A Comparative Evaluation of Antegonial Notch Depth, Symphysis Morphology, Ramus and Mandibular Morphology in Different Growth Patterns in Angle's Class I Malocclusion
Introduction Growth and development has always remained the topic of interest for various researchers as it has a direct effect on the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. A reliable method for growth prediction would be a key asset to the orthodontist. The depth of antegonial notch and mandibular morphology are important indicators of growth pattern. Materials and methods The sample included 80 lateral cephalograms with Angle's class I malocclusion ANB=2-4°, aged 18 30 years. The adults were categorized as average growers GO GN to SN = 28-34° , horizontal growers GO GN to SN = 28° and vertical growers GO GN to SN = 34° . The antegonial notch depth, symphysis height, symphysis depth, ratio height of symphysis depth of symphysis , angulation of symphysis, inclination of symphysis, ramus height, ramus width, mandibular and body length were assessed. To evaluate statistical significance for each parameter amongst all the three groups, one way ANOVA test was applied. Results A comparative evaluation revealed statistically significant difference with antegonial notch depth, symphysis height, symphysis depth, ratio height of symphysis depth of symphysis , angulation of symphysis, inclination of symphysis, ramus height and ramus width. Conclusion Antegonial notch depth is greater in the vertical growers as compared to horizontal and average growers. Symphysis morphology in horizontal growth pattern is associated with short height, large depth, small ratio height depth , and larger angle. Conversely, symphysis with a larger height, smaller depth, larger ratio, and a smaller angle is found in vertical growers. Ramus height and width is greater in horizontal growers as compared to the vertical growers. Dr. Riyazhusein Kisan | Dr. Amit Nehete | Dr. Nitin Gulve | Dr. Kunal Shah | Dr. Shivpriya Aher "A Comparative Evaluation of Antegonial Notch Depth, Symphysis Morphology, Ramus and Mandibular Morphology in Different Growth Patterns in Angle's Class I Malocclusion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31627.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/dentistry/31627/a-comparative-evaluation-of-antegonial-notch-depth-symphysis-morphology-ramus-and-mandibular-morphology-in-different-growth-patterns-in-angle%E2%80%99s-class-i-malocclusion/dr-riyazhusein-kisan
1) The document presents a principle of arcial development as a basis for explaining mandibular growth in humans. It proposes that the mandible grows by superior-anterior apposition at the ramus on a curve or arc formed from a circle.
2) Experiments were conducted to determine the arc of mandibular growth, including examining stress lines in an ancient mandible. A new arc was identified using two points - Eva and the intersection of arcs from Eva and Pm.
3) Application of the arcial growth principle suggests the occlusal plane and teeth erupt upward and forward naturally with mandibular growth, obviating need for resorption to make room for molars. This
This study retrospectively evaluated 34 patients with class III dentofacial deformities who underwent either maxillary advancement or mandibular setback surgery. Pre- and post-operative lateral cephalograms were analyzed to compare changes in 14 soft tissue parameters between the two surgical approaches. Statistically significant differences were found for cervical length, which increased after maxillary advancement but decreased after mandibular setback. Some other aesthetic parameters were found to be superior after maxillary advancement compared to mandibular setback. The study aims to help determine the best surgical approach for correcting class III deformities while optimizing aesthetic outcomes.
This document discusses the biological rationale for early treatment of dentofacial deformities. It addresses the growth potential of sutures and condylar cartilage, implications for modifying facial growth, and future directions. Specifically:
1) Sutures and condylar cartilage have stem cells that allow growth throughout life and can be influenced by biomechanical factors, making modification of facial growth possible.
2) The best time to intervene is debated, but growth is most modifiable early in development. Treatment effects depend on available stem cells and growth factor expression, which vary over time.
3) Future work will integrate developmental biology principles with treatment, using genetics to assess growth potential and possibly targeting growth factors for more
Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal class i subjects with low, average,...EdwardHAngle
The dental measurements showed few changes with growth in all groups. In terms of skeletal measurements from ages 9 to 18, similar growth changes were found between the sexes in most angular measurements, but males had larger values in linear measurements than females.
Angular changes and their rates in concurrence to developmental stages of the...EdwardHAngle
In the early developmental stage of the mandibular second premolar (MnP2), it is not unusual to find the tooth extremely angulated to the lower border of the mandible, as seen in the panoramic roentgenogram. On eruption, the tooth, in most cases, is close to being upright. However, impaction or other types of malocclusions due to its ectopic eruption are not rare.
Surgical correction of anterior openbiteMaher Fouda
This document discusses the diagnosis and surgical correction of anterior open bite (AOB). It defines AOB and describes three main surgical techniques for correction: differential posterior impaction of the maxilla, segmental impaction of the posterior maxilla, and isolated mandibular surgery. It covers topics like the etiology of AOB, diagnostic features indicating a skeletal origin, principles of orthodontic preparation, and postoperative orthodontics. The goal of surgery is to elevate the posterior maxilla and allow forward rotation of the mandible to close the bite.
Gingival recession—can orthodontics be a cure? evidence from a case presentationEdwardHAngle
A 35-year-old woman presented with severe gingival recession and a unilateral Class II malocclusion. Her treatment plan involved orthodontic correction of the malocclusion using brackets that torqued roots more onto the bone. It also involved changing her dental hygiene methods to use an oscillating toothbrush gently. After 28 months of orthodontic treatment, her malocclusion was corrected and her gingival recession improved without needing grafting. Three months later, her teeth had settled well into their new positions.
1) The document presents a principle of arcial development as a basis for explaining mandibular growth in humans. It proposes that the mandible grows by superior-anterior apposition at the ramus on a curve or arc formed from a circle.
2) Experiments were conducted to determine the arc of mandibular growth, including examining stress lines in an ancient mandible. A new arc was identified using two points - Eva and the intersection of arcs from Eva and Pm.
3) Application of the arcial growth principle suggests the occlusal plane and teeth erupt upward and forward naturally with mandibular growth, obviating need for resorption to make room for molars. This
This study retrospectively evaluated 34 patients with class III dentofacial deformities who underwent either maxillary advancement or mandibular setback surgery. Pre- and post-operative lateral cephalograms were analyzed to compare changes in 14 soft tissue parameters between the two surgical approaches. Statistically significant differences were found for cervical length, which increased after maxillary advancement but decreased after mandibular setback. Some other aesthetic parameters were found to be superior after maxillary advancement compared to mandibular setback. The study aims to help determine the best surgical approach for correcting class III deformities while optimizing aesthetic outcomes.
This document discusses the biological rationale for early treatment of dentofacial deformities. It addresses the growth potential of sutures and condylar cartilage, implications for modifying facial growth, and future directions. Specifically:
1) Sutures and condylar cartilage have stem cells that allow growth throughout life and can be influenced by biomechanical factors, making modification of facial growth possible.
2) The best time to intervene is debated, but growth is most modifiable early in development. Treatment effects depend on available stem cells and growth factor expression, which vary over time.
3) Future work will integrate developmental biology principles with treatment, using genetics to assess growth potential and possibly targeting growth factors for more
Craniofacial growth in untreated skeletal class i subjects with low, average,...EdwardHAngle
The dental measurements showed few changes with growth in all groups. In terms of skeletal measurements from ages 9 to 18, similar growth changes were found between the sexes in most angular measurements, but males had larger values in linear measurements than females.
Angular changes and their rates in concurrence to developmental stages of the...EdwardHAngle
In the early developmental stage of the mandibular second premolar (MnP2), it is not unusual to find the tooth extremely angulated to the lower border of the mandible, as seen in the panoramic roentgenogram. On eruption, the tooth, in most cases, is close to being upright. However, impaction or other types of malocclusions due to its ectopic eruption are not rare.
Surgical correction of anterior openbiteMaher Fouda
This document discusses the diagnosis and surgical correction of anterior open bite (AOB). It defines AOB and describes three main surgical techniques for correction: differential posterior impaction of the maxilla, segmental impaction of the posterior maxilla, and isolated mandibular surgery. It covers topics like the etiology of AOB, diagnostic features indicating a skeletal origin, principles of orthodontic preparation, and postoperative orthodontics. The goal of surgery is to elevate the posterior maxilla and allow forward rotation of the mandible to close the bite.
Gingival recession—can orthodontics be a cure? evidence from a case presentationEdwardHAngle
A 35-year-old woman presented with severe gingival recession and a unilateral Class II malocclusion. Her treatment plan involved orthodontic correction of the malocclusion using brackets that torqued roots more onto the bone. It also involved changing her dental hygiene methods to use an oscillating toothbrush gently. After 28 months of orthodontic treatment, her malocclusion was corrected and her gingival recession improved without needing grafting. Three months later, her teeth had settled well into their new positions.
The study evaluated a technique for third molar removal that involves raising both a buccal and lingual flap and retracting the lingual nerve lingually using a specially designed retractor. The technique was used in 250 patients where crown sectioning or distal bone removal was anticipated. There were 4 cases of transient lingual paresthesia that resolved within 3 months and no cases of permanent nerve injury. The lingual retraction technique improved access and simplified removal compared to traditional purely buccal approaches.
dentofacial assessment for orthognathic surgery by ALAA EL KASABYMaher Fouda
This document provides an overview of dentofacial assessment for orthognathic surgery. It discusses assessing the face from multiple views including frontal, lateral, bird's eye, and worm's eye. Key areas of assessment are discussed for each view, including vertical and horizontal proportions, asymmetries, lip form, dental centrelines, ear position, eye features, and nasal deviation. The document emphasizes the importance of careful clinical examination from multiple angles to evaluate dentofacial deformities prior to orthognathic surgery.
Orthodontics article presentation about the cervical vertebral maturation method for the assesment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics
This document discusses the management of deviated midlines. It notes that differential diagnosis is important to determine the cause of the midline deviation and appropriate treatment. Treatment may involve correcting dental asymmetries through orthodontics or expanding a narrow maxillary arch first if caused by a posterior crossbite. Functional appliances can be used to shift the mandible into the proper position if a skeletal deviation is present. Surgical correction may be needed for true skeletal asymmetries. The goal is to adapt the occlusion and correct dental or facial asymmetries causing the deviated midline.
This document discusses the management of occlusal cant, which is asymmetry in the vertical inclination of the occlusal plane. It begins by defining occlusal cant and exploring its causes such as facial asymmetry or asymmetric growth. Methods for evaluating occlusal cant like clinical exams, photos, and imaging are presented. Treatment options include orthodontics using devices like bite blocks or orthodontic surgery to level the occlusal plane. The document concludes that both the etiology and classification of an individual's occlusal cant should be considered to determine the best treatment approach.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and
symphysis remodeling after genioplasty.
Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment
were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to
19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept
genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment
were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative
(T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3).
Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the
extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still
less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval
for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3.
Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This
was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There
was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth.
Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis
thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications
for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a
better outcome in terms of bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 0000;00:000–000.)
This case report describes the treatment of a 14-year-old patient with a skeletal Class II malocclusion, open bite, and canted occlusal plane using miniscrews. Treatment involved rapid maxillary expansion followed by intrusion of the maxillary posterior teeth bilaterally using miniscrews. For the unilateral anterior intrusion needed to correct the cant, two miniscrews were joined and used together. This achieved correction of the occlusal relationship as well as the cant and asymmetric gummy smile.
Facial asymmetry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Role of cephalometry in orthdodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
“The study of orthodontia is indissolubly connected with that of art as related to the human face.” -Dr. Edward H. Angle.
Each person shares with the rest of the population a great many characteristics, but there are enough differences to make each human being a unique individual. Such limitless variation in the size, shape and relationship of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue facial structures are important in providing each individual with his or her own identity.
Face – Difficult object to measure accurately because of
– complex morphology
– sensitivity to eyes
– its soft nature.
One of goals of orthodontic treatment is creating a balanced & harmonious facial appearance. Craniofacial symmetry is one of the aspect of this harmony. Subject of symmetry or lack of symmetry of human face has been of considerable interest, particularly in the field of Orthodontics. Minor variation is a desirable variation of craniofacial structure which is perceived as esthetically pleasing and has no esthetic or functional significance. Asymmetry becomes important when it affects the function or esthetics of the person.
Subjective classification and objective analysis of the mandibular dental arc...EdwardHAngle
Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between subjective classification of dental-arch shape, objective analyses via arch-width measurements, and the fitting with the fourth-order polynomial equation.
This document discusses various techniques for superimposing cephalometric radiographs to assess dentofacial changes over time. It describes methods for evaluating overall facial changes, as well as changes specific to the maxilla, mandible, and individual teeth. Stable reference structures are identified for different regions. Ricketts' Eleven Factor Analysis and Four Position Analysis are also introduced as methods to differentiate skeletal growth changes from those resulting from orthodontic treatment.
This case report describes a large multicystic ameloblastoma tumor in the left body-ramus region of a 45-year-old man's mandible. 3D CT scans revealed a well-defined, expansile, multilocular radiolucent lesion extending throughout this region. The patient underwent hemimandibulectomy to remove the entire giant tumor. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of multicystic ameloblastoma.
This document provides a summary of the clinical diagnosis of Class II malocclusion. It describes the extraoral and intraoral features, diagnostic process including case history, photos, radiographs and casts. It analyzes features of Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusions. Key aspects of cephalometric analysis are outlined including measurements of cranial bases, facial heights, angles between cranial structures, jaw bases and dentoalveolar structures. Growth patterns and effects of functional appliances are discussed.
This study analyzed 200 lateral cephalograms to categorize variations in soft palate morphology and measure soft palate dimensions. Nine types of soft palate morphology were observed, with Type 1 (leaf-shaped) being most common. Additional variants not fitting previous categories were also seen. Males had significantly longer and wider soft palates than females. Soft palate length increased significantly with age. The study aims to establish normal soft palate morphology for comparison with disease states and aid in treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in unt...EdwardHAngle
The objectives of this study were to investigate if a relationship exists between dental arch width and the vertical facial pattern determined by the steepness of the mandibular plane, and to examine the differences in dental arch widths between male and female untreated adults. Lateral cephalograms and dental casts were obtained from 185 untreated Caucasians and measurements of arch width and mandibular plane angle were taken. The results showed that male arch widths were significantly larger than females and that as the mandibular plane angle increased, arch width decreased for both males and females. It was concluded that dental arch width is associated with gender and facial vertical morphology.
This document outlines the diagnostic aids and procedures used in orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses essential diagnostic aids such as case history, clinical examination, study models, lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs, electromyography and endocrine tests. The clinical examination procedures examine the patient's head, face, dentition, muscles, joints and functions like respiration and swallowing to evaluate orthodontic issues. Study models and different types of radiographs are used to further assess malocclusions and aid in treatment planning.
Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, av...EdwardHAngle
The purpose of this study was to investigate maxillary and mandibular transverse growth in
untreated female subjects with low, average, and high mandibular plane angles longitudinally from ages 6 to 18.
This document discusses midline discrepancies and facial asymmetry. It begins with definitions and discusses the etiology and diagnosis of asymmetries. Types of midline discrepancies are described. Treatment involves detailed evaluation of the soft tissues, dentofacial skeleton, and dentition using study models, radiographs, and photographs. Occlusion is also evaluated to assess compatibility between centric occlusion and centric relation. Accurate diagnosis of asymmetries requires a systematic approach.
This document summarizes a presentation on early treatment for Class III malocclusion patients. It discusses what has been learned about treating Class III patients with maxillary expansion and facemask therapy. Specifically, it notes that successful treatment can be achieved in these patients to correct the overjet within 6-9 months. However, long-term stability is only achieved in 50-60% of patients after pubertal growth due to variability in mandibular growth. The document also reviews several methods that have been proposed to predict mandibular growth and the likelihood of treatment success or failure, but notes accuracy has been limited to around 70%. Factors like overbite, growth pattern, and remaining growth are discussed as indicators for treatment.
This document provides an overview of various methods that have been used for predicting facial growth and development in orthodontics. It discusses early concepts like Hunterian growth theory and Bjork's implant studies showing rotational growth. Methods like Moss' logarithmic spiral concept and Ricketts' arcial growth pattern are explained. Growth prediction grids like Moorrees mesh and Johnston's grid are summarized. The document also mentions Todd's equation for predicting non-linear radial growth and Holdaway's concept of a visualized treatment objective to forecast normal growth and treatment effects.
The study evaluated a technique for third molar removal that involves raising both a buccal and lingual flap and retracting the lingual nerve lingually using a specially designed retractor. The technique was used in 250 patients where crown sectioning or distal bone removal was anticipated. There were 4 cases of transient lingual paresthesia that resolved within 3 months and no cases of permanent nerve injury. The lingual retraction technique improved access and simplified removal compared to traditional purely buccal approaches.
dentofacial assessment for orthognathic surgery by ALAA EL KASABYMaher Fouda
This document provides an overview of dentofacial assessment for orthognathic surgery. It discusses assessing the face from multiple views including frontal, lateral, bird's eye, and worm's eye. Key areas of assessment are discussed for each view, including vertical and horizontal proportions, asymmetries, lip form, dental centrelines, ear position, eye features, and nasal deviation. The document emphasizes the importance of careful clinical examination from multiple angles to evaluate dentofacial deformities prior to orthognathic surgery.
Orthodontics article presentation about the cervical vertebral maturation method for the assesment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics
This document discusses the management of deviated midlines. It notes that differential diagnosis is important to determine the cause of the midline deviation and appropriate treatment. Treatment may involve correcting dental asymmetries through orthodontics or expanding a narrow maxillary arch first if caused by a posterior crossbite. Functional appliances can be used to shift the mandible into the proper position if a skeletal deviation is present. Surgical correction may be needed for true skeletal asymmetries. The goal is to adapt the occlusion and correct dental or facial asymmetries causing the deviated midline.
This document discusses the management of occlusal cant, which is asymmetry in the vertical inclination of the occlusal plane. It begins by defining occlusal cant and exploring its causes such as facial asymmetry or asymmetric growth. Methods for evaluating occlusal cant like clinical exams, photos, and imaging are presented. Treatment options include orthodontics using devices like bite blocks or orthodontic surgery to level the occlusal plane. The document concludes that both the etiology and classification of an individual's occlusal cant should be considered to determine the best treatment approach.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration patterns and
symphysis remodeling after genioplasty.
Method: Fifty-four patients who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment
were divided into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15 to
19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who did not accept
genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph 2 years after the end of their orthodontic treatment
were used as a control group. Patients were evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative
(T1), immediate postoperative (T2,) and 2 years postsurgery (T3).
Results: The mean genial advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the
extent of remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2, and still
less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the 2-year postsurgery interval
for the three groups, and this increase was significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3.
Remodeling above and behind the repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This
was related to greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients. There
was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth.
Conclusion: The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis
thickness, bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When indications
for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical correction (before age 15) produces a
better outcome in terms of bone remodeling. (Angle Orthod. 0000;00:000–000.)
This case report describes the treatment of a 14-year-old patient with a skeletal Class II malocclusion, open bite, and canted occlusal plane using miniscrews. Treatment involved rapid maxillary expansion followed by intrusion of the maxillary posterior teeth bilaterally using miniscrews. For the unilateral anterior intrusion needed to correct the cant, two miniscrews were joined and used together. This achieved correction of the occlusal relationship as well as the cant and asymmetric gummy smile.
Facial asymmetry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Role of cephalometry in orthdodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
“The study of orthodontia is indissolubly connected with that of art as related to the human face.” -Dr. Edward H. Angle.
Each person shares with the rest of the population a great many characteristics, but there are enough differences to make each human being a unique individual. Such limitless variation in the size, shape and relationship of the dental, skeletal and soft tissue facial structures are important in providing each individual with his or her own identity.
Face – Difficult object to measure accurately because of
– complex morphology
– sensitivity to eyes
– its soft nature.
One of goals of orthodontic treatment is creating a balanced & harmonious facial appearance. Craniofacial symmetry is one of the aspect of this harmony. Subject of symmetry or lack of symmetry of human face has been of considerable interest, particularly in the field of Orthodontics. Minor variation is a desirable variation of craniofacial structure which is perceived as esthetically pleasing and has no esthetic or functional significance. Asymmetry becomes important when it affects the function or esthetics of the person.
Subjective classification and objective analysis of the mandibular dental arc...EdwardHAngle
Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between subjective classification of dental-arch shape, objective analyses via arch-width measurements, and the fitting with the fourth-order polynomial equation.
This document discusses various techniques for superimposing cephalometric radiographs to assess dentofacial changes over time. It describes methods for evaluating overall facial changes, as well as changes specific to the maxilla, mandible, and individual teeth. Stable reference structures are identified for different regions. Ricketts' Eleven Factor Analysis and Four Position Analysis are also introduced as methods to differentiate skeletal growth changes from those resulting from orthodontic treatment.
This case report describes a large multicystic ameloblastoma tumor in the left body-ramus region of a 45-year-old man's mandible. 3D CT scans revealed a well-defined, expansile, multilocular radiolucent lesion extending throughout this region. The patient underwent hemimandibulectomy to remove the entire giant tumor. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of multicystic ameloblastoma.
This document provides a summary of the clinical diagnosis of Class II malocclusion. It describes the extraoral and intraoral features, diagnostic process including case history, photos, radiographs and casts. It analyzes features of Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusions. Key aspects of cephalometric analysis are outlined including measurements of cranial bases, facial heights, angles between cranial structures, jaw bases and dentoalveolar structures. Growth patterns and effects of functional appliances are discussed.
This study analyzed 200 lateral cephalograms to categorize variations in soft palate morphology and measure soft palate dimensions. Nine types of soft palate morphology were observed, with Type 1 (leaf-shaped) being most common. Additional variants not fitting previous categories were also seen. Males had significantly longer and wider soft palates than females. Soft palate length increased significantly with age. The study aims to establish normal soft palate morphology for comparison with disease states and aid in treatment planning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in unt...EdwardHAngle
The objectives of this study were to investigate if a relationship exists between dental arch width and the vertical facial pattern determined by the steepness of the mandibular plane, and to examine the differences in dental arch widths between male and female untreated adults. Lateral cephalograms and dental casts were obtained from 185 untreated Caucasians and measurements of arch width and mandibular plane angle were taken. The results showed that male arch widths were significantly larger than females and that as the mandibular plane angle increased, arch width decreased for both males and females. It was concluded that dental arch width is associated with gender and facial vertical morphology.
This document outlines the diagnostic aids and procedures used in orthodontic diagnosis. It discusses essential diagnostic aids such as case history, clinical examination, study models, lateral cephalograms and panoramic radiographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs, electromyography and endocrine tests. The clinical examination procedures examine the patient's head, face, dentition, muscles, joints and functions like respiration and swallowing to evaluate orthodontic issues. Study models and different types of radiographs are used to further assess malocclusions and aid in treatment planning.
Transverse growth of the maxilla and mandible in untreated girls with low, av...EdwardHAngle
The purpose of this study was to investigate maxillary and mandibular transverse growth in
untreated female subjects with low, average, and high mandibular plane angles longitudinally from ages 6 to 18.
This document discusses midline discrepancies and facial asymmetry. It begins with definitions and discusses the etiology and diagnosis of asymmetries. Types of midline discrepancies are described. Treatment involves detailed evaluation of the soft tissues, dentofacial skeleton, and dentition using study models, radiographs, and photographs. Occlusion is also evaluated to assess compatibility between centric occlusion and centric relation. Accurate diagnosis of asymmetries requires a systematic approach.
Similar to A Comparative Evaluation of Antegonial Notch Depth, Symphysis Morphology, Ramus and Mandibular Morphology in Different Growth Patterns in Angle's Class I Malocclusion
This document summarizes a presentation on early treatment for Class III malocclusion patients. It discusses what has been learned about treating Class III patients with maxillary expansion and facemask therapy. Specifically, it notes that successful treatment can be achieved in these patients to correct the overjet within 6-9 months. However, long-term stability is only achieved in 50-60% of patients after pubertal growth due to variability in mandibular growth. The document also reviews several methods that have been proposed to predict mandibular growth and the likelihood of treatment success or failure, but notes accuracy has been limited to around 70%. Factors like overbite, growth pattern, and remaining growth are discussed as indicators for treatment.
This document provides an overview of various methods that have been used for predicting facial growth and development in orthodontics. It discusses early concepts like Hunterian growth theory and Bjork's implant studies showing rotational growth. Methods like Moss' logarithmic spiral concept and Ricketts' arcial growth pattern are explained. Growth prediction grids like Moorrees mesh and Johnston's grid are summarized. The document also mentions Todd's equation for predicting non-linear radial growth and Holdaway's concept of a visualized treatment objective to forecast normal growth and treatment effects.
the orthodontic diagnostic procedures 4Maher Fouda
- The document discusses various orthodontic diagnostic procedures including study cast analysis, cephalometric analysis, and occlusal examination.
- Study cast analysis involves examining plaster models of the dental arches and occlusion to assess dental arch widths, lengths, and malpositions. Cephalometric analysis uses radiographs to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships and growth patterns.
- Various malocclusions like Class II and III, open bite, deep bite are described. Factors causing each type are identified including skeletal components and dental compensation. Prognosis of treating each malocclusion is discussed in relation to a patient's growth pattern.
This study investigated age and gender differences in three mandibular parameters (gonial angle, ramus height, and bigonial width) using digital panoramic radiographs of 209 dentate Jordanian subjects. The results showed that males had slightly higher measurements than females for all three parameters. Gonial angle and bigonial width increased with age while ramus height first increased from ages 11-29 and then decreased with increasing age. Statistically significant differences were found between several age groups for each parameter, suggesting the mandible undergoes remodeling changes with aging.
This document discusses various methods of mixed dentition analysis used to predict the size of unerupted permanent teeth during childhood. It describes Moyer's, Tanaka Johnston, Hixon-Oldfather, Nance, Ballard and Wylie, and Huckaba methods. Each method uses dental casts and sometimes radiographs to measure erupted teeth and predict unerupted tooth sizes using regression equations or charts. The most accurate methods are Hixon-Oldfather and refinements like Staley-Kerber, but other methods may be more practical or applicable to different populations.
This study evaluated age and gender differences in condylar growth and glenoid fossa displacement in French Canadian children and adolescents over 4-year periods. The results showed that:
1) The mandibular condyle grew superiorly between 9.0-10.7 mm and posteriorly between 0.8-1.3 mm over 4 years, with boys exhibiting greater superior growth during adolescence compared to childhood.
2) The glenoid fossa was displaced posteriorly between 1.8-2.1 mm and inferiorly between 1.0-1.8 mm over 4 years, with greater posterior and inferior displacement during adolescence compared to childhood.
3) Both condyl
EVALUATTION OF ANTEGONIAL NOTCH DEPTH FOR GROWTH PREDICTION.pptxSadhuAbhijeet
This study evaluated the use of mandibular antegonial notch depth as a predictor of facial growth. Serial cephalograms of 40 subjects (20 male, 20 female) from ages 8.5 to over 17 years old were analyzed. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between notch depth and horizontal jaw growth, but the correlation was deemed clinically insignificant. The study concluded that notch depth alone is not a reliable predictor of facial growth for general orthodontic treatment planning. A larger sample size and subjects with more extreme notch depths may have provided stronger correlations.
Cephalometric Analysis of discrepancy in Vertical planeDr. Shriya Murarka
Cephalometric is the key ingredient to the serving of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. However, compilation of all parameters, that would give the accountability of all vertical problems of a given malocclusion is rarely found. This presentation is an attempt to help students to go through all existing problems in a orthodontic patient in vertical plane at one go.
1) The document summarizes research on early orthodontic intervention for patients with tooth-size discrepancies. It focuses on using rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in the mixed dentition stage to correct crowding issues.
2) Long-term studies found that RME followed by fixed appliances resulted in clinically significant increases in maxillary and mandibular arch width even 5+ years post-treatment. RME also had benefits like improving nasal breathing.
3) For patients with mild-moderate crowding, RME combined with other approaches like Schwarz appliances in early treatment resulted in increased arch widths that were maintained long-term. RME was found to be an effective option for treating mixed dentition patients
This document discusses various methods of mixed dentition analysis used to predict the size and space needed for unerupted permanent teeth based on measurements of erupted primary and permanent teeth. It describes Nance analysis, Huckaba's method, Moyer's analysis, Tanaka Johnston analysis, Hixon-Oldfather prediction method, and Staley and Kerber method. The document emphasizes that mixed dentition analysis helps evaluate space availability and plan treatment during the transition from primary to permanent dentition.
Evaluation of the Morphology of Palatal Rugae in Libyan School ChildrenZiad Abdul Majid
The aim of this prospective cross-sectional study was to investigate the morphological variation and sexual dimorphism of Palatal Rugae (PR) in Libyan Subjects.
Published by: Jacobs Journal of Dentistry and Research, August 2015.
This document discusses vertical dimension, an area of debate among dentists. It addresses five common concerns practitioners have when considering altering vertical dimension: effects on the temporomandibular joint, muscle pain, stability of the new dimension, effects on muscle activity and bite force, and effects on speech. The document summarizes that if the joint is comfortable initially, altering vertical dimension likely will not cause joint pain. Studies that found muscle pain altered vertical dimension without establishing proper occlusion. Properly performed, vertical dimension changes do not typically cause muscle pain. Stability depends on factors like the amount of change and surgical method. Overall, there are multiple valid approaches to vertical dimension due to individual anatomical variations.
The document discusses the Royal London Space Planning process for orthodontic treatment planning. The process occurs in two stages: 1) assessing the initial space required to achieve treatment objectives, and 2) integrating space analysis with consideration of how other treatment procedures may affect space. These procedures include tooth enlargement or reduction, extractions, replacing absent teeth, and molar movement. The analysis records any additional space created or used. The outcome is determining if treatment objectives can be attained with the planned mechanics.
Long face syndrome /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
- The document discusses cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) as a method to assess skeletal maturity based on morphological changes in cervical vertebrae visible on cephalometric radiographs.
- CVM stages correlate well with peak periods of mandibular growth. Treatment is most effective targeting the growth spurt in CVM stages 3 and 4.
- A review of 10 studies found high correlations between CVM and hand-wrist maturation methods. While hand-wrist is the gold standard, the studies concluded CVM could replace it as an indicator of skeletal maturity.
Orthodontics as a young science has developed more through trial and error than research, leading to controversies. There is debate around reference planes and landmarks used in cephalometrics due to variability between individuals. Several analyses use different reference planes like Steiner (SN plane) and Downs (FH plane) in an attempt to compensate for variations, but none are completely reliable. New methods aim to reduce errors by basing measurements on the true vertical plane or natural head position. Landmark identification is also unreliable, contributing to doubts around traditional cephalometric techniques.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Similar to A Comparative Evaluation of Antegonial Notch Depth, Symphysis Morphology, Ramus and Mandibular Morphology in Different Growth Patterns in Angle's Class I Malocclusion (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
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The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
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Date: May 29, 2024
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
A Comparative Evaluation of Antegonial Notch Depth, Symphysis Morphology, Ramus and Mandibular Morphology in Different Growth Patterns in Angle's Class I Malocclusion
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1589
The primary reference for esthetic considerations in lower
one‑third of the face as well as the predictor for the
direction of mandibular growth rotation is the mandibular
symphysis. In a study conducted by Rickets a thick
symphysis is associated with an anterior growth direction.
It’s morphology results from an interplay of various factors
that can be genetic, nongenetic, or the adaptive factors. The
shape during the growth period may indirectly be affected
by the inclination of lower incisors, and dentoalveolar
compensation occurring during that period as a result of
anteroposterior (AP) jaw discrepancy which might be
reflected in the morphology and dimension of the
symphysis15. Also, thevariablessuchasthesymphysisdepth,
symphysis height, symphysis ratio, symphysis angle, and
symphysis inclination to the mandibular plane are
associated with the growth pattern of an individual.
An important consideration in evaluation of a specific
treatment plan for an individual is the mandibular
symphysis size and shape. If the symphysis is large, it is
esthetically acceptable to leave the incisors slightly
proclined, and thus, we can opt for a nonextraction plan to
compensate for tooth size arch length discrepancies,
whereas in patients with small chinandthesamearchlength
discrepancies, proclined incisors would be unaesthetic, and
thus we opt for an extraction treatment plan16. The
inclination of symphysis is also an important feature. As
stated by Björk, in vertical growthpatternorhyperdivergent
cases, the chin is prominent and the symphysis swings for-
ward, whereas in cases of horizontal orhypodivergentcases,
a receding chin is seen with the symphysis swung back.
Prediction of growth pattern by the morphology of the
mandible has clinical implications in treatment planning for
the patient as the extraction decision, type of anchorage
preparation, mechanics, and retention periodareinfluenced
by the growth pattern of an individual.
Although various cephalometric parametershavebeenused
to describe mandibular morphology, very few studies have
reported comparison and correlation in different growth
patterns in Angle’s class I malocclusion. Thus,thepurpose of
this study was to compare and correlate betweenantegonial
notch depth, symphysis morphology,ramusandmandibular
morphology in different growth patterns in Angle’s Class I
malocclusion.
OBJECTIVES
1. To evaluate antegonial notch depth, symphysis
morphology, ramus and mandibular morphology in
average growth pattern in Angle’s class I malocclusion.
2. To evaluate antegonial notch depth, symphysis
morphology, ramus and mandibular morphology in
horizontal growth pattern in Angle’s class I
malocclusion.
3. To evaluate antegonial notch depth, symphysis
morphology, ramus and mandibular morphology in
vertical growth pattern in Angle’s class I malocclusion.
4. To compare antegonial notch depth, symphysis
morphology, ramus and mandibular morphology in
average, horizontal and vertical growth patterns in
Angle’s class I malocclusion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 80 adult
patients (35 males, 45 females) for this investigation were
obtained from the records of patients thatreportedtoMGV’s
KBH dental college and hospital in the department of
orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics meeting the
inclusion criteria of the study. A power analysis was
established by G*Power, version 3.0.10 (Franz Faul
Universita¨t, Kiel, Germany); based on a 1:1 ratio between
groups, a sample size of 80 lateral cephalogramswouldyield
more than 80% power to detect significant differences at
(alpha) =0.05 significance level.
Inclusion criteria:
1. Angle’s Class I malocclusion with angle ANB 2-4 deg.
2. Age group 18-30 years; both males and females.
3. Intact permanent dentition with or without third
molars.
4. No history of orthodontic treatment and/or functional
orthopedic treatment.
5. Standardized lateral cephalogram with adequate
sharpness and resolution.
Exclusion criteria:
1. Angle Class II or III malocclusion.
2. Mixed/deciduous dentition.
3. Grossly decayed teeth or extensive carious lesion.
4. Patients with congenital anomalies and trauma.
5. Facial asymmetry and syndromes.
6. TMJ or cervical spine disorders.
All the lateral cephalograms were traced by the same
operator on an acetate sheet of 0.5 mm thickness with a
0.50-mm mechanical pencil. All the landmarks were
identified and marked (Table 1 and Figure 1). To determine
the growth pattern of the adults, GO-GN to SN was used. All
the 80 adults were grouped into three categories as average
growers (GO-GN to SN = 28–34°), horizontal growers (GO-
GN to SN = <28°) and vertical growers (GO-GN to SN = >34°).
All these three groups were evaluated to study the
antegonial notch depth, symphysis morphology, ramus and
mandibular morphology.
Sella (S) Midpoint of sella turcica.
Nasion (N) Junction of the nasal and frontal bones at the naso-frontal suture.
Orbitale Most inferior point on the infra-orbital margin
A-point
Point of deepest concavity of the anterior maxilla between the anterior nasal
spine and the alveolar crest
B-point
Point of deepest concavity of the anterior mandible between the alveolar crest
and pogonion
Pogonion (Pg) Most anterior point on the anterior outline of the symphysis
Gnathion (Gn)
Midpoint along the contour of the anterior outline of the symphysis between
pogonion and menton
Menton (Me) Most inferior point on the inferior outline of the symphysis
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1590
Anterior Convexity Point (ACP) Point of greatest convexity along the anterior-inferior border of the mandible.
Antegonial Notch
Point of deepest concavity between anterior convexity point and inferior
gonion
Inferior Gonion (IGo) Point of greatest convexity along the posterior-inferior border of the mandible
Machine Porion Most superior point of radiographic image of ear rod
Porion Most superior point of external auditory meatus
Table 1: Definitions of skeletal landmarks identified on cephalograms
Figure 1: Representative cephalometric landmarks.
Calculation of Depth of Antegonial Notch: Antegonial notch is a concavity on theinferior borderofthemandible. Twopoints
traced on the mandible were anterior convexity point (ACP) and inferior gonion (IGo), where ACP is the point of greatest
convexity along the anterior-inferior border of the mandible and IGo is the point of greatest convexity along the posterior-
inferior border of the mandible. A line was drawn joining these two reference points. Antegonial notch depth is the greatest
point of convexity in antegonial notch area in the lower border of mandible (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Antegonial notch depth is the greatest point of convexity in antegonial notch area in the lower border of
mandible.
Cephalometric Evaluation of Symphysis:
A. Calculation Symphysis Dimensions: A line tangent to point B was taken as the long axis of the symphysis. A grid was
formed with lines of grid parallel and perpendicular to constructed tangent line. Superior limit of symphysis wastakenas
point B with inferior, anterior, and posterior limits taken at most inferior, anterior, and posterior borders of symphyseal
outline, respectively.
1. Symphysis height is defined as the distance from the superior to the inferior limit on the grid (Figure 3).
2. Symphysis depth is defined as the distance from the anterior to the posterior limit on the grid (Figure 3).
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1591
3. Symphysis ratio is calculated by dividing the symphysis height by symphysis depth.
4. Symphysis angle is determined by the posterior-superior angle formed by the line through Menton and point B and the
mandibular plane (Go-Me) (Figure 3).
B. Inclination of Symphysis:
Inclination of symphysis in relation to mandibular plane was measured. The angle between a line connecting point B to
pogonion and mandibular plane reflects the inclination of the skeletal part of the mandibular symphysis in relation to the
mandibular plane (Figure 3).
Ramus morphology:
1. Ramus height – the linear distance between Articulare and Gonion (Figure 3).
2. Ramus width – the linear distance measured at the height of the occlusal plane between anterior and posterior borderof
ramus of the mandible (Figure 3).
Mandibular morphology:
1. Mandibular length: the linear distance between condylon and Gnathion (Co-Gn) (Figure 3).
2. Body morphology: the linear distance between Gonion and Menton (Go-Me) (Figure 3).
Figure 3- 1-antegonial notch, 2-symphysis height, 3-symphysis depth, 4-symphysis angle, 5-inclination of
symphysis, 6-ramus height, 7-ramus width, 8-mandibular length and 9-body length.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Mean and standard deviation of each variable were calculated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to
determine whether there was a difference between the three groups for each of these variables, and it was followed by a post
hoc test in which a p value < 0.05 was considered significant. The analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (version
18.0, Armonk, NY).
RESULTS
The lateral cephalograms of total 80 patients that are divided into three groups were studied and analyzed. The descriptive
statistics which is the mean, standard deviation, and the errors of the difference between mean and levels of significanceofall
the 10 variables were studied for the three groups (average, horizontal and vertical growers) are summarized in Table 2. The
one-way ANOVA results applied to the study groups and the post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni results are shown in
Table 3.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1592
Variables Groups I–III Mean ± SD Standard error
Antegonial notch width (mm)
Group I (Average) 0.71±0.90 0.15
Group II (Horizontal) 0.35±0.60 0.11
Group III (Vertical) 1.59±1.15 0.28
Symphysis height (mm)
Group I (Average) 19.75±3.2 0.60
Group II (Horizontal) 20.3±2.80 0.51
Group III (Vertical) 20.06±3.37 0.84
Symphysis depth (mm)
Group I (Average) 15.17±3.09 0.52
Group II (Horizontal) 15.33±1.98 0.36
Group III (Vertical) 14.93±1.28 0.32
Ratio
Group I (Average) 1.26±0.18 0.03
Group II (Horizontal) 1.35±0.24 0.04
Group III (Vertical) 1.34±0.23 0.05
Angulation of symphysis (degrees)
Group I (Average) 88.34±3.98 0.66
Group II (Horizontal) 89.16±6.53 1.19
Group III (Vertical) 85.62±5.05 1.26
Inclination of symphysis (degrees)
Group I (Average) 60.37±8.22 1.39
Group II (Horizontal) 66.3±6.73 1.23
Group III (Vertical) 63.06±5.18 1.29
Ramus height
Group I (Average) 46.88±4.93 0.83
Group II (Horizontal) 50±7.13 1.30
Group III (Vertical) 43.12±5.71 1.42
Ramus width
Group I (Average) 28.05±4.02 0.68
Group II (Horizontal) 29.4±0.76 0.76
Group III (Vertical) 26.18±3.25 0.81
Mandibular length
Group I (Average) 112.77±8.63 1.45
Group II (Horizontal) 113.1±9.52 1.73
Group III (Vertical) 109.75±9.73 2.43
Body length
Group I (Average) 68.11±8.10 1.36
Group II (Horizontal) 70.6±6.44 1.17
Group III (Vertical) 65.87±5.77 1.44
Table 2- Descriptive analysis (mean, SD, and standard error)
Variables Mean difference P value
Antegonial notch width (mm)
Average vs horizontal 0.36 P>0.05
Average vs vertical -0.87 P<0.01
Horizontal vs vertical -1.24 P<0.001
Symphysis height (mm)
Average vs horizontal -0.54 P>0.05
Average vs vertical -0.30 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 0.23 P<0.01
Symphysis depth (mm)
Average vs horizontal -0.16 P>0.05
Average vs vertical 0.23 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 0.39 P<0.01
Ratio
Average vs horizontal -0.09 P>0.05
Average vs vertical -0.08 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 0.009 P<0.01
Angulation of symphysis (degrees)
Average vs horizontal -0.82 P>0.05
Average vs vertical 2.71 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 3.54 P<0.01
Inclination of symphysis (degrees)
Average vs horizontal -5.92 P<0.01
Average vs vertical -2.69 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 3.23 P>0.05
Ramus height
Average vs horizontal -3.11 P>0.05
Average vs vertical 3.76 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 6.87 P<0.01
Ramus width
Average vs horizontal -1.34 P>0.05
Average vs vertical 1.87 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 3.21 P<0.05
Mandibular length
Average vs horizontal -0.32 P>0.05
Average vs vertical 3.02 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 3.35 P>0.05
Body length
Average vs horizontal -2.48 P>0.05
Average vs vertical 2.23 P>0.05
Horizontal vs vertical 4.72 P>0.05
Table 3- One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1593
1. Depth of the Antegonial Notch: The mean values for depth of the antegonial notch were greatest for the vertical group
with a mean value of 1.59 mm ± 1.15, followed by the average group with a mean value of 0.71 mm ± 0.90 and then the
horizontal group with a mean value of 0.35 mm ± 0.60. The post hoc multiplecomparisonsBonferronitest resultsrevealed
that the vertical group showed significant difference with horizontal and average groups with a p value of 0.001 and 0.01
(< 0.05) for both the groups respectively.
2. Height of the Symphysis: The mean values for the symphysis height were greatest for the horizontal group with a mean
value of 20.3 mm ± 2.80, followed by the vertical group with a mean value of 20.06 mm ± 3.37and then the average group
with a mean value of 19.75 mm ± 3.2. The post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni test results revealed that thevertical
group showed significant difference only with the horizontal group with a p value of P<0.01 (< 0.05).
3. Depth of the Symphysis: The mean values for the symphysis depth were greatest for the horizontal group with a mean
value of 15.33 mm± 1.98 followed by average group with a mean valueof15.17mm±3 .09andthenthevertical groupwith
a mean value of 14.93 mm ± 1.28. The post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni test results revealed that the vertical
group showed significant difference only with the horizontal group with a p value of P<0.01 (< 0.05).
4. Ratio of the Height and Depth of the Symphysis: The mean values for ratio of the height and depth of the symphysis
were greatest for the horizontal group with mean value of 1.35 mm ± 0.24, followed by the vertical group with a mean
value of 1.34 mm ± 0.23 and then the average group with a mean value of 1.26 mm ± 0.18. The post hoc multiple
comparisons Bonferroni test results revealed that thevertical groupshowedsignificantdifferenceonlywiththehorizontal
group with a p value of P<0.01 (< 0.05).
5. Angulation of the Symphysis: The mean values for angulation of the symphysis were greatest for the horizontal group
with a mean value of 89.16 mm ± 6.53 degrees followed by average group with a mean value of 88.34 mm ± 3.98 degrees
and then the vertical group with a mean value of 85.62 mm ± 5.05 degrees. The post hoc multiple comparisonsBonferroni
test results revealed that the vertical group showed significant difference only with the horizontal group with a p value of
P<0.01 (< 0.05).
6. Inclination of the Symphysis: The mean values for the symphysis inclination weregreatestforthehorizontal groupwith
a mean value of 66.3 mm ± 6.73 degrees followed by vertical group with a meanvalue of63.06mm±5.18degreesandthen
the average group with a mean value of 60.37 mm ± 8.22 degrees. The post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni test
results revealed that the average group showed significant difference only with the horizontal group with a p value of
P<0.01 (< 0.05).
7. Ramus height: The mean values for the symphysis inclination were greatestforthehorizontal groupwitha meanvalueof
50 ± 7.13 degrees followed by average group with a mean value of 46.88 mm ± 4.93 degrees and then the vertical group
with a mean value of 43.12 mm ± 5.71 degrees. The posthocmultiplecomparisonsBonferronitest resultsrevealedthatthe
vertical group showed significant difference only with the horizontal group with a p value of P<0.01 (< 0.05).
8. Ramus width: The mean values for the symphysis inclination were greatest for the horizontal groupwitha meanvalueof
29.4 mm ± 0.76 degrees followed by average group with a mean value of 28.05 mm ± 4.02 degrees and then the vertical
group with a mean value of 26.18 mm ± 3.25 degrees. The post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni test resultsrevealed
that the vertical group showed significant difference only with the horizontal group with a p value of P<0.05 (< 0.05).
9. Mandibular length: The mean values for the symphysis inclination were greatest for the horizontal group with a mean
value of 113.1 mm ± 9.52 degrees followed by average group with a mean value of 112.77 mm ± 8.63 degreesandthenthe
vertical group with a mean value of 109.75 mm ± 9.73 degrees. The post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferronitest results
revealed statistically insignificant results between all the three groups with a p value > 0.05.
10. Body length: The mean values for the symphysis inclination were greatest for the horizontal group with a mean value of
70.6 mm ± 6.44 degrees followed by average group with a mean value of 68.11 mm ± 8.10 degrees and then the vertical
group with a mean value of 65.87 mm ± 5.77 degrees. The post hoc multiple comparisons Bonferroni test resultsrevealed
statistically insignificant results between all the three groups with a p value > 0.05.
Table 4: Antegonial notch, symphysis height, symphysis depth, ratio and angulation of symphysis
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1594
Table 5: Inclination of symphysis, ramus height, ramus width, mandibular length and body length
DISCUSSION
The present retrospective,cross‑sectional studywascarried
out on lateral cephalograms of 80 adults on various
parameters like antegonial notch depth, symphysis
morphology, ramus and mandibularmorphologyindifferent
growth patterns in Angle’s class I malocclusion. The
rationale behind using lateral cephalograms in the present
study was it being an essential diagnostic aid and routinely
advised in all patients planned for orthodontic treatment.
Second, the radiation exposure and cost are less as
compared to other diagnostic methods, i.e., cone beam
computed tomography, etc. The age group of the patients
selected for this study was between 18 and 30 years as most
of the growth would have been completed by that time and
the growth pattern once established does not change much
with age17.
The ultimate shape of a fully grown mandible is the result of
the complex interaction of the growth determinants and
functional environment that controls the lower jaw. The
antegonial notch lies at the body junction and the ramus of
the mandible, and in this strategic position, its shape is
probably a good indicator of how the mandible will grow18.
Hovell19 in 1964 stated that “when the condylar growth fails
to contribute to the lowering of the mandible the bone inthe
region of the angle grows downward producing antegonial
notching caused by the masseter and the medial pterygoid.”
In our study, the depth of the antegonial notch was found to
be highest in vertical growth pattern groupandlowestinthe
horizontal group. Similar findings have been reported by
Singer et al11, Björk and Skieller20 and Björk14 in their
implant studies. Lambrechts et al12 noted significant
difference in the variouscephalometricmeasurementswhen
he investigated the nature of mandibular growth into two
groups with deep and shallow notch depth. He concluded
that more vertical mandibular growth patterns wasnoted in
deep antegonial notch group that result in a longer anterior
facial height than the shallow notch group. A statistically
significant negative relationship was found between
mandibular antegonial notch depth and horizontal growth
pattern individuals in the study conducted by Kolodziej et
al16
The anatomy of the mandibular symphysis is an important
consideration in evaluating patients seeking orthodontic
treatment10.13 In our study, the symphysis morphology in
horizontal growth pattern group was found to be associated
with large depth, short height, small ratio (height/depth),
and larger angle. In contrast, a symphysis with a smaller
depth, larger height, larger ratio, and a smaller angle found
in vertical growers. These results are consistent with the
findings of Aki et al10 and Mangla et al21. Roy et al22also
found in his study that the amount of external symphysis
increases in size as the facial form differ from vertical to
horizontal growth pattern. Ricketts23 reported an anterior
growth direction of the mandible has been associated with
thick symphysis. Sassouni and Nanda24 and Björk13 have
found pronounced apposition with excessive concavity
beneath the symphysis of the lower mandibular border
associated with the tendency toward backward mandibular
jaw rotation. A greater protrusion of the incisors which is
esthetically acceptable is attributed to pronounced
symphysis, and therefore, a greater chance of nonextraction
approach to treatment can be considered.Onthecontrary,in
patients with larger symphyseal height and small chin, an
extraction approach is adopted for compensation of arch
length discrepencies25. These findings are significant with
our results as a non-extraction approach is preferred with
deep symphyseal depth usually found in horizontal growth
pattern group among males whereas invertical growers, itis
better to prefer extraction approach as the symphyseal
depth is less in these patients10. Inclination of the symphysis
to the mandibular plane was statistically significant in
average growth pattern than in horizontal growth pattern;
however, Arruda et al26 stated that facial type has no
correlation with the symphysis inclination.
Ramus height and width was found to be greater in
horizontal growth pattern as compared with average and
vertical growth patterns. These findings were consistent
with observations by Muller, Schudy, and Sassouni27-29, who
all reported a considerable deficiency in dimension in
vertical growers. The mean values mandibular length and
body length were greatest for horizontal group ascompared
8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31627 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 1595
to average and vertical group; however the results were not
statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
1. The inclination of the symphysis to the mandibular
plane is greater in average growth pattern in Angle’s
class I malocclusion.
2. The antegonial notch depth is shallow, the symphysis
morphology is found to be associated with large depth,
short height, small ratio (height/depth), and larger
angle, ramus height and width is greater in horizontal
growth pattern in Angle’s class I malocclusion.
3. Antegonial notch depth is deep, the symphysis
morphology is found to be associated with a smaller
depth, larger height, larger ratio, and a smaller angle in
vertical growth pattern in Angle’s class I malocclusion.
4. Antegonial notch depth is greaterinthevertical growers
as compared to horizontal and average growers.
Inclination of the symphysis to the mandibular plane is
greater in average growth pattern as compared to
horizontal growth pattern. Ramus height and width is
greater in the horizontal grower as compared to the
vertical grower.
5. From a clinical perspective, the growth pattern of an
individual plays an important role in decision making,
diagnosis and treatment planning thus indicating the
importance of this study.
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