Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Hydrocephalous is a serious disease of the central nervous system which has both congenital and aquired subtypes. the congenital variety affects the children and is a considerable burden especially is the developing countries. I tleads to long term morbidity and high rates of mortality
Café Au Lait Spot is A Marker for Pheochromocytoma in Hypertensive Crisis Wit...YasserMohammedHassan1
Café au lait Spot is a marker for pheochromocytoma in hypertensive crisis but with a wide-differential diagnosis. Labetalol may be chosen in hypertensive crisis due to pheochromocytoma.
hydrocephalus, clinical features in various age groups, investigations, treatment options to create a basic understanding of the underlying pathology and management
The anatomy of the ventricular system, the physiology in production of CSF, the pathogenesis, and the different paediatric and adult forms of hydrocephalus.
Café Au Lait Spot is A Marker for Pheochromocytoma in Hypertensive Crisis Wit...YasserMohammedHassan1
Café au lait Spot is a marker for pheochromocytoma in hypertensive crisis but with a wide-differential diagnosis. Labetalol may be chosen in hypertensive crisis due to pheochromocytoma.
hydrocephalus, clinical features in various age groups, investigations, treatment options to create a basic understanding of the underlying pathology and management
The anatomy of the ventricular system, the physiology in production of CSF, the pathogenesis, and the different paediatric and adult forms of hydrocephalus.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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2. Aims
• To be familiar with etiology and
pathogenesis
• To understand the clinical signs
and main points of diagnosis and
treatment
2
3. Etiology
• Delivery Trauma.
This condition occurs mostly in fullterm
infants.
• Anoxia.
This condition occurs mostly in
premature infants.
• Deficiency of vitamin K.
3
5. • In the premature infant,
it originates in the
capillaries of the
germinal matrix,
usually over the body
of the caudate nucleus.
It lead to
periventricular or
intraventricular
hemorrhage(PVH/IVH).
5
6. • With increasing
maturation the
germinal matrix
involutes, so that
in the term infant
the choroid plexus
becomes the
principal site of the
hemorrhage.
6
7. Choroid Plexus
• It produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
which is found within the ventricles of the
brain and in the subarachnoid space
around the brain and spinal cord.
• It is comprised of a rich capillary bed,
piamater, and choroid epithelial cells.
• It is located in certain parts of the
ventricular system of the brain.
7
8. The predisposition of
the premature infant
to PVH / IVH may in
part be due to the
presence of a highly
vascularized germinal
matrix, to which a
major portion of the
blood supply of the
immature cerebrum is
directed.
8
11. Finally,
abnormalities in the autoregulation of
arterioles in premature infants and
distressed term infants impair their
response to hypoxia and hypercarbia
and thus permit the transmission of
arterial pressure fluctuations to the
fragile periventricular capillary bed.
11
12. On the basis of CT or ultrasonography,
periventricular and intraventricular
hemorrhages have been classified into
four grades of severity.
12
13. • Ⅰ Periventricular hemorrhage with
minimal or no intraventricular
hemorrhage.
• Ⅱ Periventricular hemorrhage into
ventricle, but lateral ventricle isn’t
enlarge.
• Ⅲ Intraventricular hemorrhage with
both lateral ventricle enlarge.
• Ⅳ Intraventricular hemorrhage and
accompany hematoma in the
substance of brain.
13
14. I PVH with minimal or no IVH.
Four Grades of Severity
14
15. II PVH into ventricle, but lateral ventricle
isn’t enlarge.
15
19. Clinical Manifestations
• It may go clinically unnoted in more than
half of the infants affected.
• In the remainder, there may be a sudden,
sometimes catastrophic deterioration.
• highlighted by alterations in
consciousness.
• Deterioration may continue over several
hours then stop, only to resume hours or
days later.
19
21. • Increased intracranial pressure
Enlarging head circumference
Bulging fontanel.
(The presence of a full fontanel, which is
noted in a significant proportion of infants.
It may be the consequence of
Massive intracranial hemorrhage,
Cerebral edema
Acute subdural hemorrhage. )
21
23. Diagnosis
1.History of Trauma and anoxia
and clinical signs give the clues
of diagnosis.
2.Ultrasonography and CT
scanning can diagnose the
presence and the extent of an
intracranial hemorrhage.
23
26. 2.Stop bleeding
–Vit k15-10mg im, and fresh blood
or serum 10ml/kg iv drip, once
a day
–Ethamsylate(止血敏), Reptilase(立
止血) etc.
26
27. 3.Control Convulsion
Phenobarbital 20mg/kg, If it doesn’t
work, 10mg/kg 1hr after. Maintains
dosage is 5mg/kg.d.
4.Decrease Brain Pressure
Furosemide(呋塞米)0.5~1mg/kg/time
Dexamethasone0.5~1.0mg/kg/d
Mannitol 0.25~0.5/kg per 4~6hr
27
28. 5.Waterhead(hydrocephlaus)
• Acetazolamide( 乙 酰 唑 胺 ) reduce the
fluid produce. 50-100mg/kg/d tid or qid
• For subdural hemorrhage. Serial lumber
puncture, ventricular puncture can be
done.
6.Surgery Treatment
Control hydrocephalus:
Ventricle to abdomen shunt.
28
29. Prognosis
• It is not easy to determine. It mainly
determines according to the bleeding
causes, amount, position, and other
factors.
Generally for full term infant, small
amount, acute bleeding, the prognosis
is better and for premature, chronic,
huge bleeding and in the substance of
brain, it is worse.
29
30. • Recovery is likely when
symptoms clear up within a
week.
• Survivors of catastrophic
symptoms in the first 48 hours
may recover completely.
30
31. • Sequelae are likely to occur
–When irritability or poor
sucking response persists
beyond 1 or 2 weeks
–Cerebral palsy or mental
retardation
31