Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
This is something very important to know about Green Engine Technology as it deals with the future of car technology and also with the environment. Slide presentation will let you know about the Green Engine Technology and everything regarding this. You will know about its phases, features, engine construction, advantages and applications from this presentation.
Social Media Convergence - The ARF/Adweek 2009Lynne d Johnson
Social media is a critical part of progressive marketing thinking. The consumer, with the rise of social media, has been able to drive the conversation with or without input from the brands. This change in who controls the dialogue has transformational impact:
1. Social media creates a brand/consumer conversation that will transform organizations.
2. Social media blends brand communications, PR, customer care, research and insights as all happen simultaneously via the conversation.
3. Most marketers are still struggling to find a coherent social media strategy.
4. Social media produces naturally occurring conversation and behavior that offers incredibly rich insights, but companies are still learning how to mine this continual stream.
The ARF launched its new Social Media Council with a panel of industry experts explaining how social media creates convergence among the advertising, marketing, public relations, customer care and consumer insights spheres.
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
In the hydrocarbon processing and production industry, gas is compressed for transportation to consuming markets and for use in processing operations. This presentation is about the construction and operation of compressors.
In this presentation you will learn about the construction and operation of centrifugal compressors.
This is something very important to know about Green Engine Technology as it deals with the future of car technology and also with the environment. Slide presentation will let you know about the Green Engine Technology and everything regarding this. You will know about its phases, features, engine construction, advantages and applications from this presentation.
Social Media Convergence - The ARF/Adweek 2009Lynne d Johnson
Social media is a critical part of progressive marketing thinking. The consumer, with the rise of social media, has been able to drive the conversation with or without input from the brands. This change in who controls the dialogue has transformational impact:
1. Social media creates a brand/consumer conversation that will transform organizations.
2. Social media blends brand communications, PR, customer care, research and insights as all happen simultaneously via the conversation.
3. Most marketers are still struggling to find a coherent social media strategy.
4. Social media produces naturally occurring conversation and behavior that offers incredibly rich insights, but companies are still learning how to mine this continual stream.
The ARF launched its new Social Media Council with a panel of industry experts explaining how social media creates convergence among the advertising, marketing, public relations, customer care and consumer insights spheres.
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9 Tips for Internet Marketing by Ankur Patel
1. Introduction to Internet Marketing
Presented by:
Ankur PateL
CEO
Infotrex Services Pvt. Ltd.
http://www.infotrex.com
2. The Goal of Marketing
To present your products/services to
the market in a way that makes them
more attractive than the
products/services of
your competitors.
4. Newspaper
Advantages Disadvantages
Broad mkt coverage One day life span
Immediate Limited demographics
Flexible ad size “Lost in the Crowd”
Visibility of product Lack of movement & sound
Color
Use of coupons
People believe what they
read.
5. Radio
Advantages Disadvantages
Demographic selection Restrictive message length
Immediate Need for repetition
Sound reinforcement Short recall factor
Quick flexibility
6. Television
Advantages Disadvantages
Use of light, sound, motion, Short exposure
& color Expensive production
Mass coverage Expensive to air
Immediate
Demographic selection
7. Direct Mail
Advantages Disadvantages
Demographic selection Expensive
Unlimited message length Difficult to obtain “pure”
Consistent reproduction mailing lists
Direct response by order or Long lead time
coupon Negative reaction to junk
mail
8. Outdoor
Advantages Disadvantages
Reaches large audience Limited message length
Long-term exposure Expensive to produce &
Color & graphics place
Difficult to obtain the best
locations
9. Internet Marketing
Becoming Very Important
Young Generation Demands it
Very Cost Effective & Measurable
10. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
1. Have a Nice Web-site Design, which
provides Valuable information about
product/services
11. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
2. Write initial content professionally &
place them scientifically
12. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
3. Publish Interesting Photos & /Videos
13. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
4. Publish Articles/Blogs/Press
Releases Regularly
14. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
5. Participate in Social Media
Sites(LinkedIn,Twitter,Facebook)
Regularly
15. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
6. Ask Feedback(online & offline) from
customers regularly
16. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
7. Send Emails/SMS Regularly in Mass
with good/valuable content and re-direct
users on the web-site
17. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
8. Search Engine Optimization & Paid
Ads on Google
18. 9 Tips for Internet Marketing
9. Prompt Email/Phone/Online Chat
Support
19. How do we execute Internet
Marketing for your Business?
ASK lots of questions about your
products/services/target audience
Research for best keywords which
people might search on search engine
Re-design your web-site & Re-writing
web-site content
20. How do we execute Internet
Marketing for your Business?
Publish lots of content regularly –
Articles/Blog/Press
Release/Video/Audio
Research for email addresses of
prospective customers & Send
interesting news/articles
Participate in Social
Sites(LinkedIn,Facebook,Twitter etc.)
21. How do we execute Internet
Marketing for your Business?
Apply techniques of SEO & get higher
rank in Search Engine(Google/Yahoo)
Depending upon your budget, manage
Paid ads in Google
Monitor web-site traffic & Provide
Email/Chat Support
22. Thanks for Your Time
Ankur PateL
CEO – Infotrex Services Pvt. Ltd.
M: 91- 9376133927 (India)
1-313-447-1275 (USA)
E-mail: ankur@infotrex.com
Editor's Notes
No matter what type of business you are in, the goal of your marketing efforts should be “to present your products or services to the market in a way that makes them more attractive than the products and services of your competitors.”
There are several types of advertising strategies which you can utilize. Following are five of the types that are most popular along with their key advantages and disadvantages.