This document summarizes research on the acquisition of the third person singular -s morpheme in English. It discusses how acquisition studies have found that -s is one of the last grammatical morphemes acquired by both native and non-native English speakers. The order of acquisition found in several studies is reviewed, showing that -s is acquired later than other morphemes like plural -s, present progressive -ing, and irregular past tense. The document also discusses theories for why -s is difficult to acquire, relating to its morphological complexity and differences between the first and second language acquisition processes.
Error analysis is a type of linguistic studies that focuses on the errors that learners make. To identify and explain the errors which are committed by second/foreign language learners, error analysis is one of the best ways of such purpose. This study aimed at analyzing the errors in the use of prepositions made by Kurdish EFL learners. One-hundred and seven students studying English at University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq participated in this study. Based on the result of Oxford Placement Test participants of this study were at three different levels of proficiency; elementary, lower-intermediate and upper-intermediate. This study tries to find out the sources of the errors and specify the differences between learners at different levels of proficiency. An Oxford Placement test and a preposition test were used to elicit the data. After analyzing the data by SAS ver. 9 and SPSS VER. 22, it was revealed that, Kurdish EFL learners have problems in the use of English prepositions. The students at different levels of proficiency were different in making errors and the sources behind making errors. The students of higher levels of proficiency were least effected by the interlingual source of errors and also intralingual errors, and they committed fewer errors; it might be because students at higher levels of proficiency have more practice compare to the lower levels of proficiency. In the light of findings, this study has some pedagogical implications for teaching prepositions. Teachers are advised to draw their students’ attention to the fact that literal translation into their mother tongue may lead to errors.
The document summarizes a study that examines the use of discourse markers (DMs) such as "so, and, but, ok, well and right" by native English-speaking professors and non-native English-speaking Chinese professors in their academic lectures. The study found that while non-natives have acquired the use of some DMs like "so" and "and", their use lacks pragmatic functions and DMs like "ok, well and right" are often used inappropriately. The study analyzed recordings of lectures from 5 native and 5 non-native professors. It found that non-native use of DMs showed greater fluctuation and inconsistency than native professors. The findings provide implications for second language teaching.
Teachers had differing views on the role of students' first language in ESL classes:
- Some teachers viewed first language use favorably, believing it helped students learn.
- Other teachers tolerated occasional first language use but saw English as ideal.
- Many teachers viewed first language use unfavorably and believed it should be minimized, thinking it hindered English learning. Overall teachers' rationales for excluding first language were weakly articulated.
Challenges in teaching prepositions in a language classroomAlexander Decker
This document discusses challenges in teaching prepositions to English language learners. It begins by noting that prepositions are difficult for non-native English speakers to master due to issues like polysemy and interference from the learner's native language. The study aims to identify difficulties English teachers face in teaching prepositions and how prepositions are addressed in textbooks. A questionnaire given to 50 English teachers found that most feel prepositions are challenging to teach, textbooks provide little instruction, and the most common student error is transferring prepositions directly from their native language.
A Morphosyntactic Analysis on Malaysian Secondary School Students Essay Writ...Erica Thompson
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the morphosyntactic errors in English essay writing among Malaysian secondary school students. The study examined 10 student essays totaling 50 pages. It found that students made errors with plural marking, subject-verb agreement, tense marking and other grammatical issues. These errors occurred because of differences between English and Malay grammar rules regarding morphology and syntax. The researchers concluded that Malaysian students have not fully mastered certain English grammar rules regarding plural forms, third-person singular verbs and other structures.
Directions
Length: ~3-4 typed, double-spaced pages (approx. 750-1000 words)
Content: The reviews will follow a summary/response organization. The following questions should help guide your review:
Summary:
· General comments: The goal of this part of your review is to demonstrate your comprehension of the study. As such, assume your target audience is non-experts in SLA research. Avoid highly technical details and jargon, opting instead for more accessible language and descriptions, i.e., “your own words.” There should be no need for any quotes in this summary.
· Content: Your summary should address the following questions:
· What were the goals of the study? What were the researchers hoping to find out as a result of the study? What were the gaps/limitations in our understanding that they were hoping to address? (Note: You do not need to summarize their entire literature review, but should provide some basic background to contextualize the study.)
· How did they attempt to address the research questions? Summarize the methodology employed. Who were the participants? What data-collection methods/instruments were used? What was analyzed, compared…?
· What were the key findings? (Note: No need to discuss detailed statistical findings. Simply summarize the important findings). How did the researcher(s) interpret these findings in relation to their research questions and previous research discussed in their literature review?
Response:
· General Comments: The goal of this part of your review is to demonstrate your intellectual interaction with the research you have read.
· Content: Your response should address the following questions:
· What new terms or concepts have you learned from this article? (Don’t just list terms/concepts, but briefly explain them.)
· How do the findings relate to your own experience with and/or ideas about language acquisition? Any surprises? Confirmations? Anything about which you remain skeptical? (If relevant, how do findings relate to other course readings or discussions?)
· What questions has this study—the methodology, the findings, etc.—raised for you? What do you suspect might be the answer to your questions?
Applied Linguistics 2014: 35/2: 184–207 � Oxford University Press 2013
doi:10.1093/applin/amt013 Advance Access published on 13 July 2013
Dynamics of Complexity and Accuracy: A
Longitudinal Case Study of Advanced
Untutored Development
*BRITTANY POLAT and YOUJIN KIM
Georgia State University
*E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
This longitudinal case study follows a dynamic systems approach to investigate
an under-studied research area in second language acquisition, the development
of complexity and accuracy for an advanced untutored learner of English. Using
the analytical tools of dynamic systems theory (Verspoor et al. 2011) within the
framework of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (Skehan 1998; Norris and
Ortega 2009), the study tracks accuracy, syntactic complexity, a ...
A Corpus Based Study On The Use Of Preposition Of Time On And At In Argum...Andrea Erdman
This study analyzed the use of the prepositions "on" and "at" as prepositions of time in argumentative essays written by Malaysian Form 4 and Form 5 students. The study used the Malaysian Corpus on Student's Argumentative Writings (MCSAW) and WordSmith Tools software to identify distribution patterns and common errors. The results showed limited correct use of "on" and "at" as prepositions of time due to the type of essay. Common errors identified included omission, insertion, and selection of incorrect prepositions of time. The study provided insights into students' difficulties with these prepositions.
The document summarizes research on Arab EFL learners' writing difficulties at the tertiary level. It discusses how previous research primarily blamed learners for their weak writing, without considering educational policies. The study aims to show how outdated approaches and resources used in writing courses can also contribute to writing problems. It analyzes writing courses in three Arab universities and finds they rely on approaches from the 1940s-1950s, rather than incorporating new linguistic and writing theories. The document concludes that unless universities update their writing syllabi, Arab EFL learners will continue facing writing difficulties.
Error analysis is a type of linguistic studies that focuses on the errors that learners make. To identify and explain the errors which are committed by second/foreign language learners, error analysis is one of the best ways of such purpose. This study aimed at analyzing the errors in the use of prepositions made by Kurdish EFL learners. One-hundred and seven students studying English at University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq participated in this study. Based on the result of Oxford Placement Test participants of this study were at three different levels of proficiency; elementary, lower-intermediate and upper-intermediate. This study tries to find out the sources of the errors and specify the differences between learners at different levels of proficiency. An Oxford Placement test and a preposition test were used to elicit the data. After analyzing the data by SAS ver. 9 and SPSS VER. 22, it was revealed that, Kurdish EFL learners have problems in the use of English prepositions. The students at different levels of proficiency were different in making errors and the sources behind making errors. The students of higher levels of proficiency were least effected by the interlingual source of errors and also intralingual errors, and they committed fewer errors; it might be because students at higher levels of proficiency have more practice compare to the lower levels of proficiency. In the light of findings, this study has some pedagogical implications for teaching prepositions. Teachers are advised to draw their students’ attention to the fact that literal translation into their mother tongue may lead to errors.
The document summarizes a study that examines the use of discourse markers (DMs) such as "so, and, but, ok, well and right" by native English-speaking professors and non-native English-speaking Chinese professors in their academic lectures. The study found that while non-natives have acquired the use of some DMs like "so" and "and", their use lacks pragmatic functions and DMs like "ok, well and right" are often used inappropriately. The study analyzed recordings of lectures from 5 native and 5 non-native professors. It found that non-native use of DMs showed greater fluctuation and inconsistency than native professors. The findings provide implications for second language teaching.
Teachers had differing views on the role of students' first language in ESL classes:
- Some teachers viewed first language use favorably, believing it helped students learn.
- Other teachers tolerated occasional first language use but saw English as ideal.
- Many teachers viewed first language use unfavorably and believed it should be minimized, thinking it hindered English learning. Overall teachers' rationales for excluding first language were weakly articulated.
Challenges in teaching prepositions in a language classroomAlexander Decker
This document discusses challenges in teaching prepositions to English language learners. It begins by noting that prepositions are difficult for non-native English speakers to master due to issues like polysemy and interference from the learner's native language. The study aims to identify difficulties English teachers face in teaching prepositions and how prepositions are addressed in textbooks. A questionnaire given to 50 English teachers found that most feel prepositions are challenging to teach, textbooks provide little instruction, and the most common student error is transferring prepositions directly from their native language.
A Morphosyntactic Analysis on Malaysian Secondary School Students Essay Writ...Erica Thompson
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the morphosyntactic errors in English essay writing among Malaysian secondary school students. The study examined 10 student essays totaling 50 pages. It found that students made errors with plural marking, subject-verb agreement, tense marking and other grammatical issues. These errors occurred because of differences between English and Malay grammar rules regarding morphology and syntax. The researchers concluded that Malaysian students have not fully mastered certain English grammar rules regarding plural forms, third-person singular verbs and other structures.
Directions
Length: ~3-4 typed, double-spaced pages (approx. 750-1000 words)
Content: The reviews will follow a summary/response organization. The following questions should help guide your review:
Summary:
· General comments: The goal of this part of your review is to demonstrate your comprehension of the study. As such, assume your target audience is non-experts in SLA research. Avoid highly technical details and jargon, opting instead for more accessible language and descriptions, i.e., “your own words.” There should be no need for any quotes in this summary.
· Content: Your summary should address the following questions:
· What were the goals of the study? What were the researchers hoping to find out as a result of the study? What were the gaps/limitations in our understanding that they were hoping to address? (Note: You do not need to summarize their entire literature review, but should provide some basic background to contextualize the study.)
· How did they attempt to address the research questions? Summarize the methodology employed. Who were the participants? What data-collection methods/instruments were used? What was analyzed, compared…?
· What were the key findings? (Note: No need to discuss detailed statistical findings. Simply summarize the important findings). How did the researcher(s) interpret these findings in relation to their research questions and previous research discussed in their literature review?
Response:
· General Comments: The goal of this part of your review is to demonstrate your intellectual interaction with the research you have read.
· Content: Your response should address the following questions:
· What new terms or concepts have you learned from this article? (Don’t just list terms/concepts, but briefly explain them.)
· How do the findings relate to your own experience with and/or ideas about language acquisition? Any surprises? Confirmations? Anything about which you remain skeptical? (If relevant, how do findings relate to other course readings or discussions?)
· What questions has this study—the methodology, the findings, etc.—raised for you? What do you suspect might be the answer to your questions?
Applied Linguistics 2014: 35/2: 184–207 � Oxford University Press 2013
doi:10.1093/applin/amt013 Advance Access published on 13 July 2013
Dynamics of Complexity and Accuracy: A
Longitudinal Case Study of Advanced
Untutored Development
*BRITTANY POLAT and YOUJIN KIM
Georgia State University
*E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]
This longitudinal case study follows a dynamic systems approach to investigate
an under-studied research area in second language acquisition, the development
of complexity and accuracy for an advanced untutored learner of English. Using
the analytical tools of dynamic systems theory (Verspoor et al. 2011) within the
framework of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (Skehan 1998; Norris and
Ortega 2009), the study tracks accuracy, syntactic complexity, a ...
A Corpus Based Study On The Use Of Preposition Of Time On And At In Argum...Andrea Erdman
This study analyzed the use of the prepositions "on" and "at" as prepositions of time in argumentative essays written by Malaysian Form 4 and Form 5 students. The study used the Malaysian Corpus on Student's Argumentative Writings (MCSAW) and WordSmith Tools software to identify distribution patterns and common errors. The results showed limited correct use of "on" and "at" as prepositions of time due to the type of essay. Common errors identified included omission, insertion, and selection of incorrect prepositions of time. The study provided insights into students' difficulties with these prepositions.
The document summarizes research on Arab EFL learners' writing difficulties at the tertiary level. It discusses how previous research primarily blamed learners for their weak writing, without considering educational policies. The study aims to show how outdated approaches and resources used in writing courses can also contribute to writing problems. It analyzes writing courses in three Arab universities and finds they rely on approaches from the 1940s-1950s, rather than incorporating new linguistic and writing theories. The document concludes that unless universities update their writing syllabi, Arab EFL learners will continue facing writing difficulties.
Article Errors In The English Writing Of Saudi EFL Preparatory Year StudentsNatasha Grant
This study analyzed errors in the use of articles (a, an, the) by Saudi EFL students in their writing compositions. The researchers collected writing samples from 98 students and identified 512 errors related to article usage. Most errors were omissions of articles (64.1%), followed by insertions (27.5%) and substitutions (8.4%). Errors with the indefinite article "a" were more common than with "an". The errors likely stemmed from interference between the students' first language (Arabic) and English, as Arabic uses articles differently. The study aims to help understand sources of article errors and improve teaching of English articles.
The impact of personality traits on the affective category of english languag...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
The present study aims at discovering the impact of personality traits in the prediction use of the Affective English Language Learning Strategies (AELLSs) for learners of English as a foreign language. Four instruments were used, which were Adapted Inventory for Affective English Language Learning Strategies based on Affective category of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) of Rebecca L. Oxfords (1990), A Background
Questionnaire, NEO-Five Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Two hundred and thirteen Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major in Iran, were volunteers to participate in this research work. The intact classes were chosen. The results show that although there is a significant relationship between each of the two traits of personality and use of the AELLSs, personality cannot be a strong predictor with high percentage of contribution to predict use of the AELLSs.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
This document discusses the application of linguistics to language teaching. It covers pedagogical grammar and its use in teaching native and second languages. It describes the rise and fall of the audiolingual method for teaching second languages and introduces Krashen's theory of acquisition vs learning. Krashen proposed the natural approach to create an anxiety-free environment where students can acquire a second language through comprehensible input, communication, and activities rather than focusing on grammar rules. The document also discusses dialect, sentence combining techniques, and the role of theory in second language teaching.
1) Tense errors are common among immigrants learning English as a second language due to influences from their native language and educational background. Their ability to distinguish verb types and correctly match tenses to contexts is negatively impacted.
2) Formal schooling can help immigrants improve their English skills over time as they advance to higher levels. However, current systems may not adequately address the diverse needs of learners from different native language and cultural backgrounds.
3) To reduce tense errors, English teaching methods need to emphasize verb morphology and the 'be' auxiliary. Teachers also require training to understand how native languages affect tense acquisition and design culturally competent instruction.
Second language acquestion errors analysisjanechristinea
This document discusses grammatical errors made by Swedish students learning English as a second language. It aims to analyze and compare the types of errors made by junior and senior secondary students. The study will identify the most common grammatical errors, examine similarities and differences between the two groups, and explore possible reasons for differences. Understanding learners' errors can help improve teaching methods and aid students in better acquiring English grammar. The document provides background on second language acquisition and error analysis theory, which serves as the framework for the study.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed three spoken American English corpora to identify the most frequently used idioms. The study found inconsistencies between the idioms included in existing teaching materials and those actually most common based on corpus data. Four lists of frequently used idioms were compiled from the corpora analysis. Comparison to nine idiom dictionaries revealed those resources included idioms seldom used and provided inadequate explanations of meaning and use. The study has implications for improving how idioms are taught and referenced for English language learners.
As the topic suggests, the research paper presents Study of Consonant Pronunciations Errors Committed by EFL Learners. Error analysis always tries to resolve language learners’ problems in acquiring second or foreign language setting. Learning to English pronunciation is perhaps as important as learning listening skill, speaking, and spelling. Errors in English pronunciation create several problems for English language learners in their works. In other words, most of the English language errors of pronunciation are due to the lack of knowledge of language learners. However, all the students in our sample are of age group (16-25) at Bushehr language institute and they are all Iranian nationals. In addition, all of them were female learners. An English pronunciation (consonant) test was used to get information about the knowledge of the learners in English pronunciation. Findings of this article indicated that the first and second hypotheses of this article were accepted, but the third hypothesis was rejected. However, the findings of this paper showed that the Iranian EFL students have problem to pronounce English sounds correctly.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed grammatical errors in writing by ninth grade students learning English as a second language in Pakistan. The study asked students to write about difficulties learning English and analyzed 176 total errors. The most common errors were in use of prepositions (50 errors), articles (52 errors), and morphology (32 errors). Other error types included tense (26 errors) and active/passive voice (16 errors). The results suggest error analysis can provide insight into students' language development and help teachers address areas of difficulty. The study supports using contrastive analysis to understand how a first language influences second language learning.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed grammatical errors in writing by ninth grade students learning English as a second language in Pakistan. The study asked students to write about difficulties learning English and analyzed 176 total errors. The most common errors were in use of prepositions (50 errors), articles (52 errors), and morphology (32 errors). Other error types included tense (26 errors) and active/passive voice (16 errors). The results suggest error analysis can provide insight into students' language development and help teachers address areas of difficulty. The study supports using contrastive analysis to understand how a first language influences second language learning.
Applying Corpus-Based Findings To Form-Focused Instruction The Case Of Repor...Justin Knight
The document summarizes a study that compared how reported speech is presented in English language textbooks versus how it is used in real language based on corpus data. The study found that textbooks focus mainly on indirect reported speech and backshifting verbs to past tense, but neglect many structures used in natural language. Corpus data from two studies of reported speech was then used to identify 10 principles for how it should be taught. The document proposes applying these corpus-based findings to design classroom activities and materials for teaching reported speech that are grounded in theories of second language acquisition.
A Synthesis Of Technique And Proficiency In Teaching WritingJasmine Dixon
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between language proficiency and writing ability in English among students in undergraduate and graduate programs. Twenty-eight students participated in the study: fifteen graduate students and thirteen undergraduate students. The study used a questionnaire and analysis of student essays to investigate whether higher-proficiency graduate students faced the same difficulties in writing as lower-proficiency undergraduates. The findings provide insight into the most challenging aspects of teaching writing to students with different English proficiency levels.
Literature review on the role of mother tongue in learning and teaching engli...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the role of mother tongue in learning and teaching English for Specific Purposes. It reviews previous studies that have found both positive and negative effects of language transfer when learning a new language. The similarities and differences between a learner's native language and the target language can influence how easily concepts and structures are acquired. While exclusive use of the target language is emphasized in communicative methods, many learners still benefit from occasional use of their mother tongue for instructions, checking understanding, or discussing difficult texts. The influence of the native language depends on various factors and individual learning strategies.
This study aims at explaining the confusion that led by the misuse of English grammatical structures when conveying meanings in written English texts. Indicating how committing certain errors in written English structures constrains Sudanese English learners’ performance. Investigating English grammatical structures experienced by Sudanese learners who are preparing to graduate with B.A. in English. Therefore, the roles that grammatical structures play in models of communicative competence are discussed in this paper. Additionally, the study explains the role of mastering these structures in communicative purposes. The obtained results revealed that Sudanese students are incompetent in using grammar well enough for some real-communicational purpose. Grammatical structures play a role in language communicative competence for the learners of English language. Learners’ mastery of the language communicative ability is affected when language learners are unable to successfully communicate in L2 without cultural knowledge of what is considered appropriate according to a particular context in the target language.
Research report traditional grammar vs functional grammar and teaching of gr...Rai Shoaib Ali
This document is a research report submitted for a post-graduate diploma in TEFL that compares traditional grammar and functional grammar. It finds that traditional grammar has several limitations, such as being prescriptive rather than descriptive, using categories based on European languages that do not apply to all languages, and lacking a theoretical framework. Functional grammar emerged to address these limitations by taking a more descriptive approach focused on the functions of language in communication rather than rigid rules. The report provides a detailed analysis of the concepts and approaches of traditional grammar versus functional grammar.
Analyzing Verbs In The Discussion Section Of Master S Theses Written By Irani...Jim Jimenez
This study analyzes the verbs used in the discussion section of 60 master's theses written by Iranian students studying English as a foreign language. The theses were categorized based on their research approach as quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. The verbs were analyzed based on their reporting or nonreporting status, as well as their tense, aspect, and voice. The findings showed there were no differences in verb use across the different research approaches, except for a higher use of progressive aspect for reporting verbs in qualitative theses and passive voice for nonreporting verbs in mixed methods theses. The study aims to contribute to understanding of verb use in academic writing by non-native English speakers.
The influence of personality traits on the use of memory english language lea...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
The present study aims to find out the influence of personality traits on the choice and use of Memory English Language Learning Strategies (MELLSs) for learners of English as a foreign language, and the role of personality traits in the prediction of use of such Strategies. Four instruments were used, which were Adapted Inventory for Memory English Language Learning Strategies based on Memory category of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) of Rebecca L. Oxfords (1990), A Background Questionnaire, NEO-Five Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Two hundred and thirteen Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major in Iran, were volunteer to participate in this research work. The intact classes were chosen. The results show that however, there is a significant relationship between four traits of personality and the choice and use of MELLSs, but personality traits cannot be as a strong predictor with high percent of contribution to predict the choice and use of the MELLSs.
This document discusses the role of applied linguistics in teaching English in Saudi Arabia. It explains that applied linguistics helps English teachers analyze errors made by students and identify areas for improvement. Error analysis examines transfer errors from students' first language and intralingual errors developed in their learning of English. Contrastive analysis also helps identify differences between a student's first language (Arabic) and their target language (English) that may cause difficulties. The document provides several examples of how the sound systems and specific phonemes of Arabic and English differ, which challenges Saudi students in pronouncing English. Applied linguistics gives teachers tools to understand sources of errors and design effective teaching strategies that account for the influences of students' first language.
The exploring nature of language learning strategies (ll ss) and their relati...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
This document summarizes research on language learning strategies and their relationship to various variables, with a focus on personality traits. It provides an overview of the literature on language learning strategies, noting they can be taught to learners and are influenced by factors like proficiency, culture, and personality. The document indicates that while research has found links between certain personality traits and language learning, the results are mixed. It concludes that more research is needed on the role of individual differences and personality traits in language learning strategy use.
A Perfect Reflective Essay Example For Students.Linda Garcia
This document provides instructions for creating an account on a writing assistance website and requesting help with assignments. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the website stands by providing original, high-quality content or offering refunds for plagiarized work.
Extracurricular Activities Essay Example. How To WrLinda Garcia
The document discusses the psychology of religion perspectives of Ludwig Feuerbach and Sigmund Freud. While both viewed God as a projection of the human mind, their views differed significantly. Feuerbach saw religion as a projection of self-consciousness onto God, but believed studying religion was beneficial to understanding humanity. Freud viewed religion as a form of neurosis stemming from the father complex and infantile helplessness. The key difference was that Feuerbach did not see religion as needing to be destroyed, whereas Freud had a more negative view of religion.
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Article Errors In The English Writing Of Saudi EFL Preparatory Year StudentsNatasha Grant
This study analyzed errors in the use of articles (a, an, the) by Saudi EFL students in their writing compositions. The researchers collected writing samples from 98 students and identified 512 errors related to article usage. Most errors were omissions of articles (64.1%), followed by insertions (27.5%) and substitutions (8.4%). Errors with the indefinite article "a" were more common than with "an". The errors likely stemmed from interference between the students' first language (Arabic) and English, as Arabic uses articles differently. The study aims to help understand sources of article errors and improve teaching of English articles.
The impact of personality traits on the affective category of english languag...Dr. Seyed Hossein Fazeli
The present study aims at discovering the impact of personality traits in the prediction use of the Affective English Language Learning Strategies (AELLSs) for learners of English as a foreign language. Four instruments were used, which were Adapted Inventory for Affective English Language Learning Strategies based on Affective category of Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) of Rebecca L. Oxfords (1990), A Background
Questionnaire, NEO-Five Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). Two hundred and thirteen Iranian female university level learners of English language as a university major in Iran, were volunteers to participate in this research work. The intact classes were chosen. The results show that although there is a significant relationship between each of the two traits of personality and use of the AELLSs, personality cannot be a strong predictor with high percentage of contribution to predict use of the AELLSs.
Students’ Perceptions of Grammar Teaching and Learning in English Language Cl...iosrjce
The use of grammar teaching in the field of second language acquisition has been extensively
studied, but there is a lacuna in the literature, regarding the students’ perception of its importance. To
investigate this aspect, the study was conducted on a group of 15 students studying in Semester Five, in the
English Language Department of Misurata University, Libya. The students were interviewed in groups of three
with nine specific questions, and the responses were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The findings
revealed that although they all came from the same cultural, linguistic and educational backgrounds, they had
different perceptions regarding the form focused instruction of grammar. The information gathered is of
considerable significance to ESL teachers who intend to meet students’ needs as well as reduce conflicts caused
by different perspectives between teachers and students regarding whether or not grammar teaching should be
encouraged in the classroom.
This document discusses the application of linguistics to language teaching. It covers pedagogical grammar and its use in teaching native and second languages. It describes the rise and fall of the audiolingual method for teaching second languages and introduces Krashen's theory of acquisition vs learning. Krashen proposed the natural approach to create an anxiety-free environment where students can acquire a second language through comprehensible input, communication, and activities rather than focusing on grammar rules. The document also discusses dialect, sentence combining techniques, and the role of theory in second language teaching.
1) Tense errors are common among immigrants learning English as a second language due to influences from their native language and educational background. Their ability to distinguish verb types and correctly match tenses to contexts is negatively impacted.
2) Formal schooling can help immigrants improve their English skills over time as they advance to higher levels. However, current systems may not adequately address the diverse needs of learners from different native language and cultural backgrounds.
3) To reduce tense errors, English teaching methods need to emphasize verb morphology and the 'be' auxiliary. Teachers also require training to understand how native languages affect tense acquisition and design culturally competent instruction.
Second language acquestion errors analysisjanechristinea
This document discusses grammatical errors made by Swedish students learning English as a second language. It aims to analyze and compare the types of errors made by junior and senior secondary students. The study will identify the most common grammatical errors, examine similarities and differences between the two groups, and explore possible reasons for differences. Understanding learners' errors can help improve teaching methods and aid students in better acquiring English grammar. The document provides background on second language acquisition and error analysis theory, which serves as the framework for the study.
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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A case study Exploring the use of 3rd person singular s in English in written register.pdf
1. 84 / RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies 2018.13 (December)
A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written register / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (p. 84-93)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written
register1
Zekeriya HAMAMCI2
Ezgi HAMAMCI3
APA: Hamamcı, Z.; Hamamcı, E . (2018). A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s
in English in written register. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, (13), 84-93. DOI:
10.29000/rumelide.504253
Abstract
The acquisition of the 3rd person singular -s in English is considered as an introductory concept for
second/foreign language learners because it is one of the basic grammatical rules instructed by
teachers to L2 learners of English. Therefore, it has been analyzed through different perspectives and
theoretical frameworks in order to find a proper interpretation to understand why it is one of the
most challenging grammatical rules to be acquired by English L1 and L2 learners. The study aims to
analyze the use of third person singular present tense –s by the students who are undergraduate
Turkish speakers learning English as a foreign language at a state university in Blacksea region of
Turkey. The study gathered data from 39 students’ writing exams in 2017-2018 academic year. The
writings were transcribed by the researchers and the students’ uses of 3sg –s were analyzed. The
results comprised 40 grammatically/correctly inflected items, 43 omission item (OI) and 13
wrongly/incorrectly inflected items (WI). Compatible with the results in relevant literature, the
findings of the study suggest that students learning English seem to have difficulty mastering the use
of the 3sg –s. The findings of this study have both pedagogical implications for EFL classroom
practices and for foreign language teachers and researchers.
Key words: English as a foreign language, third person singular -s, Morpheme, L1 interference.
Olgu çalışması: Yazılı metinlerde İngilizce’ de üçüncü tekil şahıs –s kullanımı
Özet
Öğretmenlerin İngilizceyi ikinci/yabancı dil olarak öğrenen öğrencilere sunduğu temel dilbilgisi
kurallarından biri olan üçüncü tekil şahıs –s edinimi ikinci / yabancı dil öğrenenler için giriş
niteliğinde bir kavram olarak kabul edilir. Bu nedenle, hem anadili İngilizce olan bireylerde hem de
İngilizceyi yabancı/ikinci dil olarak öğrenen öğrenciler tarafından ediniminin neden oldukça
zorlayıcı bir dilbilgisi kuralı olduğunu anlayabilmek için bu konu farklı bakış açıları ve kuramsal
çerçevelerde incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Karadeniz bölgesinde yer alan bir devlet üniversitesi
bünyesindeki yabancı diller yüksekokulu İngilizce hazırlık sınıflarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma,
İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen anadili Türkçe olan öğrencilerin geniş zamanda üçüncü tekil
şahıs –s kullanımını incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışma verileri 39 öğrencinin yazma sınavlarından
2017-2018 yılında elde edilmiştir. Öğrenci sınavları araştırmacılar tarafından çevriyazıya
1 Part of this paper was presented as an oral presentation at Düzce University International Conference on Language (DU-
ICOL / WRITING - 2018) held on 18-20 October, 2018.
2 Öğr. Gör., Düzce Üniversitesi, Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu, (Düzce, Türkiye), zekeriyahamamci@duzce.edu.tr, ORCID ID:
0000-0002-7675-7742 [Makale kayıt tarihi: 5.11.2018-kabul tarihi: 22.12.2018; DOI: 10.29000/rumelide.504253]
3 Öğr. Gör., Düzce Üniversitesi, Yabancı Diller Yüksekokulu, (Düzce, Türkiye), ezgihamamci@duzce.edu.tr, ORCID ID:
0000-0002-0633-0292.
2. R u m e l i D E D i l v e E d e b i y a t A r a ş t ı r m a l a r ı D e r g i s i 2 0 1 8 .1 3 ( A r a l ı k ) / 8 5
Olgu çalışması: Yazılı metinlerde İngilizce’ de üçüncü tekil şahıs –s kullanımı / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (84-93. s.)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress1
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
dönüştürülmüş ve öğrencilerin üçüncü tekil şahıs kullanımları incelenmiştir. Öğrenci sınavlarında
40 doğru, 43 atlama ve 13 yanlış kullanım örnekleri tespit edilmiştir. Alanyazınla tutarlı bir sonuç
olarak, çalışma kapsamında elde edilen veriler İngilizceyi öğrenen öğrencilerin üçüncü tekil şahıs -s
kuralını öğrenmede ve kullanmada zorlandıklarını ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları hem
İngilizce yabancı dil sınıf uygulamaları hem de İngiliz dili öğreticileri ve araştırmacıları için eğitimsel
çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.
Key words: Yabancı Dil olarak İngilizce, Üçüncü tekil şahıs –s, Biçimbirim, Anadil etkisi.
Introduction
Ellis, (2008) explains the goal of SLA research as to describe and explain different linguistic phenomena.
IHe states that in the case of explanation, the focus is on the question of how learners acquire a language
based on the input they receive. And in the case of description, SLA research seeks for different patterns
to show regularities and systematicities in the learning and use of L2. According to Ellis (1997), one of
the contributions of such research is improvement of language teaching. This happens by proposing
different models and hypotheses which can describe different acquisition phenomena and with the light
of these, teachers can find solutions to learners’ problems in language learning. In this regard,
researchers have sought to study the impact of teaching on second language acquisition. Such research
aim to investigate different aspects of classroom ptactices and instruction. One of the aspects that has
received a great deal of attention is the acquisition of grammatical forms. “A series of cross-sectional
and longitudinal morpheme studies of 1970s were carried out to find out systematicities in acquisition
of grammatical morphemes” (Ellis, 2008: 57). For example, Dulay and Burt (1974) found that some of
English morphemes follow a fixed order in acquisition and learners’ first language and teaching method
have no impact on this order. Similar results were obtained in a study by Baily, Madden, and Krashen
(1974) who conducted their experiment on adult learners. In another study, Larsen-Freeman (1976)
found that difference in mother tongue will not alter the acquisition order.
The acquisition of 3rd person singular
The 3rd person singular inflection in English is considered as an introductory concept for
second/foreign language learners as Krashen (1982) states it is one of the first grammatical rules taught
by teachers to L2 learners of English generally at a very early phase of their language learning.
Heironymous, (1993) states that although both researchers and ESL teachers seem to agree in the fact
that the third person singular rule is very simple, there is some variability in its use by learners, and it
seems that there are not so many students that apply the rule. Heironymous, (1993) depicts that even
L2 learners who have an advanced level of English face with some problems in terms mastering the use
of third person singular -s. Here, it is important to refer to two different kinds of difficulty: the difficulty
learners have in internalizing a grammatical feature and the difficulty they have in acquiring the ability
to use that feature accurately in communication. According to Ellis, (2008) most learners have no
difficulty in grasping the rule for English third person singular –s, but they have enormous difficulty in
internalizing this structure to use it accurately.
Most studies (Dulay and Burt, 1974; Krashen, 1982; Freeman, 1975; Goldschneider & DeKeyser, 2001)
suggest that second language learners have the most difficulty in acquiring the third person -s
morpheme. In both L1 and L2 acquisition research (Dulay & Burt, 1974; Gass & Selinker, 1994), studies
assert that third person -s morpheme is learned much later than the others. For native speakers, this
3. 86 / RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies 2018.13 (December)
A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written register / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (p. 84-93)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
complexity is attributed to the nature of the morpheme itself. Most studies relevant in the literature
proved that not only native speakers but also L2 learners acquire English grammatical morphemes
invariably in a fixed order. The third person singular –s takes place at ends of this order. Ironically,
however, this morpheme continued to occupy the beginning stages of language learning until very
recently. Shin and Milroy (1999) conducted a study conducted which focused on acquisition of ten
grammatical morphemes. The researchers proposed that second language learners’ performance on
plural-s and third person-s is the least accurate.
The acquisition of 3rd person singular in English has extensively been studied both in the areas of first
and second language acquisition, as well as from different theoretical frameworks (Brown 1973, Dulay
& Burt, 1974; Gass & Selinker, 1994; Goldschneider & DeKeyser, 2001; Hsieh, 2009; Blom, Paradis &
Duncan, 2012). From the perspective of first language acquisition, the acquisition of the 3rd person
singular-s has been studied in relation to the order of acquisition of other morphemes as the present
progressive-ing, the plural -s, the irregular past tense, the possessive-‘s the copula be, the articles a/an
and the and the auxiliary be. After analyzing the acquisition of different morphemes by L1 speakers of
English as a native language, Brown (1973) found that the 3rd person singular was acquired in a
penultimate position, just before the auxiliary be.
“Order of Acquisition of Grammatical Morphemes for L1 Learners of English” (Dulay & Burt, 1974:
261).
1. Present Progressive –ing
2. Plural –s
3. Irregular Past Tense
4. Possesive –‘s
5. Copula be
6. Articles a /an and the
7. Regular Past Tense –ed
8. 3rd person singular Present Tense –s
9. Auxiliary be
This acquisition order of morphemes in English as L1 was also compared to the acquisition order of
morphemes in English as L2. And it was suggested that there is a sequence of fourteen morphemes,
which includes the 3rd person singular morpheme –s. This sequence shows that fourteen morphemes
are acquired in a different order between L1 and L2 learners of English (Dulay & Burt, 1974; Gass &
Selinker, 1994). Most studies suggest that L1 influence (Luk & Shirai, 2009) or the qualities of the
morphemes themselves, such as perceptual salience, morphophonological regularity, semantic
complexity (Goldshneider & DeKeyser, 2001) or redundancy (DeKeyser, 2005; VanPatten, 1996, 2007)
might be the reasons behind this order of acquisition.
4. R u m e l i D E D i l v e E d e b i y a t A r a ş t ı r m a l a r ı D e r g i s i 2 0 1 8 .1 3 ( A r a l ı k ) / 8 7
Olgu çalışması: Yazılı metinlerde İngilizce’ de üçüncü tekil şahıs –s kullanımı / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (84-93. s.)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress1
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
The following list shows the order of acquisition of some of these morphemes by L2 learners of English.
“Order of Acquisition of Grammatical Morphemes for L2 Learners of English” (Dulay & Burt, 1974:
263).
1.Plural-s
2.Present progressive –ing
3. Copula be
4. Auxiliary be
5. Articles a /an and the
6. Irregular Past Tense
7. Regular Past Tense –ed
8. 3rd person singular Present Tense –s
9. Possessive –‘s
As far as the acquisition of morphemes by L2 learners is concerned, it was observed that as happened
with L1 learners, the 3rd person singular morpheme –s was acquired in a penultimate position, but in
this case before the possessive-s (Dulay and Burt, 1974; Krashen, 1982; Freeman, 1975; Goldschneider
& DeKeyser, 2001). In both cases the acquisition of 3rd person singular is claimed to occur very late
which would demonstrate that, as Krashen (1982) suggested, this morpheme is one of the most difficult
to acquire despite the fact that it is one of the easiest grammatical rules to learn.
The acquisition of 3rd person singular morpheme -s by L2 learners has been also studied taking into
consideration the typological proximity between the first and the second language being acquired (Blom,
Paradis & Duncan, 2012). It has been considered that those learners with a rich inflecting L1 are more
successful than those with an isolating (language with no inflection to indicate grammatical
relationships) L1, especially when facing verbs that had a high frequency lemma in the input. Thus, they
are more successful when using those verbs that appear more in the input they receive with different
inflectional forms (e.g. walks, walked or walking.). English L2 learners with a rich inflecting L1 are more
predisposed to use the 3rd person singular morpheme thanks to the positive transfer of the L1, since
they are more used when inflecting verbs and it is easier for them to generalize rules.
However, isolating L1 learners lack the knowledge that make possible the generalizations of third person
singular morpheme –s. The same happens with learners with L1 with a larger lexicon. The possibility of
a negative transfer from the L1 to the L2 has been also taken into consideration especially if L1 does not
have subject-verb agreement and tense marking. In consequence, it is probable that their L1 knowledge
of tense and agreement features interfere in their performance of the L2 (Hsieh, 2009), as happened
with Chinese learners of English in Hsieh’s study as they replaced inflectional verb forms for non-finite
forms.
5. 88 / RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies 2018.13 (December)
A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written register / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (p. 84-93)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
Third person singular and its properties in English and Turkish: A comparison.
In English, Tense and Agreement are grammatical categories that are realized by verb inflection. Finite
verb forms in English are those which carry Tense and they are morphologically marked as either
Present or Past. Since English has no future inflected form of the verb, the English conjugation is
reduced to these two inflected tenses (Quirk & Greembaum, 1990: 231).
Almost all lexical or full English verbs have five different forms; base form (open, drive), the 3rd person
singular (opens, drives), the past tense (opened, drove), the past participle (opened, driven) and the –
ing (opening, driving) form. The following table illustrates the verb system in English language in
Present Tense. As can be seen, the base form of the verbs is the one used in all forms except in the third
person singular form, which is the only person that carries inflection.
Person and Number Pronouns Present Simple ‘Open’
1st sing. I Open
2nd sing. You Open
3rd sing. He/She/It open-s
1st plur. We Open
2nd plur. You Open
3rd plur. They Open
Table 1. Verb ‘Open’ inflected in the Present Tense in English.
As for the Turkish inflectional system, Turkish is classified as a head-final language with an unmarked
SOV word order in main and embedded clauses. Haznedar (2003) states that since Turkish morphology
is agglutinative, Turkish verbs are inflected for person, number and tense. According to the typology
criteria presented by Dressler (2003), Turkish language is an agglutinative language which has the
inflection in both noun and verb. According to Dressler (2003), the noun and verb inflection systems of
the following languages can be ordered gradually in regard to inflectional morphology on the scales of
(a) isolating ↔ inflecting-fusional ideal type, (b) inflecting-fusional ↔ agglutinating ideal type.
a. Noun inflection: French – Spanish – English – Dutch – Italian – German – Greek – Slavic languages
– Lithuanian
b. Verb inflection: English – Dutch – German – Spanish – French – Italian – Slavic languages – Greek
– Lithuanian
c. Noun and verb inflection: Lithuanian – Slavic languages – Finnish – Hungarian – Turkish
6. R u m e l i D E D i l v e E d e b i y a t A r a ş t ı r m a l a r ı D e r g i s i 2 0 1 8 .1 3 ( A r a l ı k ) / 8 9
Olgu çalışması: Yazılı metinlerde İngilizce’ de üçüncü tekil şahıs –s kullanımı / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (84-93. s.)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress1
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
Person and Number Pronouns Present Simple ‘Eat’
1st sing. I aç-ar-ım
2nd sing. You aç-ar-sın
3rd sing. He/She/It aç-ar
1st plur. We aç-ar-ız
2nd plur. You aç-ar-sınız
3rd plur. They aç-ar-lar
Table 2 .Verb ‘Open’ inflected in the Present Tense in Turkish.
Although limited in numbers, there are examples of morpheme acquisition studies conducted with
Turkish learners. Ertekin (2006), studied on third person singular, plural and possessive -s morphemes,
copula be and past tense verbs to understand and analyze whether the rule-governed system of Turkish
morphology has an impact on the acquisition of English inflectional morphemes. The study came with
a conclusion that Turkish EFL learners have difficulty internalizing inflectional morphemes. Forty five
participants provided data through three free writing tasks which were given in three consecutive weeks
with the beginning of the academic schedule. The researcher analyzed the data according to correct and
incorrect usage of the third person singular -s. A further analysis of the nature of the incorrect forms
unearthed that participants generally omitted the -s morpheme, which the researcher contended to have
stemmed from the structure of Turkish language, which has no inflection in the third person singular.
Method
Data collection tools
The data for the study composed of prepatory class students’ final exam writing in 2017-2018 academic
year. In the final exam students are asked to write essays about given topics. The topics for the final
exam were:
1) How do movies or television influence people’s behavior?
2) The Effects of the Poor Quality Water on People
Data collection procedure
The study gathered data from 39 students’ writing in final exam in 2017-2018 academic year. The
students take four midterms and one final exam. Both midterms and final exam have a writing section.
For the first and second midterm the students are asked to write a paragraph and for the third, fourth
and final exam they are asked to write essays. In each midterm and final exam, the students are given
40 minutes to write their essays. The essays of the students were transcribed by the researchers and the
students’ uses of 3rd person singular –s were analyzed
7. 90 / RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies 2018.13 (December)
A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written register / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (p. 84-93)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
Data analysis
The study gathered data from 39 students’ writing in final exam in 2017-2018 academic year. The
writings were transcribed by the researchers and the students’ uses of 3rd person singular –s were
analyzed. The students’ English proficiency level was pre-intermediate and intermediate. The corpus
consisted of 5880 words. The corpus was analyzed the in terms of grammatically/correctly inflected
items, omission item and wrongly/incorrectly inflected items.
Findings
An important factor that could influence the production or non-production of the 3rd person singular
morpheme -s is the kind of task designed to carry out the research. The task was narrow in the sense
that students were asked to write about only two topics:
1) How do movies or television influence people’s behavior?
2) The Effects of the Poor Quality Water on People
The corpus gathered from 39 students’ written exams comprised 40 grammatically/correctly inflected
items. The sentences below are taken from different students’ written registers to set examples.
According to Thompson (2012) simple random sampling omits the chance of sampling biases.
Therefore, the examples are selected according to simple random sampling.
- Environmental pollution causes dirty water.
- It has positive and negative results.
- According to the istatistics, manipulation level in the advertisement increases %13,8 every year.
- Poor water quality” results from public health, growing plants, animal products
- Firstly, it helps to people achieve for new news for example the news programs.
The corpus comprised 43 examples of omission item (OI).
- Then it *happen* obsession about it.
- When he *sleep*, he *see* to think monster.
- For instance my friend *love* watching movies.
- … if he *win* the game, he is winning a prize.
- For instance, when a hero *save* a normal people’s life, the kid *want* to save their friend’s life in
their game.
- Television *influence* to people’s behavior is one of the topics on the agenda.
- He is 5 years old and he *watch* Cartoon Network
8. R u m e l i D E D i l v e E d e b i y a t A r a ş t ı r m a l a r ı D e r g i s i 2 0 1 8 .1 3 ( A r a l ı k ) / 9 1
Olgu çalışması: Yazılı metinlerde İngilizce’ de üçüncü tekil şahıs –s kullanımı / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (84-93. s.)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress1
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
- Behavior *affect* the movies bad or good I wish all the time.
- When a hero *save* a normal people’s life, the kid *want* to save their friend’s life in their game.
- Water degree *increase*, Quality *decrease*.
When it comes to wrongly/incorrectly inflected items, the corpus contained 13 examples.
- According to surveys, two of three people *says* people who watch the fight in TV is more aggressive
than other peoples, especially children.
- They scared and *doesn’t* have good sleep if baby and child watch scared movie.
- Finally, they *watches* television and than they want to make saw in the television programs.
- When people *watches* “The Pianist” movies, They were unhappied and saw their history.
- For instance in some place of word people *has* a culture like other places of word.
Discussion and conclusion
Chafe (1982) and Kenworthy (2006) stated that learners produce more errors in oral rather than in
written register. The factor of time is essential in order to understand how written and oral register
works. Some hypotheses suggest that time and technique may influence the production of grammatical
errors committed by English L2 learners, especially when writing (Kenworthy, 2006). When compared
with an oral task, students may feel more comfortable in a writing task in that they can plan and go over
their writings. In both tasks there is time limit but a writing task is less challenging since it gives the
opportunity to organize ideas and review their writings. Cosequently, students are more likely to
perform better in a writing task. In a writing task students are asked to write about two or three generic
questions. In the final exam srudents were also given two generic questions whose answers may bear
personal ideas. This can limit the students mostly to write about their ideas about the effect of TV and
poor water quality; and therefore, making it less possible to talk about actions bearing third person
singular –s.
As for the students’ writing and their examples of omission and wrong/incorrect usage, here, it is
important to refer to two different kinds of difficulty: the difficulty learners have in internalizing a
grammatical feature and the difficulty they have in acquiring the ability to use that feature accurately in
communication. According to Ellis, (2008) most learners have no difficulty in grasping the rule for
English third person singular –s, but they have enormous difficulty in internalizing this structure to use
it accurately. Therefore, classroom activities and practices should include drills which will help students
to internalize the target form. The opportunity to use the target form in the classrooms should be
increased. Teachers should clearly state that verbs in the present simple tense must take the present
tense agreement morpheme –s “V + -s” especially the third person singular. Moreover, teachers should
encourage the students to produce target form when they speak and write.
Though the related literature abounds in research on the acquisition of 3rd person singular morpheme,
there is little research particularly focusing on Turkish EFL learners. The findings of the study supported
the literature in that the challenging process of acquisition of third person singular –s also applies to
9. 92 / RumeliDE Journal of Language and Literature Studies 2018.13 (December)
A case study: Exploring the use of 3rd person singular –s in English in written register / Z. Hamamcı, E. Hamamcı (p. 84-93)
Adres
Kırklareli Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı
Bölümü, Kayalı Kampüsü-Kırklareli/TÜRKİYE
e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress
Kırklareli University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of
Turkish Language and Literature, Kayalı Campus-Kırklareli/TURKEY
e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
Turkish language learners of English. The students participated to this study supported this view as they
showed 40 examples of grammatically/correctly inflected items, 43 omission item (OI) and 13
wrongly/incorrectly inflected items (WI). The numbers prove that third person singular –s is still a
problem for the Turkish students. Much as the number of the wrongly inflected items are relatively low,
the omission examples’ rate is considerably high. The errors with the 3rd person singular –s can be
attributed to developmental errors which occur in interlanguage development and reflect the learners’
gradual discovery of the second language also found in L1 acquisition.
Ertekin (2006), Ulgu, Nisancı and Unal (2013) also stated that Turkish EFL learners have difficulty
internalizing inflectional morphemes, and the rule-governed system of Turkish morphology may have
an impact on the acquisition of English inflectional morphemes. Negative first language (L1)
interference can be a cause of adult Turkish English language learners’ having difficulty mastering the
use of the 3sg –s. Since the study is a case study, the variety and richness of the corpus used is limited
with only 39 students written registers. Therefore, to be able to make generalisations further studies are
needed to be carried out.
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e-posta: editor@rumelide.com
Adress1
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e-mail: editor@rumelide.com
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