Pharmaceutical ingredients manufacturing company. We are renowned chemical/drug suppliers of India engaged in manufacture, export, import & supply of quaternary ammonium compounds, phase transfer catalysts (PTC), bulk API, hydroxides, ionic liquids and related products. For more brief information visit our site at www.tatvachintan.com.
We are renowned Chemical/Drug Suppliers of India engaged in manufacture, export, import & supply of quaternary ammonium compounds, Phase Transfer Catalysts (PTC), Bulk API, Hydroxides, Ionic Liquids etc.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. Introduction
Abbreviated as Quats, the compound can be categorized into
hundreds of products, providing several individual
chemicals. It has found its use in several formulations, most
of them involving a blend of different type of Quats. Due to
its distinct anti-microbiological property, Quaternary
Ammonium Compound is widely preferred for wood
preservation, disinfectants, surfactants, antistatic agents,
and fabric softeners.
3. Composition
Quats are basically the salts of Quaternary Ammonium Cations
– a positively charged polyatomic ion. They are permanently
charged, unlike ammonium cations, and independent of the pH
of their solutions.
These compounds are prepared by a chemical process called
quaternization, also known as Menshutkin reaction in the older
times. The process involves alkylation of tertiary amines with
halocarbons.
4.
5. Composition
Quats are basically the salts of Quaternary Ammonium Cations
– a positively charged polyatomic ion. They are permanently
charged, unlike ammonium cations, and independent of the pH
of their solutions.
These compounds are prepared by a chemical process called
quaternization, also known as Menshutkin reaction in the older
times. The process involves alkylation of tertiary amines
(derivatives of ammonia) with halocarbons.
Categories of Quats
●
Group 1 – Alkyl or Hydroxyl substituted Quats
●
Group 2 – Non-halogenated benzyl substituted
Quats
●
Group 3 – di- and tri- chlorobenzyl substituted
Quats
●
Group 4 – unusual substitutes (charged
heterocyclic compounds)
6. Composition
Quats are basically the salts of Quaternary Ammonium Cations
– a positively charged polyatomic ion. They are permanently
charged, unlike ammonium cations, and independent of the pH
of their solutions.
These compounds are prepared by a chemical process called
quaternization, also known as Menshutkin reaction in the older
times. The process involves alkylation of tertiary amines
(derivatives of ammonia) with halocarbons.
Chemical Properties
●
Quats are usually in solid form and easily dissolve in liquid
solutions.
●
They are stable towards nucleophiles, and are unreactive to
acids, oxidants, and strong electrophiles as well.
●
Quats do not evaporate into air, but persist in the
environment.
●
Quat solutions leave a solid residue upon drying.
7.
8. Composition
Quats are basically the salts of Quaternary Ammonium Cations
– a positively charged polyatomic ion. They are permanently
charged, unlike ammonium cations, and independent of the pH
of their solutions.
These compounds are prepared by a chemical process called
quaternization, also known as Menshutkin reaction in the older
times. The process involves alkylation of tertiary amines
(derivatives of ammonia) with halocarbons.
Applications & Uses
●
Quats have found their way into popular products like
shampoos, spermicidal jellies, chloride salts as fabric
softeners, and sulfate salts as fabric conditioner.
●
Due to the antimicrobial and disinfectant property, Quats
like benzalkonium chloride, cetrimonium, centrimide, and
more, are actively in demand.
●
Quats are popular in the food industry due to their role of a
sanitizing agent.
●
They are lethal against various fungi, amoeba, virus and
other organisms.
9. Composition
Quats are basically the salts of Quaternary Ammonium Cations
– a positively charged polyatomic ion. They are permanently
charged, unlike ammonium cations, and independent of the pH
of their solutions.
These compounds are prepared by a chemical process called
quaternization, also known as Menshutkin reaction in the older
times. The process involves alkylation of tertiary amines
(derivatives of ammonia) with halocarbons.
●
Used to remove organic materials.
●
Perform best in soft waters and are deactivated by common
soaps.
●
One important application includes combination with Phenols.
●
Widely used in organic chemistry as PTC or Phase Transfer
Catalyst.
●
Popular fabric softeners are based on quaternary ammonium
cations containing one or two long alkyl chains.
●
To stabilize osmotic pressure in cells and are present in
osmolytes, like glycine betaine.