1. THE 99 WAYS TO PASS THE EARTH SCIENCE REGENTS<br />1-Dark & rough / absorbs light Light & smooth / reflects light 2-The earth’s orbit is / nearly circular 3-Two proofs that the earth rotates / Coriolis Effect & Foucaults Pendulum 4-The proof that the universe is expanding is /the redshift 5-Porosity does NOT depend on / particle size 6-The sediments deposited at the mouth of a river form a / delta 7-Plate tectonics is caused by/mantle convection currents 8-The farther you go from the center of a ridge/the older the rocks get 9- The weather in a high is/ nice (sunny no precip) The weather in a low is/ bad (cloudy & precip) 10-One seismograph can give you/epicenter distance To get the direction you need/three seismographs 11- Streams valleys are / V shaped 12-The mineral & rock that react to acid are/ calcite & limestone 13-The 500 rule says/over 500 add a 9, below 500 add a 10, and always add a decimal 14-As particle size increases, permeability / increases 15-A new moon occurs when / the moon is between the earth & the sun A full moon occurs when / the earth is between the sun & the moon 16-Minerals are identified on the basis of / well defined physical and chemical properties 17-As particle size increases, capillary action / decreases 18-The basic elements of most minerals are / oxygen and silicon 19-The physical properties of minerals depends upon / the internal arrangement and bonding of atoms 20-Rocks are classified on the basis of / their origin (how they formed) 21-Igneous rocks form by / the crystallization of molten magma or lava (intergrown crystals) 22-Crystal size in igneous rocks depends on / the rate of cooling 23-Intrusive igneous rocks form / slowly beneath the earth’s surface (large crystals) 24-Extrusive igneous rocks form / quickly on the earth’s surface (small crystals) 25-Continents are / granite and thick Oceans are / basalt and thin 26-Sedimentary rocks form from / sediments, evaporation of water and organic remains 27-Rocks are identified by their / texture Igneous / Coarse, fine, glassy, vesicular Sedimentary / clastic Metamorphic / foliated 28-Fossils are found almost exclusively in / sedimentary rocks 29-Metamorphic rocks form from / other rocks by the action of heat and/or pressure (recrystallization) 30-Contact metamorphism occurs when / molten rock comes in contact with other rocks 31-Regional metamorphism occurs / over large areas and is associated with mountain building 32-A solar eclipse happens when / The moon is between the earth & the sun and it blocks out the sun 33-A lunar eclipse happens when / the Earth is between the sun & the moon and the Earths shadow hits the moon 34-We know the outer core is liquid because / S waves cant go through it 35-The area drained by a river and its tributaries is a / watershed 36-The closer & larger two objects are / the greater the force of gravity 37-Plate tectonics says / the earth’s lithosphere is divided into pieces called plates that move 38-The 3 types of plate boundaries are / divergent (moving away at mid ocean ridges), convergent (coming together) and transform (sliding / San Andreas Fault) 39-Subduction is when / one plate sinks under another forming a trench 40-Weathering occurs when rocks are exposed to / the hydrosphere, biosphere, & atmosphere 41-Moist & warm climates favor / chemical weathering 42-Moist & cold climates favor / physical weathering 43-When in doubt / use the reference tables 44-As particle size decreases / surface area increases & the rate of weathering increases 45-Soils develop as a result of / weathering and biological activity 46-The primary force that drives the agents of erosion is / gravity 47-Become one with / the index cards 48-The closer isolines are / the steeper the gradient 49-Stream velocity depends on / gradient and volume of water 50-The outside of a meander bend is / fast and erodes. The inside of a meander bend is / slow and deposits 51-As stream velocity increases, the size of the particles that can be transported / increases 52-Streams carry sediments by / solution, suspension, bouncing & rolling 53-The particles that settle out first are / larger, most dense, and roundest 54-Water and wind deposits are / sorted by size and layered 55-Gravity and glacial deposits are / unsorted 56-Resistant layers of rock / stick out (forms cliffs) 57-Glacial landscapes show / U shaped valleys, depressions, irregular hills, scratched boulders 58-In undisturbed strata, the bottom layer is / older 59-Faults, folds, & intrusions are / younger than the rocks they are found in 60-Index fossils are / found over a wide area and existed for a short period of time 61-Rocks / Remember 62-An unconformity is a / buried erosional surface Unconformities represent a / gap in the geologic record 63-Precipitation occurs when: warm, moist air rises, expands and cools 64-The half life of a radioactive istope / cannot be changed 65-Carbon is used to date / recent organic remains 66-Most life forms of the geologic past have / become extinct 67-Warm air is capable of / holding more water vapor than cool air 68-As altitude increases, air pressure / decreases 69-Wind is named for / the direction it comes from Wind is caused by / differences in air pressure 70-The closer air temperature is to the dew point / the greater the chance of precipitation 71-Air in a low pressure area is / warm & moist Air in a high pressure area is / cool & dry 72-The altitude of Polaris equals / the latitude of the observer 73-A rising barometer means / good weather is coming A falling barometer means / bad weather is coming A steady barometer means / no change 74-Fronts occur where / air masses meet 75-The most likely areas for precipitation are / the leading edges of air masses (fronts) 76-The circulation around a low pressure system is / counterclockwise, toward the center, where air rises The circulation around a high pressure system is / clockwise, away from the center, where air sinks 77-Weather systems in the US usually move / from west to east (with a hook to the NE) 78-CT / warm & dry CP / cool & dry MT / warm & moist MP / cool & moist 79-Hurricanes form / over warm oceans in summer and autumn 80-Hurricanes lose strength / as they move over land or cool water 81-To find Polaris (N. star) / go 5 times the distance between the pointer stars of the big dipper 82-The earth rotates / west to east, 15 degrees per hour, in 24 hours or one day 83-In the US, at noon, to see the sun you have to face / south 84-The earth revolves / counterclockwise, 1 degree per day, in 365 1/4 days or one year 85-As a planet gets closer to the sun / the faster it orbits 86-The earth’s orbit around the sun is / nearly circular 87-The moon revolves / around the earth, in an elliptical orbit, in one month 88-The seasons are caused by / the tilt of the earth’s axis & the revolution around the sun 89-The intensity of sunlight varies with / the angle of the sun 90-The sun is most intense at an angle of / 90 91-Shadows get longer as the sun / gets lower 92-Summer solstice / June 21 sun rises / north of east sun sets / north of west sun’s altitude / highest of year vertical ray hits / tropic of cancer NY gets / 16 hours of daylight North Pole gets / 24 hours of daylight 93-Winter solstice / December 21 sun rises / south of east sun sets / south of west sun’s altitude / lowest of year vertical ray hits / tropic of Capricorn NY gets / 8 hours daylight North Pole gets / 0 hours daylight 94-Vernal Equinox / March 21 Autumnal Equinox / September 23 sun rises / due east sun sets / due west vertical ray hits / equator whole earth gets / 12 hours 95-The equator always receives / 12 hours of intense sunlight 96-The earth absorbs mostly / short wavelength light energy The earth reradiates mostly / long wavelength heat energy 97-Gases such as carbon dioxide / prevent the escape of heat causing the greenhouse effect 98-Marine climate has / cool summers & warm winter Continental climate has / cold winter & hot summers 99-Leeward side of a mountain is / dry & warm due to compression Windward side of a mountain is / cool & moist due to expansion <br />THE DREADED 13 EARTH SCIENCE FACTS1- The 3 types of plate boundaries are / divergent (moving away at mid ocean ridges), convergent (coming together) and transform (sliding/San Andreas Fault) 2- Glacial landscapes show / U shaped valleys, depressions, irregular hills, scratched boulders 3-The physical properties of minerals depends upon / the internal arrangement and bonding of atoms 4-Igneous rocks form by / the crystallization of molten magma or lava (intergrown crystals) 5-Sedimentary rocks form from / sediments, evaporation of water and organic remains 6-Metamorphic rocks form from / other rocks by the action of heat and/or pressure (recrystallization) 7-The closer air temperature is to the dew point / the greater the chance of precipitation 8-A rising barometer means / good weather is coming A falling barometer means / bad weather is coming A steady barometer means / no change 9-The circulation around a low pressure system is / counterclockwise, toward the center, where air rises The circulation around a high pressure system is / clockwise, away from the center, where air sinks 10-The earth rotates / west to east, 15 degrees per hour, in 24 hours or one day 11-The earth revolves / counterclockwise, 1 degree per day, in 365 1/4 days or one year 12-The moon revolves / around the earth, in an elliptical orbit, in one month 13-Summer solstice / June 21 sun rises / north of east sun sets / north of west sun ‘s altitude / highest of year vertical ray hits / tropic of cancer NY gets / 16 hours North Pole gets / 24 hours Winter solstice / December 21 sun rises / south of east sun sets / south of west sun’s altitude / lowest of year vertical ray hits / tropic of Capricorn NY gets / 8 hours North Pole gets / 0 hours Equinoxes/ March 21/Sept 23 sun rise/ due east sunset/due west vertical ray hits / equator <br />