This document discusses how cancer arises from uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations that disrupt normal cell cycle regulation. It outlines several key characteristics of cancer cells, including the potential to grow independently of growth factors, loss of contact inhibition, unregulated division, expression of telomerase, ability to metastasize, induce angiogenesis, and evade apoptosis. Chromosomal abnormalities are also examined, such as aneuploidy, which can lead to disorders like Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and Patau syndrome. Chromosomal rearrangements including deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations are also summarized.