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Differential effects of a body image exposure session on smoking
urge between physically active and sedentary female smokers.
Nair, Uma S.. Department of Public Health, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, US, [email protected]
Collins, Bradley N.. Department of Public Health, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, US
Napolitano, Melissa A.. Department of Prevention and Community
Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, US
Nair, Uma S., Department of Public Health, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, US, 19122, [email protected]
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol 27(1), Mar, 2013. pp. 322-
327.
Psychol Addict Behav
US : American Psychological Association
Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors;
Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Substance Abuse
US : Educational Publishing Foundation
Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
0893-164X (Print)
1939-1501 (Electronic)
English
physical activity, urge to smoke, weight concerns, women, body
image
Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy
among female smokers. Many of the perceived benefits accrued from
smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and weight
control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The purpose
of this study was to examine the effects of a novel behavioral task
(body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image and
weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18–24 year old female
smokers who vary in levels of physical activity. Using a cue-reactivity
paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA) female
smokers (≥5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a
pilot tested body-image exposure session. Self-reported urge and
latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure session.
8/11/19, 8'09 PMEBSCOhost
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Document Type:
Subjects:
Medical Subject Headings
(MeSH):
PsycINFO Classification:
Population:
Age Group:
Tests & Measures:
Methodology:
Format Covered:
Publication Type:
Publication History:
Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-reported
urge (p < .01) and quicker latency to first puff (p < .01) at posttest for
the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial correlation
(controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence,
withdrawal, and depressive symptoms) showed that increased time
engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with
lower self-reported urge to smoke at post (r = −0.44; p = .01) but not
with ...
BRIEF REPORTDifferential Effects of a Body Image Exposure .docxhartrobert670
BRIEF REPORT
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge
Between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers
Uma S. Nair and Bradley N. Collins
Temple University
Melissa A. Napolitano
The George Washington University
Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy among female smokers. Many of the
perceived benefits accrued from smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and weight
control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of a novel behavioral task (body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image and
weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18 –24 year old female smokers who vary in levels of physical
activity. Using a cue-reactivity paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA) female
smokers (�5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a pilot tested body-image exposure
session. Self-reported urge and latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure session.
Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-reported urge (p � .01) and quicker latency to
first puff (p � .01) at posttest for the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial correlation
(controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and depressive symptoms)
showed that increased time engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower
self-reported urge to smoke at post (r � �0.44; p � .01) but not with latency to first puff (r � �.10;
p � .62). These results suggest that among weight-concerned female smokers, physical activity may
attenuate smoking urges in a context where weight concerns are increased. Future research should
continue to explore effects of physical activity on reactivity to body image and smoking cues and
variability in smoking cue-reactivity related to physical activity.
Keywords: urge to smoke, physical activity, women, weight concerns
A burgeoning literature suggests that women smokers have
greater difficulty quitting smoking and face many unique tobacco-
related risks to their reproductive and sexual health compared to
men (Collins & Nair, in press; Perkins & Scott, 2008). This
evidence warrants ongoing research to better understand behav-
ioral mechanisms underlying smoking among women. Body and
weight concerns are primary factors related to smoking and diffi-
culty quitting among women (Collins, Nair, Hovell, & Audrain-
McGovern, 2009; Perkins, 2001). In general, women smokers have
greater body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns than men
(King, Matacin, Marcus, Bock, & Tripolone, 2000), refrain from
quitting to avoid weight gain (Pomerleau, Zucker, & Stewart,
2001), and have greater attrition from smoking cessation programs
(Copeland, Martin, Geiselman, Rash, & Kendzor, 2006). Lab
studies that elicit increased weight concerns imply causal associ-
ations with increased urge to smoke (Lopez, Drobes, Thompson, &
B ...
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking U.docxduketjoy27252
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge Between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers Uma S. Nair and Bradley N. Collins Temple University Melissa A. Napolitano The George Washington University
Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy among female smokers. Many of the perceived benefits accrued from smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and weight control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a novel behavioral task (body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image and weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18 –24 year old female smokers who vary in levels of physical activity. Using a cue-reactivity paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA) female smokers (5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a pilot tested body-image exposure session.
Self-reported urge and latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure session. Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-reported urge (p .01) and quicker latency to first puff (p .01) at posttest for the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial correlation (controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and depressive symptoms) showed that increased time engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower self-reported urge to smoke at post (r 0.44; p .01) but not with latency to first puff (r .10; p .62). These results suggest that among weight-concerned female smokers, physical activity may attenuate smoking urges in a context where weight concerns are increased.
Future research should continue to explore effects of physical activity on reactivity to body image and smoking cues and variability in smoking cue-reactivity related to physical activity. A burgeoning literature suggests that women smokers have greater difficulty quitting smoking and face many unique tobacco related risks to their reproductive and sexual health compared to men (Collins & Nair, in press; Perkins & Scott, 2008). This evidence warrants ongoing research to better understand behavioral mechanisms underlying smoking among women. Body and weight concerns are primary factors related to smoking and difficulty quitting among women (Collins, Nair, Hovell, & AudrainMcGovern, 2009; Perkins, 2001).
In general, women smokers have greater body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns than men (King, Matacin, Marcus, Bock, & Tripolone, 2000), refrain from quitting to avoid weight gain (Pomerleau, Zucker, & Stewart, 2001), and have greater attrition from smoking cessation programs (Copeland, Martin, Geiselman, Rash, & Kendzor, 2006).
Lab studies that elicit increased weight concerns imply causal associations with increased urge to smoke (Lopez, Drobes, Thompson, & Brandon, 2008), suggesting that body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns are motivators for smokin.
Running Head FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING 1 .docxjeanettehully
The document summarizes a research article on the free radical theory of aging. The theory proposes that free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced during cellular metabolism, accumulate in the body over time and cause damage at the molecular and cellular level that results in aging. A study examined the association between biomarkers of oxidative stress (free radicals) and mortality from various causes. The study found associations between one biomarker of free radicals and mortality from all major causes of death, supporting the free radical theory of aging. However, the theory has limitations in not explaining why aging occurs at a biological level or why some people experience minimal health issues as they age.
This research provides evidence that cravings are associated with individual patterns of arousal and are expressed differently in smokers and non-smokers. Patterns of physiologic arousal were identified for craving and tobacco use. This research supports the development of individual algorithms to predict tobacco use for tobacco cessation treatment.
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
The document discusses the evolution and current state of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology. It finds that while advances have been made in specifying connections between biological, psychological, and social processes, more can be done to understand and utilize linkages among these variables. Specifically, the biopsychosocial model has not been fully embraced by the medical establishment or implemented in all health psychology research. The document recommends initiatives to better facilitate a multisystem, multilevel approach as envisioned by the biopsychosocial perspective.
Evidence-Based Treatments of AddictionAuthor(s) Charles P. .docxgitagrimston
Evidence-Based Treatments of Addiction
Author(s): Charles P. O'Brien
Source: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, No. 1507, The Neurobiology of
Addiction: New Vistas (Oct. 12, 2008), pp. 3277-3286
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741 .
Accessed: 05/12/2014 15:41
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 206.224.223.240 on Fri, 5 Dec 2014 15:41:30 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=rsl
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741?origin=JSTOR-pdf
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PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS
_of-?TT^
PhiL Trans' R' Soc' B (2008) 363' 3277~3286
THE ROYAL 4\ doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105
SOCIETY JAJJ Published online 18 July 2008
Review
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
Charles P. O'Brien*
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA
Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive
disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses
mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective
in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic
disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
Keywords: addiction; relapse; withdrawal; endophenotype
1. INTRODUCTION
Most theories of drug-addiction mechanisms have been
based on animal models and, until recently, these
theories have made the assumption that all subjects are
alike in their responses to drugs (Deroche-Gamonet
et ah 2004). In reality, human subjects are quite
variable in how they respond to drugs. Moreover,
data from the studies of non-human primates indicate
that genetic variation is also important in other higher
species. Drugs that demonstrate rewarding properties
in animals also tend to be abused by humans, but only
by a relatively small percentage of those humans
exposed (table 1). The most obvious effects of chronic
drug use are tolerance and physiological dependence
and these phenomena trans ...
1) Exercise has been shown to have significant mental health benefits such as reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, psychologists have been slow to incorporate exercise into treatment plans.
2) Research shows that both short-term and long-term exercise can help alleviate symptoms of depression and may be comparable to antidepressant medication. Exercise is also associated with reduced risk of relapse.
3) Exercise has benefits for reducing anxiety as well. Regular physical activity can help those prone to anxiety become less sensitive to fight-or-flight symptoms that could trigger panic attacks.
This document summarizes research comparing the effects of exercise and antidepressants on treating major depressive disorder. Several studies found that exercise significantly reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety and improved mood and well-being. Exercise was found to have minimal side effects compared to antidepressants, which often have severe side effects and addiction risks. The proposed study aims to show that exercise is a better treatment than antidepressants for major depressive disorder by assigning subjects to exercise only, antidepressant only, exercise and antidepressant, or placebo groups and measuring outcomes after 6 months.
BRIEF REPORTDifferential Effects of a Body Image Exposure .docxhartrobert670
BRIEF REPORT
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge
Between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers
Uma S. Nair and Bradley N. Collins
Temple University
Melissa A. Napolitano
The George Washington University
Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy among female smokers. Many of the
perceived benefits accrued from smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and weight
control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of a novel behavioral task (body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image and
weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18 –24 year old female smokers who vary in levels of physical
activity. Using a cue-reactivity paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA) female
smokers (�5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a pilot tested body-image exposure
session. Self-reported urge and latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure session.
Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-reported urge (p � .01) and quicker latency to
first puff (p � .01) at posttest for the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial correlation
(controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and depressive symptoms)
showed that increased time engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower
self-reported urge to smoke at post (r � �0.44; p � .01) but not with latency to first puff (r � �.10;
p � .62). These results suggest that among weight-concerned female smokers, physical activity may
attenuate smoking urges in a context where weight concerns are increased. Future research should
continue to explore effects of physical activity on reactivity to body image and smoking cues and
variability in smoking cue-reactivity related to physical activity.
Keywords: urge to smoke, physical activity, women, weight concerns
A burgeoning literature suggests that women smokers have
greater difficulty quitting smoking and face many unique tobacco-
related risks to their reproductive and sexual health compared to
men (Collins & Nair, in press; Perkins & Scott, 2008). This
evidence warrants ongoing research to better understand behav-
ioral mechanisms underlying smoking among women. Body and
weight concerns are primary factors related to smoking and diffi-
culty quitting among women (Collins, Nair, Hovell, & Audrain-
McGovern, 2009; Perkins, 2001). In general, women smokers have
greater body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns than men
(King, Matacin, Marcus, Bock, & Tripolone, 2000), refrain from
quitting to avoid weight gain (Pomerleau, Zucker, & Stewart,
2001), and have greater attrition from smoking cessation programs
(Copeland, Martin, Geiselman, Rash, & Kendzor, 2006). Lab
studies that elicit increased weight concerns imply causal associ-
ations with increased urge to smoke (Lopez, Drobes, Thompson, &
B ...
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking U.docxduketjoy27252
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on Smoking Urge Between Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers Uma S. Nair and Bradley N. Collins Temple University Melissa A. Napolitano The George Washington University
Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy among female smokers. Many of the perceived benefits accrued from smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and weight control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a novel behavioral task (body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image and weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18 –24 year old female smokers who vary in levels of physical activity. Using a cue-reactivity paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA) female smokers (5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a pilot tested body-image exposure session.
Self-reported urge and latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure session. Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-reported urge (p .01) and quicker latency to first puff (p .01) at posttest for the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial correlation (controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and depressive symptoms) showed that increased time engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated with lower self-reported urge to smoke at post (r 0.44; p .01) but not with latency to first puff (r .10; p .62). These results suggest that among weight-concerned female smokers, physical activity may attenuate smoking urges in a context where weight concerns are increased.
Future research should continue to explore effects of physical activity on reactivity to body image and smoking cues and variability in smoking cue-reactivity related to physical activity. A burgeoning literature suggests that women smokers have greater difficulty quitting smoking and face many unique tobacco related risks to their reproductive and sexual health compared to men (Collins & Nair, in press; Perkins & Scott, 2008). This evidence warrants ongoing research to better understand behavioral mechanisms underlying smoking among women. Body and weight concerns are primary factors related to smoking and difficulty quitting among women (Collins, Nair, Hovell, & AudrainMcGovern, 2009; Perkins, 2001).
In general, women smokers have greater body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns than men (King, Matacin, Marcus, Bock, & Tripolone, 2000), refrain from quitting to avoid weight gain (Pomerleau, Zucker, & Stewart, 2001), and have greater attrition from smoking cessation programs (Copeland, Martin, Geiselman, Rash, & Kendzor, 2006).
Lab studies that elicit increased weight concerns imply causal associations with increased urge to smoke (Lopez, Drobes, Thompson, & Brandon, 2008), suggesting that body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns are motivators for smokin.
Running Head FREE RADICAL THEORY OF AGING 1 .docxjeanettehully
The document summarizes a research article on the free radical theory of aging. The theory proposes that free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced during cellular metabolism, accumulate in the body over time and cause damage at the molecular and cellular level that results in aging. A study examined the association between biomarkers of oxidative stress (free radicals) and mortality from various causes. The study found associations between one biomarker of free radicals and mortality from all major causes of death, supporting the free radical theory of aging. However, the theory has limitations in not explaining why aging occurs at a biological level or why some people experience minimal health issues as they age.
This research provides evidence that cravings are associated with individual patterns of arousal and are expressed differently in smokers and non-smokers. Patterns of physiologic arousal were identified for craving and tobacco use. This research supports the development of individual algorithms to predict tobacco use for tobacco cessation treatment.
Evolution of the biopsychosocial model: prospects and challenges for health p...ellen1066
The document discusses the evolution and current state of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology. It finds that while advances have been made in specifying connections between biological, psychological, and social processes, more can be done to understand and utilize linkages among these variables. Specifically, the biopsychosocial model has not been fully embraced by the medical establishment or implemented in all health psychology research. The document recommends initiatives to better facilitate a multisystem, multilevel approach as envisioned by the biopsychosocial perspective.
Evidence-Based Treatments of AddictionAuthor(s) Charles P. .docxgitagrimston
Evidence-Based Treatments of Addiction
Author(s): Charles P. O'Brien
Source: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, No. 1507, The Neurobiology of
Addiction: New Vistas (Oct. 12, 2008), pp. 3277-3286
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741 .
Accessed: 05/12/2014 15:41
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 206.224.223.240 on Fri, 5 Dec 2014 15:41:30 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=rsl
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS
_of-?TT^
PhiL Trans' R' Soc' B (2008) 363' 3277~3286
THE ROYAL 4\ doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105
SOCIETY JAJJ Published online 18 July 2008
Review
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
Charles P. O'Brien*
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA
Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive
disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses
mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective
in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic
disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
Keywords: addiction; relapse; withdrawal; endophenotype
1. INTRODUCTION
Most theories of drug-addiction mechanisms have been
based on animal models and, until recently, these
theories have made the assumption that all subjects are
alike in their responses to drugs (Deroche-Gamonet
et ah 2004). In reality, human subjects are quite
variable in how they respond to drugs. Moreover,
data from the studies of non-human primates indicate
that genetic variation is also important in other higher
species. Drugs that demonstrate rewarding properties
in animals also tend to be abused by humans, but only
by a relatively small percentage of those humans
exposed (table 1). The most obvious effects of chronic
drug use are tolerance and physiological dependence
and these phenomena trans ...
1) Exercise has been shown to have significant mental health benefits such as reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, psychologists have been slow to incorporate exercise into treatment plans.
2) Research shows that both short-term and long-term exercise can help alleviate symptoms of depression and may be comparable to antidepressant medication. Exercise is also associated with reduced risk of relapse.
3) Exercise has benefits for reducing anxiety as well. Regular physical activity can help those prone to anxiety become less sensitive to fight-or-flight symptoms that could trigger panic attacks.
This document summarizes research comparing the effects of exercise and antidepressants on treating major depressive disorder. Several studies found that exercise significantly reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety and improved mood and well-being. Exercise was found to have minimal side effects compared to antidepressants, which often have severe side effects and addiction risks. The proposed study aims to show that exercise is a better treatment than antidepressants for major depressive disorder by assigning subjects to exercise only, antidepressant only, exercise and antidepressant, or placebo groups and measuring outcomes after 6 months.
1. The document outlines different types of research designs - descriptive studies that observe phenomena without manipulation, and experimental studies that intentionally introduce a treatment and observe the results.
2. Descriptive studies collect information to demonstrate relationships, while experimental studies test hypotheses by manipulating variables and using control groups.
3. Research design provides a framework and plan to address research questions while maintaining integrity, protecting subjects, and minimizing bias. The chosen design depends on the question, resources, and feasibility.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between nicotine addiction and stress levels in college students. 17 participants (9 smokers and 8 non-smokers) completed public speaking and mental math tasks to induce stress while heart rate and subjective stress tests were administered. While results did not fully support the hypothesis that smokers would report more stress, some indications suggested smokers experienced higher stress than non-smokers. Previous research also found nicotine withdrawal can decrease performance and increase stress over time, and surveys of college students linked addictive behaviors like food and nicotine addiction to higher reported stress levels. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate whether nicotine addiction leads to increased stress in one's life.
1. The document discusses the use of yoga as an alternative or complementary treatment to standardized pharmaceutical therapies for mental illnesses like depression and anxiety.
2. Several research studies presented in the document found that yoga led to reductions in heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormones as well as improvements in immune functioning and psychological well-being.
3. The document argues that yoga engages the body's natural healing system and treats the underlying causes of illness rather than just suppressing symptoms like many pharmaceutical therapies.
This study compared smoking cessation outcomes between gay/bisexual (GB) and heterosexual (HT) male smokers who participated in an 8-week intensive smoking cessation program. The study found that GB smokers had higher abstinence rates in the first 2 weeks after quitting but that abstinence rates converged by the end of treatment and were nearly identical between the two groups. While GB smokers showed a greater tendency to relapse after the first 2 weeks, end of treatment abstinence rates were similar at 59% for GB smokers and 57% for HT smokers. This suggests that comparable abstinence outcomes can be achieved for GB and HT smokers in a non-tailored intensive smoking cessation program.
Exercise interventions for smoking cessation (review)Georgi Daskalov
This review examined 13 randomized trials that tested whether exercise interventions alone or combined with smoking cessation programs were more effective for smoking cessation than smoking cessation programs alone. The trials tested various types of exercise programs and had follow-up periods of 6 months or more. Only one trial found evidence that an exercise component improved smoking cessation rates at the 12-month follow-up compared to a control group. The other trials were too small to reliably detect an effect or included exercise interventions that may not have been intense enough to help with smoking cessation. Larger and higher quality trials are still needed.
Research process | Meta-analysis research | Systematic review and meta-analysisPubrica
Pubrica’s research and writing teams provide scientific and medical research papers that authors and practitioners may find useful. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and rewriting the introduction by informing the reader about the constraints of the selected study subject. Our experts understand the sequence in which the confined subject, problem, and backdrop are followed by the targeted location in which the hypothesis is presented.
Read more @ https://pubrica.com/academy/meta-analysis/critical-review-of-meta-analysis-conducted-in-this-paper/
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
This document summarizes a study that explored exercise adherence and motivations in university students using mixed methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 students and analyzed for themes around motivation, mood, and barriers to adherence. Survey data from 29 students' Exercise Motivation Inventory scores were also analyzed. Thematic analysis of interviews showed 3 major categories affecting adherence: motivation, mood, and barriers. The survey analysis found no significant results. The study concluded that motivations for adherence are diverse and all aspects of exercise experience should be considered in program design.
This thesis examines the impact of endurance exercise intensity on local and systemic hormone and cytokine responses in recreationally active young and old males. It includes three studies that had participants perform cycling exercises at moderate, heavy, and very heavy intensities. Biopsies of skeletal muscle and blood samples were taken to analyze mRNA, cytokines, hormones, and other biomarkers. The results showed increases in skeletal muscle IL-6, TNFα, and SOCS3 mRNA after exercise. Systemic IL-6, GH, IGF-1, and cortisol levels changed with intensity and over time. A fourth study found similar responses in males aged 20-60 years, with some age-related differences. The thesis concludes that the exercise responses likely reflect
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use AmongCollege Student-AthletesAbramMartino96
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use Among
College Student-Athletes∗
James N. Druckman, Northwestern University
Mauro Gilli, Northwestern University
Samara Klar, University of Arizona
Joshua Robison, Aahus University
Objective. Few issues in athletics today receive more attention than drug and alcohol usage, especially
when it comes to college athletics. We seek to address self-report biases related to drug usage and
heavy drinking. Methods. We employ an experimental measurement technique. Results. Our results
suggest that a greater percentage of student-athletes from a major conference knowingly engage in
these two behaviors than self-reports indicate. Specifically, we find 37 percent of respondents seem
to have taken banned performance-enhancing drugs (compared to 4.9 percent who directly admit
to doing so when asked), and 46 percent seem to have consumed more than five drinks in a week
(compared to about 3 percent who openly admit to doing so). Conclusions. We provide evidence for
the extent of self-underreporting when it comes to drug and alcohol usage among college athletes.
That said, future work is needed to accurately pinpoint specific substances and the frequency with
which they are taken; for example, it could be the percentage of individuals using banned substances
stems from consuming significant concentrations of caffeine (e.g., multiple cups of coffee).
Drug and alcohol use by college students is a frequently debated and often controversial
topic. This subject has received particular attention when it comes to student-athletes.
Evidence of the importance of assessing drug and alcohol usage among student-athletes
is exemplified by a 2012 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) report whose
“primary objective [was] to update NCAA policy makers with both current and historical
information concerning levels of drug and alcohol use by student-athletes within college
athletics” (2012: 4). In this article, we employ an experimental technique that allows us
to offer a more accurate assessment of usage than extant studies provide. We begin in the
next section with a literature review that leads us to an explication of our approach. We
then present results from our survey. Our evidence demonstrates that the commonly used
self-report method for estimating drug and alcohol use found in existing studies, including
in the aforementioned NCAA report, seem to understate usage.
The Challenge of Measuring Drug and Alcohol Usage
To our knowledge, there is surprisingly little written on drug use among college student-
athletes and, when it comes to student-athletes’ own input on this controversial issue,
∗Direct correspondence to James N. Druckman, Department of Political Science, Northwestern
University, Scott Hall, 601 University Place, Evanston, IL 60208 〈[email protected]〉. All
data and coding for replication purposes are available at James N. Druckman’s professional webpage
〈http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/�jnd260/publications. ...
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxrtodd599
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and c.
BioMed CentralPage 1 of 9(page number not for citation pChantellPantoja184
BioMed Central
Page 1 of 9
(page number not for citation purposes)
BMC Health Services Research
Open AccessResearch article
Prevalence and associated factors in burnout and psychological
morbidity among substance misuse professionals
Adenekan Oyefeso*1, Carmel Clancy2 and Roger Farmer3
Address: 1Division of Mental Health, Medical School, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK, 2School of Health and Social
Sciences, Middlesex University, F Block, Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London N19 3UA, UK and 3South West
London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, Richmond Royal Hospital, Kew Foot Road, Surrey TW9 2TE, UK
Email: Adenekan Oyefeso* - [email protected]; Carmel Clancy - [email protected]; Roger Farmer - [email protected]
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Background: Studies of psychological stress among substance misuse professionals rarely
describe the nature of burnout and psychological morbidity. The main aim of this study was to
determine the extent, pattern and predictors of psychological morbidity and burnout among
substance misuse professionals.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional mail survey of 194 clinical staff of substance misuse
services in the former South Thames region of England, using the General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ-12) the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) as measures of psychological morbidity and
burnout, respectively.
Results: Rates of psychological morbidity (82%: 95% CI = 76–87) and burnout (high emotional
exhaustion – 33% [27–40]; high depersonalisation – 17% [12–23]; and diminished personal
accomplishment – 36% [29–43]) were relatively high in the study sample. High levels of alienation
and tension (job stressors) predicted emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation (burnout) but
not psychological morbidity. Diminished personal accomplishment was associated with higher
levels of psychological morbidity
Conclusion: In the sample of substance misuse professionals studied, rates of psychological
morbidity and burnout were high, suggesting a higher level of vulnerability than in other health
professionals. Furthermore, pathways to psychological morbidity and burnout are partially related.
Therefore, targeted response is required to manage stress, burnout and psychological morbidity
among substance misuse professionals. Such a response should be integral to workforce
development.
Background
Since the introduction of the United Kingdom Govern-
ment's Drug Strategy in 1998, substance misuse services
have expanded with increases in funding available from
central government as part of implementation of the drug
strategy [1]. The targets set in the strategy may have put
extra demands on substance misuse services with a likely
increase in job-related stress, burnout and associated psy-
chological morbidity.
Studies of stress and burnout in various occupational
groups and settings have been widely reported [2-4].
Published: 8 February 2008
BMC Health Servic ...
Glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistanceMasoumeh Hosseini
This study examined the acute effects of a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session on markers of type 2 diabetes in male smokers. Fifteen sedentary male smokers underwent a 40-minute run and had blood samples taken pre- and post-exercise to measure glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels. The study found that glucose concentration, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance decreased significantly following the single exercise session. This suggests that even short-term moderate exercise can positively influence indicators of type 2 diabetes in smokers.
Physical Activity and White Matter Hyperintensities, A Systematic Review of Q...Emily Strack
Physical activity and white matter hyperintensities: A systematic review of quantitative studies
This systematic review examined 12 quantitative studies on the association between physical activity and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Six studies found that greater physical activity was associated with less WMH, while six found no association. Longitudinal studies and those accounting for lifetime physical activity were more likely to find an association. Greater physical activity was associated with less WMH in individuals without advanced disease.
This study examined the short-term effects of a Tai Chi class on the subjective well-being of 13 patients referred to an exercise referral scheme. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the class measuring positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. Results showed statistically significant improvements in positive well-being after the class. The mean rating of perceived exertion corresponded to moderate physical activity. The study concludes that Tai Chi had positive psychological effects and could be included as an activity in exercise referral schemes.
This study examined the feasibility of using Fitbit Flex activity trackers in a 7-week walking program for 12 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Participants received weekly step count goals and meetings to discuss physical activity. Most participants increased daily step counts, and reported improvements in performance and satisfaction with activities. While no changes in body composition were found, participants identified the Fitbit, step count increases, and praise as motivators for physical activity. Medication side effects were the primary barrier reported. The study demonstrates that wearable trackers may help track and encourage walking in individuals with SSD.
This document reviews the evidence for different types of exercise as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. It finds that cardiovascular exercise, balance training, and resistance training can all provide benefits. Cardiovascular exercise may improve gait, balance, quality of life, and reduce mortality risk. Balance training can improve gait, balance, and reduce falls, especially when combined with resistance training. Resistance training can increase muscle strength, endurance, and mobility. The review develops a suggested home-based exercise regimen combining these modalities to maximize benefits for patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease.
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
The document discusses research on PTSD causes, treatments, and support systems for veterans. It summarizes five research studies that evaluate PTSD among veterans. The studies examine predictors of symptom change during intensive outpatient treatment, the feasibility of computerized executive function training, nature-based therapy as an alternative treatment, screening and treatment of moral injury, and the relationship between PTSD, depression, and health behaviors. The document concludes that understanding PTSD symptoms and integrating both medical and conventional interventions can improve treatment effectiveness for veterans. Evaluating different treatment approaches is important to ensure consistency in care and program modifications.
Frustrations in the GymThe purpose of this assignment is to .docxalisoncarleen
Frustrations in the Gym
The purpose of this assignment is to examine ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology, rehabilitation, and in other professions related to physical activity as a means for maintaining individual health and well-being. Ethical principles and guidelines, previously discussed, will be applied to these various environments for critical analysis and discussion. Despite the differences in environments, the ethical situations exercise psychology professionals face, often, fall within the same parameters as those of other helping professions.
For this assignment, first, read the following article from the Argosy University online library resources:
Pauline, J., Pauline, G., Johnson, S., & Gamble, K. (2006). Ethical issues in exercise psychology.
Ethics & Behavior
,
16
(1), 61–76.
Now, answer the following questions:
Are issues of competency and training more complex for exercise psychology professionals than for applied sport psychology professionals?
What ethical dilemmas are unique to the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional? Are there distinct differences in this relationship compared to a relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional?
Answer each question in 200–300 words. Your response should be in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file SP6300_M4_A1_LastName_FirstInitial.doc and submit it to the appropriate
Discussion Area
by
the due date assigned
.
Through the end of the module
, comment on the posts of two of your peers. In your reviews, check whether the answers given to the second question support their answers to the first one. Discuss any inconsistencies or similarities in your classmates' answers. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum Points
Identified and described the differences in competency and training issues for exercise psychology professionals as compared to applied sport psychology professionals.8Analyzed and described the ethical dilemmas unique to exercise psychology professionals.8Compared the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional with that of the relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional.8Reviewed the posts of at least two peers and pointed out any inconsistencies and similarities.8Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.4
Total:36
Ethical Issues in Exercise Psychology
Jeffrey S. Pauline, Gina A. Pauline, Scott R. Johnson,
and Kelly M. Gamble
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Ball State University
Exercise psychology encompasses the disciplines of psychiatry, clinical and counseling
psychology, health promotion, and themovement sciences. This emerging field involves
diverse mental he ...
1. Report contentThe report should demonstrate your understa.docxblondellchancy
1. Report content
The report should demonstrate your understanding of good project management and health and safety management as appropriate within the context of your chosen project and event.
The report will present the context/background of the chosen project, describe the project, and present student’s critical reflection and thoughts on the management of one particular event/issue of project. The impacts of the event/issue on (1) people, (2) cost, (3) time, (4) health and safety, (5) sustainability, and (6) Ethics will be explored. Using the theory and tools presented in the lectures across the module as well as their own independent research, students should suggest and discuss solutions to (1) overcome the challenges and manage the risks associated with the event/issue, and (2) improve the efficiency, sustainability and ethics of the management of the event/issue.
Appendices and references must be used to demonstrate study that has been undertaken and to provide sources for points made in the body of the report. This will include copies of any individual or group student work undertaken during the module.
The student should refer to the learning materials and readings provided across the module, but are also recommended to give appropriate regard to any additional useful material available online in terms of theory and practice.
.
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. W.docxblondellchancy
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. What is the process your district goes through to properly identify students for ESL program placement?
2. Planning for effective instruction is the key to academic success for students. Using data to inform instruction is a regular process. Discuss how teachers can use longitudinal data along with other formative classroom assessments to design effective instruction.
200-300
.
More Related Content
Similar to 81119, 809 PMEBSCOhostPage 1 of 15httpweb.a.ebscohos.docx
1. The document outlines different types of research designs - descriptive studies that observe phenomena without manipulation, and experimental studies that intentionally introduce a treatment and observe the results.
2. Descriptive studies collect information to demonstrate relationships, while experimental studies test hypotheses by manipulating variables and using control groups.
3. Research design provides a framework and plan to address research questions while maintaining integrity, protecting subjects, and minimizing bias. The chosen design depends on the question, resources, and feasibility.
This study aimed to examine the relationship between nicotine addiction and stress levels in college students. 17 participants (9 smokers and 8 non-smokers) completed public speaking and mental math tasks to induce stress while heart rate and subjective stress tests were administered. While results did not fully support the hypothesis that smokers would report more stress, some indications suggested smokers experienced higher stress than non-smokers. Previous research also found nicotine withdrawal can decrease performance and increase stress over time, and surveys of college students linked addictive behaviors like food and nicotine addiction to higher reported stress levels. The purpose of this study was to directly investigate whether nicotine addiction leads to increased stress in one's life.
1. The document discusses the use of yoga as an alternative or complementary treatment to standardized pharmaceutical therapies for mental illnesses like depression and anxiety.
2. Several research studies presented in the document found that yoga led to reductions in heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormones as well as improvements in immune functioning and psychological well-being.
3. The document argues that yoga engages the body's natural healing system and treats the underlying causes of illness rather than just suppressing symptoms like many pharmaceutical therapies.
This study compared smoking cessation outcomes between gay/bisexual (GB) and heterosexual (HT) male smokers who participated in an 8-week intensive smoking cessation program. The study found that GB smokers had higher abstinence rates in the first 2 weeks after quitting but that abstinence rates converged by the end of treatment and were nearly identical between the two groups. While GB smokers showed a greater tendency to relapse after the first 2 weeks, end of treatment abstinence rates were similar at 59% for GB smokers and 57% for HT smokers. This suggests that comparable abstinence outcomes can be achieved for GB and HT smokers in a non-tailored intensive smoking cessation program.
Exercise interventions for smoking cessation (review)Georgi Daskalov
This review examined 13 randomized trials that tested whether exercise interventions alone or combined with smoking cessation programs were more effective for smoking cessation than smoking cessation programs alone. The trials tested various types of exercise programs and had follow-up periods of 6 months or more. Only one trial found evidence that an exercise component improved smoking cessation rates at the 12-month follow-up compared to a control group. The other trials were too small to reliably detect an effect or included exercise interventions that may not have been intense enough to help with smoking cessation. Larger and higher quality trials are still needed.
Research process | Meta-analysis research | Systematic review and meta-analysisPubrica
Pubrica’s research and writing teams provide scientific and medical research papers that authors and practitioners may find useful. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and rewriting the introduction by informing the reader about the constraints of the selected study subject. Our experts understand the sequence in which the confined subject, problem, and backdrop are followed by the targeted location in which the hypothesis is presented.
Read more @ https://pubrica.com/academy/meta-analysis/critical-review-of-meta-analysis-conducted-in-this-paper/
Visit us @ https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/systematic-review/
This document summarizes a study that explored exercise adherence and motivations in university students using mixed methods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 students and analyzed for themes around motivation, mood, and barriers to adherence. Survey data from 29 students' Exercise Motivation Inventory scores were also analyzed. Thematic analysis of interviews showed 3 major categories affecting adherence: motivation, mood, and barriers. The survey analysis found no significant results. The study concluded that motivations for adherence are diverse and all aspects of exercise experience should be considered in program design.
This thesis examines the impact of endurance exercise intensity on local and systemic hormone and cytokine responses in recreationally active young and old males. It includes three studies that had participants perform cycling exercises at moderate, heavy, and very heavy intensities. Biopsies of skeletal muscle and blood samples were taken to analyze mRNA, cytokines, hormones, and other biomarkers. The results showed increases in skeletal muscle IL-6, TNFα, and SOCS3 mRNA after exercise. Systemic IL-6, GH, IGF-1, and cortisol levels changed with intensity and over time. A fourth study found similar responses in males aged 20-60 years, with some age-related differences. The thesis concludes that the exercise responses likely reflect
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use AmongCollege Student-AthletesAbramMartino96
Measuring Drug and Alcohol Use Among
College Student-Athletes∗
James N. Druckman, Northwestern University
Mauro Gilli, Northwestern University
Samara Klar, University of Arizona
Joshua Robison, Aahus University
Objective. Few issues in athletics today receive more attention than drug and alcohol usage, especially
when it comes to college athletics. We seek to address self-report biases related to drug usage and
heavy drinking. Methods. We employ an experimental measurement technique. Results. Our results
suggest that a greater percentage of student-athletes from a major conference knowingly engage in
these two behaviors than self-reports indicate. Specifically, we find 37 percent of respondents seem
to have taken banned performance-enhancing drugs (compared to 4.9 percent who directly admit
to doing so when asked), and 46 percent seem to have consumed more than five drinks in a week
(compared to about 3 percent who openly admit to doing so). Conclusions. We provide evidence for
the extent of self-underreporting when it comes to drug and alcohol usage among college athletes.
That said, future work is needed to accurately pinpoint specific substances and the frequency with
which they are taken; for example, it could be the percentage of individuals using banned substances
stems from consuming significant concentrations of caffeine (e.g., multiple cups of coffee).
Drug and alcohol use by college students is a frequently debated and often controversial
topic. This subject has received particular attention when it comes to student-athletes.
Evidence of the importance of assessing drug and alcohol usage among student-athletes
is exemplified by a 2012 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) report whose
“primary objective [was] to update NCAA policy makers with both current and historical
information concerning levels of drug and alcohol use by student-athletes within college
athletics” (2012: 4). In this article, we employ an experimental technique that allows us
to offer a more accurate assessment of usage than extant studies provide. We begin in the
next section with a literature review that leads us to an explication of our approach. We
then present results from our survey. Our evidence demonstrates that the commonly used
self-report method for estimating drug and alcohol use found in existing studies, including
in the aforementioned NCAA report, seem to understate usage.
The Challenge of Measuring Drug and Alcohol Usage
To our knowledge, there is surprisingly little written on drug use among college student-
athletes and, when it comes to student-athletes’ own input on this controversial issue,
∗Direct correspondence to James N. Druckman, Department of Political Science, Northwestern
University, Scott Hall, 601 University Place, Evanston, IL 60208 〈[email protected]〉. All
data and coding for replication purposes are available at James N. Druckman’s professional webpage
〈http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/�jnd260/publications. ...
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxrtodd599
Running head: VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 1
VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS 3
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Yoan Collado
Carlos Albizu University
Veterans PTSD Causes, Treatments, and Support systems
Evaluations on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among veterans is imperative for a positive health outcome. The evaluations and analysis of the results ensure that barriers to treatment are addressed and have access to the available support systems. Studies carried out have depicted the successes of the treatments and support programs in the health systems to veterans. Modifications on the systems have also been recommended to combat and control PTSD. Alternative approaches such as computerized systems, natural treatment methods, and home-based systems are also essential in providing a holistic approach in PTSD treatments. Treatment methods success ensures that veterans do not fall victim to depression, which can result in chronic diseases. This can be as a result of negative health behaviors and lifestyles. Understanding the consequences of PTSD among veterans will ensure that approaches utilized offer not only treatment methods but also offer support systems for general wellbeing.
The first source focuses on the treatment and success of three-week outpatient program by “evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD.” The study is evidence-based on statistics drawn from the program and modifications for optimal success rates. 191 veterans were the participants in the research comprising of a daily group and individual Cognitive Processing Therapy (Zalta et al., 2018). The data was analyzed from the sample cohorts in accordance with military and demographic characteristics. Measures in the study involved treatment engagement as well as comparison of pre-treatment and post-treatment changes (Zalta et al., 2018). The results showed progress in the evaluation of predictors and patterns in treatment changes. Procedures utilized involved group sessions with daily activities for the development of the treatment program. Self-report metrics were also applied in the procedures as control groups were challenging in the study. Modified and intensive outpatient (IOP) treatment to veterans showed high success levels in the program (Zalta et al., 2018).
The second source examines a new treatment in exploring the feasibility of computerized, placebo-controlled, and home-based executive function training (EFT) on psychological and neuropsychological functions. The source titled “Computer-based executive function training for combat veterans with PTSD” shows trials in assessing feasibility and predictors output. The study shows how the functions can be useful in brain activation combating PTSD in veterans. Symptoms experienced after treatment on PTSD cases are stimulated through neural and c.
BioMed CentralPage 1 of 9(page number not for citation pChantellPantoja184
BioMed Central
Page 1 of 9
(page number not for citation purposes)
BMC Health Services Research
Open AccessResearch article
Prevalence and associated factors in burnout and psychological
morbidity among substance misuse professionals
Adenekan Oyefeso*1, Carmel Clancy2 and Roger Farmer3
Address: 1Division of Mental Health, Medical School, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK, 2School of Health and Social
Sciences, Middlesex University, F Block, Holborn Union Building, Archway Campus, Highgate Hill, London N19 3UA, UK and 3South West
London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust, Richmond Royal Hospital, Kew Foot Road, Surrey TW9 2TE, UK
Email: Adenekan Oyefeso* - [email protected]; Carmel Clancy - [email protected]; Roger Farmer - [email protected]
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Background: Studies of psychological stress among substance misuse professionals rarely
describe the nature of burnout and psychological morbidity. The main aim of this study was to
determine the extent, pattern and predictors of psychological morbidity and burnout among
substance misuse professionals.
Methods: This study was a cross-sectional mail survey of 194 clinical staff of substance misuse
services in the former South Thames region of England, using the General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ-12) the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) as measures of psychological morbidity and
burnout, respectively.
Results: Rates of psychological morbidity (82%: 95% CI = 76–87) and burnout (high emotional
exhaustion – 33% [27–40]; high depersonalisation – 17% [12–23]; and diminished personal
accomplishment – 36% [29–43]) were relatively high in the study sample. High levels of alienation
and tension (job stressors) predicted emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation (burnout) but
not psychological morbidity. Diminished personal accomplishment was associated with higher
levels of psychological morbidity
Conclusion: In the sample of substance misuse professionals studied, rates of psychological
morbidity and burnout were high, suggesting a higher level of vulnerability than in other health
professionals. Furthermore, pathways to psychological morbidity and burnout are partially related.
Therefore, targeted response is required to manage stress, burnout and psychological morbidity
among substance misuse professionals. Such a response should be integral to workforce
development.
Background
Since the introduction of the United Kingdom Govern-
ment's Drug Strategy in 1998, substance misuse services
have expanded with increases in funding available from
central government as part of implementation of the drug
strategy [1]. The targets set in the strategy may have put
extra demands on substance misuse services with a likely
increase in job-related stress, burnout and associated psy-
chological morbidity.
Studies of stress and burnout in various occupational
groups and settings have been widely reported [2-4].
Published: 8 February 2008
BMC Health Servic ...
Glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistanceMasoumeh Hosseini
This study examined the acute effects of a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session on markers of type 2 diabetes in male smokers. Fifteen sedentary male smokers underwent a 40-minute run and had blood samples taken pre- and post-exercise to measure glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance levels. The study found that glucose concentration, serum insulin levels, and insulin resistance decreased significantly following the single exercise session. This suggests that even short-term moderate exercise can positively influence indicators of type 2 diabetes in smokers.
Physical Activity and White Matter Hyperintensities, A Systematic Review of Q...Emily Strack
Physical activity and white matter hyperintensities: A systematic review of quantitative studies
This systematic review examined 12 quantitative studies on the association between physical activity and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Six studies found that greater physical activity was associated with less WMH, while six found no association. Longitudinal studies and those accounting for lifetime physical activity were more likely to find an association. Greater physical activity was associated with less WMH in individuals without advanced disease.
This study examined the short-term effects of a Tai Chi class on the subjective well-being of 13 patients referred to an exercise referral scheme. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the class measuring positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. Results showed statistically significant improvements in positive well-being after the class. The mean rating of perceived exertion corresponded to moderate physical activity. The study concludes that Tai Chi had positive psychological effects and could be included as an activity in exercise referral schemes.
This study examined the feasibility of using Fitbit Flex activity trackers in a 7-week walking program for 12 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Participants received weekly step count goals and meetings to discuss physical activity. Most participants increased daily step counts, and reported improvements in performance and satisfaction with activities. While no changes in body composition were found, participants identified the Fitbit, step count increases, and praise as motivators for physical activity. Medication side effects were the primary barrier reported. The study demonstrates that wearable trackers may help track and encourage walking in individuals with SSD.
This document reviews the evidence for different types of exercise as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. It finds that cardiovascular exercise, balance training, and resistance training can all provide benefits. Cardiovascular exercise may improve gait, balance, quality of life, and reduce mortality risk. Balance training can improve gait, balance, and reduce falls, especially when combined with resistance training. Resistance training can increase muscle strength, endurance, and mobility. The review develops a suggested home-based exercise regimen combining these modalities to maximize benefits for patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease.
Running head VETERANS PTSD CAUSES, TREATMENTS, AND SUPPORT SYSTEM.docxjenkinsmandie
The document discusses research on PTSD causes, treatments, and support systems for veterans. It summarizes five research studies that evaluate PTSD among veterans. The studies examine predictors of symptom change during intensive outpatient treatment, the feasibility of computerized executive function training, nature-based therapy as an alternative treatment, screening and treatment of moral injury, and the relationship between PTSD, depression, and health behaviors. The document concludes that understanding PTSD symptoms and integrating both medical and conventional interventions can improve treatment effectiveness for veterans. Evaluating different treatment approaches is important to ensure consistency in care and program modifications.
Frustrations in the GymThe purpose of this assignment is to .docxalisoncarleen
Frustrations in the Gym
The purpose of this assignment is to examine ethical issues for professionals working in exercise psychology, rehabilitation, and in other professions related to physical activity as a means for maintaining individual health and well-being. Ethical principles and guidelines, previously discussed, will be applied to these various environments for critical analysis and discussion. Despite the differences in environments, the ethical situations exercise psychology professionals face, often, fall within the same parameters as those of other helping professions.
For this assignment, first, read the following article from the Argosy University online library resources:
Pauline, J., Pauline, G., Johnson, S., & Gamble, K. (2006). Ethical issues in exercise psychology.
Ethics & Behavior
,
16
(1), 61–76.
Now, answer the following questions:
Are issues of competency and training more complex for exercise psychology professionals than for applied sport psychology professionals?
What ethical dilemmas are unique to the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional? Are there distinct differences in this relationship compared to a relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional?
Answer each question in 200–300 words. Your response should be in Microsoft Word document format. Name the file SP6300_M4_A1_LastName_FirstInitial.doc and submit it to the appropriate
Discussion Area
by
the due date assigned
.
Through the end of the module
, comment on the posts of two of your peers. In your reviews, check whether the answers given to the second question support their answers to the first one. Discuss any inconsistencies or similarities in your classmates' answers. All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
Assignment 1 Grading CriteriaMaximum Points
Identified and described the differences in competency and training issues for exercise psychology professionals as compared to applied sport psychology professionals.8Analyzed and described the ethical dilemmas unique to exercise psychology professionals.8Compared the relationship between a client and an exercise psychology professional with that of the relationship between a client and a sport psychology professional.8Reviewed the posts of at least two peers and pointed out any inconsistencies and similarities.8Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.4
Total:36
Ethical Issues in Exercise Psychology
Jeffrey S. Pauline, Gina A. Pauline, Scott R. Johnson,
and Kelly M. Gamble
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science
Ball State University
Exercise psychology encompasses the disciplines of psychiatry, clinical and counseling
psychology, health promotion, and themovement sciences. This emerging field involves
diverse mental he ...
Similar to 81119, 809 PMEBSCOhostPage 1 of 15httpweb.a.ebscohos.docx (20)
1. Report contentThe report should demonstrate your understa.docxblondellchancy
1. Report content
The report should demonstrate your understanding of good project management and health and safety management as appropriate within the context of your chosen project and event.
The report will present the context/background of the chosen project, describe the project, and present student’s critical reflection and thoughts on the management of one particular event/issue of project. The impacts of the event/issue on (1) people, (2) cost, (3) time, (4) health and safety, (5) sustainability, and (6) Ethics will be explored. Using the theory and tools presented in the lectures across the module as well as their own independent research, students should suggest and discuss solutions to (1) overcome the challenges and manage the risks associated with the event/issue, and (2) improve the efficiency, sustainability and ethics of the management of the event/issue.
Appendices and references must be used to demonstrate study that has been undertaken and to provide sources for points made in the body of the report. This will include copies of any individual or group student work undertaken during the module.
The student should refer to the learning materials and readings provided across the module, but are also recommended to give appropriate regard to any additional useful material available online in terms of theory and practice.
.
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. W.docxblondellchancy
1. Research the assessment process for ELL students in your state. What is the process your district goes through to properly identify students for ESL program placement?
2. Planning for effective instruction is the key to academic success for students. Using data to inform instruction is a regular process. Discuss how teachers can use longitudinal data along with other formative classroom assessments to design effective instruction.
200-300
.
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are of any choice..docxblondellchancy
1. Review the three articles about Inflation that are of any choice.
2. Locate two JOURNAL articles which discuss this topic further. You need to focus on the Abstract, Introduction, Results, and Conclusion. For our purposes, you are not expected to fully understand the Data and Methodology.
3. Summarize these journal articles. Please use your own words. No copy-and-paste. Cite your sources. in 1200 words
.
1. Read the RiskReport to see what requirements are.2. Read the .docxblondellchancy
1. Read the RiskReport to see what requirements are.
2. Read the Interim Risk Assessment to see the current state of paper that needs to be revised.
3. Use the RiskReport and the details below on what is missing to revise paper.
Feedback on changes needed to the Risk Assessment Plan
Risk Assessment Plan: Purpose does not make reference to BRI at all. Provide context. Scope, assumptions and constraints appear reasonable, but you can add an assumption or constraint regarding budget.
Need to elaborate on how risk is determine using the qualitative approach.
1. Title
IT Security Risk Assessment
2. Introduction
You are employed with Government Security Consultants, a subsidiary of Largo Corporation. As a member of IT security consultant team, one of your responsibilities is to ensure the security of assets as well as provide a secure environment for customers, partners and employees. You and the team play a key role in defining, implementing and maintaining the IT security strategy in organizations.
A government agency called the Bureau of Research and Intelligence (BRI) is tasked with gathering and analyzing information to support U.S. diplomats.
In a series of New York Times articles, BRI was exposed as being the victim of several security breaches. As a follow up, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) conducted a comprehensive review of the agency’s information security controls and identified numerous issues.
The head of the agency has contracted your company to conduct an IT security risk assessment on its operations. This risk assessment was determined to be necessary to address security gaps in the agency’s critical operational areas and to determine actions to close those gaps. It is also meant to ensure that the agency invests time and money in the right areas and does not waste resources. After conducting the assessment, you are to develop a final report that summarizes the findings and provides a set of recommendations. You are to convince the agency to implement your recommendations.
This learning activity focuses on IT security which is an overarching concern that involves practically all facets of an organization’s activities. You will learn about the key steps of preparing for and conducting a security risk assessment and how to present the findings to leaders and convince them into taking appropriate action.
Understanding security capabilities is basic to the core knowledge, skills, and abilities that IT personnel are expected to possess. Information security is a significant concern among every organization and it may spell success or failure of its mission. Effective IT professionals are expected to be up-to-date on trends in IT security, current threats and vulnerabilities, state-of-the-art security safeguards, and security policies and procedures. IT professionals must be able to communicate effectively (oral and written) to executive level management in a non-jargon, executive .
1. Quantitative According to the scoring criteria for the BAI, .docxblondellchancy
1. Quantitative: According to the scoring criteria for the BAI, a score of 21 or below indicates very low anxiety. What percentage of each group’s scores falls below that clinical cutoff?
Qualitative: Based on the qualitative responses, what percentage of the participants articulated a feeling of improvement?
.
1. Prof. Lennart Van der Zeil’s theorem says that any programmin.docxblondellchancy
1. Prof. Lennart Van der Zeil’s theorem says that any programming language is
complete
if it can be used to write a program to compute any computable number.
a. What is a computable number?
b. What is a non-computable number?
c. If all existing programming languages are complete why do we need more than one?
2. Two methodologies are used to transform programs written in a
source language
(also known as a
programmer-oriented language
, or a horizontal language, or a high-level language) into a
target language
(also known as a machine language, or a vertical language, or a low-level language). There is a static method called
translation
and a dynamic method called
interpretation
. Yet FORTRAN while 98% static ., uses interpretation for the Formatted I/O statement, similarly COBOL uses interpretation for the MOVE and MOVE CORRESPONDING statements; on the other hand, Java is fully interpretative except that in some programs and certain data sets it may invoke a JIT (Just In Time) compiler to execute a bit of static code
. Why do language designers mix these modalities if either is complete?
Hint: This is a long question with a short answer.
3. C and C++ store numerical arrays (matrices) in
row major
order and each index range must begin with 0; whereas FORTRAN stores arrays in
column major
order and the (default) index range starts (almost always) with 1. Engineers and scientists are often faced with the problem of converting a working program, or much more often a subroutine, from one language to another. Unfortunately, due to the index range difference (0 to n-1) in C/C++ and (1 to N) in FORTRAN, viewing one array as simply the transpose of the other will not suffice. What steps would you take to convert such a subroutine to compute the product of two matrices A(N,M) and B(M,N) to produce C(N,N) from FORTRAN to C++?
4. What was the major reason Jim Gosling invented Java? Did he succeed?
5. What are the four major features of C++ that were eliminated in Java? Why were they taken out? Why do we not miss them?
6. What was Kim Polese’ role at SUN Microsystems and why did she think Java should be positioned as a general purpose computer programming language? How did she accomplish this truly incredible feat, not done since Captain (later Admiral) Grace Murray Hopper, USN standardized COBOL in the early 1960s.
7. Describe briefly the role of women in the development of computer programming and computer programming languages. (Ada Lovelace, Betty Holberton, Grace Hopper, Mandaly Grems, Kim Polese, Laura Lemay)
8. What are the pros and cons of overloaded operators in C++? Java has only one, what is it?
9. State your own arguments for allowing mixed mode arithmetic statements. (See Ch 7)
10. What is BNF and why are meta-languages like BNF and EBNF used?
.
1. Review the results of your assessment using the explanation.docxblondellchancy
1. Review the results of your assessment using the explanation below.
2. Write at least 200 words describing the results, how you learn best, and how you will modify your study techniques to fit your learning style.
What do the results mean? Barbara Soloman, Coordinator of Advising, First Year College, North Carolina State University explains:
· Active Learners: tend to retain and understand information best by doing something active with it like discussing or explaining it to others. They enjoy group work.
· Reflective Learners: prefer to think about it quietly first. They prefer to work alone.
· Sensing Learners: tend to like learning facts. They are patient with details and good at memorizing things. They are practical and careful.
· Intuitive Learners: prefer discovering possibilities and relationships. They are good at grasping new concepts and are comfortable with abstractions and mathematical formulations. They are innovative and creative.
· Visual Learners: remember best what they see--pictures, diagrams, flowcharts, timelines, films, and demonstrations.
· Verbal Learners: get more out of words--written and spoken explanations. Everyone learns more when information is presented both visually and verbally.
· Sequential Learners: tend to gain understanding in linear steps, with each step following logically from the previous one. They follow logical steps when finding solutions.
· Global Learners: Global learners tend to learn in large jumps, absorbing material almost randomly without seeing connections, and then suddenly "getting it." They may be able to solve complex problems quickly or put things together in novel ways once they have grasped the big picture, but they may have difficulty explaining how they did it.
.
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie.docxblondellchancy
1. Search the internet and learn about the cases of nurses Julie Thao and Kimberly Hiatt.
2. List and discuss lessons that you and all healthcare professionals can learn from these two cases.
3. Describe how the principle of beneficence and the virtue of benevolence could be applied to these cases. Do you think the hospital administrators handled the situations legally and ethically?
4. In addition to benevolence, which other virtues exhibited by their colleagues might have helped Thao and Hiatt?
5. Discuss personal virtues that might be helpful to second victims themselves to navigate the grieving process.
All discussion boards should be submitted in APA style (7th edition
.
1. Qualitative or quantitative paperresearch required(Use stati.docxblondellchancy
1. Qualitative or quantitative paper/research required(Use statistics and numbers or facts.
2. Apply Statistics, numbers, research
3. Primary Sources explained
4. APA Formatting(Do not use the word “I”, do not use opinions in papers do not use “we”or pronouns)
5. Write a 5 page paper (8 in total-cover page and reference page), you can go over
APA FORMAT
5 scholarly sources
.
1. Prepare a one page paper on associative analysis. You may researc.docxblondellchancy
This document instructs the reader to prepare two one-page papers, with the first focusing on associative analysis and the second focusing on either decision trees or discriminant analysis with a comparison of the two. Both papers should be double spaced, cite sources using APA format, and allow for internet research to supplement the information provided.
1. Prepare a comparative table in which you contrast the charact.docxblondellchancy
1. Prepare a comparative table in which you contrast the characteristics and details of the origins and development of social work in the United States, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean. Bring your comparison chart to the workshop to participate in a collaborative activity. The student will identify the most significant historical events in the United States that influenced the development and evolution of the Social Work profession.
2. Look for information on the following agencies:
1. National Association of Social Workers (NASW)
2. International Federation of Social Work (IFSW)
3. Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB)
4. Council on Social Work Education (CSWE)
Be prepared to participate in a collaborative activity during the workshop.
3. Write a reflective essay of at least two pages, and elaborate on the following aspects:
1. What is the current state of Social Work in the United States?
2. What do you focus on and what are the functions of current (modern) social work in the United States?
3. Explain the historical events that impacted the different ways of practicing social work.
Remember that an essay is made up of three basic parts: introduction, body or middle, and conclusion. In a reflective essay, the student must effectively combine the concepts and foundations of the discipline of study (definitions, history, prominent figures) with their experiences applicable to the topic of discussion or the guiding questions.
.
1. Portfolio part II a) APRN protocol also known as collab.docxblondellchancy
1.
Portfolio part II
a) APRN protocol also known as collaborative agreement with supervising physician(s).
b.) business proposal (refer to portfolio explanation/examples found on your BB lecture section.
There is an example of a business proposal. Use the example to create a brief business proposal with no more than two pages word or power point as your choice;
c.) Create a LinkedIn page and send me a proof of you creating the link.
.
1. Post the link to one news article, preferably a piece of rece.docxblondellchancy
1. Post the link to
one
news article, preferably a piece of recent news (2 points)
2. Explain
A) Which concepts (in which chapters) we learn in class is this news related to (4 points).
B) Specifically, how this concept is demonstrated in the news in your perspective (11 points).
.
1. Please explain fixed and flexible budgeting. Provide an examp.docxblondellchancy
1. Please explain fixed and flexible budgeting. Provide an example of budgeting for three
consecutive periods in which safety margin is included for flexibility
2. Explain statement of cash flows proforma and its significance in budgeting. Provide a
hypothetical example of a statement of cash flows in a manufacturing enterprise.
.
1. Open and print the Week 6 Assignment.2. The assignment .docxblondellchancy
1. Open and print the "Week 6 Assignment".
2. The assignment has four parts: A, B, C, and D.
(Part A has been created for use of the Access program where the data source recipients are to be created. However, if you do not have the Access program then you will need to create the data source recipients with the Excel program before you begin keying the letters for the mail merge. Also, If you are using Excel then be certain to create the label headers in each column with the data source recipient information beneath the headers. Whether you use Access or Excel you MUST save the data source in the Week 6 folder in which you will upload.
If you do not save the data source recipients in the folder then I am not able to grade your assignment
.)
3. Create a folder: [your last name]-Week6 (be sure to save to a disk device/hard drive NOT the desktop area.)
5. Complete the assignment as instructed and Save all work in [your last name]-Week6 folder.
6. Zip the folder and upload in the Week 6 Assignment Upload. DO NOT ATTACH THE FOLDER TO EMAIL, IT WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. I will review the assignment and send you comments about the graded work.
.
1. Plato’s Republic takes as its point of departure the question of .docxblondellchancy
1. Plato’s Republic takes as its point of departure the question of the nature of:
A. JusticeB. ImmortalityC. TimeD. Equality
2. The most accurate way to describe Thrasymachus’ intervention onto the scene in Book I is:
A. He maintains that happiness is unattainable.B. He maintains that only the gods are just. C. He maintains that justice is the advantage of the strong.D. He maintains that justice and injustice are figments of the imagination.
3. In Book I, Thrasymachus’ ironic argument ad hominem is :
A. Socrates needs a wet-nurse.B. Socrates is ugly.C. Socrates should put himself to bed.D. Socrates should not have gone to last night’s banquet.
4. In Book II, Glaucon tells the myth of a ring, the point of which is to illustrate:
A. That we prize material goods above all else.B. That the rich decide what is just and unjust.C. That anyone will commit injustice when they can get away without punishment.D. That myth-telling is essential to philosophy.
5. In Book III, Socrates suggests the city adopt a noble lie, according to which:
A. There are three sorts of beings: humans, angels, and demons.B. Into our natures were mixed one of three metals: gold, silver, or bronze. C. Everyone will live virtuously in a just city.D. The just city lasts forever.
.
1. Objective Learn why and how to develop a plan that encompasses a.docxblondellchancy
1. Objective: Learn why and how to develop a plan that encompasses all components of a security system.
Use the information found at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs98/safetech/chapter5.asp
to research how determining possible physical threats may affect the choice of physical security countermeasures while planning new or updated security systems.
2. Objective: Determine the placement of physical barriers in integration with other components of the security system.
Research the different types of physical barriers and how they fit the needs of different types of facilities. Use the information found at
http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/phys_sec/deter/index.htm.
APA Format , references & citations.
.
1. Open the attached Excel Assignment.xlsx” file and name it LastN.docxblondellchancy
1. Open the attached “Excel Assignment.xlsx” file and name it “LastName_FirstInitial - Excel Assignment.xlsx”. 2. Set the page orientation to landscape. Change the student name(s) to your name(s). 3. Wrap the text in the column headings A4:J4 and A14:H14 in Sheet 1 and set the column width to (approximately) 10 for columns B to J. 4. Calculate the Gross Pay (F5:F9) using the following formula: Pay Rate times Regular Hours plus 1.5 times Pay Rate times O/T Hours. 5. Display the Taxable Benefits (G5:I9) in the following way: apply a formula/function to allocate and return the appropriate weekly amount of Dental, Insurance, and Medical based on his/her Benefits Level and the corresponding taxable benefit to this code in Sheet 2. The assumptions, the taxable benefit rates, and the tax rates (all in Sheet 2) may be subject to changes, so all formulas should be created in a way so that they would reflect any changes in Sheet 2 automatically. 6. Calculate the Taxable Income (Gross Pay plus Taxable Benefits). 7. Use the Taxable Income (J5:J9) to automatically locate the Federal and Provincial Tax withholdings from the Tax Table on Sheet 2. For example: Federal Tax = Taxable Income * Federal Tax %. 8. Calculate the Employ. Insurance and Govt. Pension contributions based on the Gross Pay (Note: Gross Pay not Taxable Income). The contribution percentages are located in the Assumption area in Sheet 2. Calculate the Total Deductions as a sum of all deductions (Federal Tax, Provincial Tax, Employ. Insurance, and Govt. Pension). 9. Calculate the Net Amount by subtracting the Total Deductions from the Gross Pay. 10. Calculate the totals in B20:G20 11. Insert cheque number 121 in H15 and create a formula that will automatically number all the rest of cheques in sequence. 12. Format the title as Arial 16 pt., bold, italic and merge and centre it across columns A:J. 13. Format all dollar values as: number, 2 decimal places, 1,000 separators and no dollar sign. 14. Centre the contents of the Benefits Level (B5:B9) and the Cheque No. (H15:H19) columns. 15. Format the borders and headings as shown in the example below.
.
1. must be a research article from either pubmed or google scholar..docxblondellchancy
1. must be a research article from either pubmed or google scholar.
2. the article you select must have an abstract, introduction/ background, materials &methods, results, conclusion
3. summarize the article you selected
4. no plagiarism
5. must include reference
.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
81119, 809 PMEBSCOhostPage 1 of 15httpweb.a.ebscohos.docx
1. 8/11/19, 8'09 PMEBSCOhost
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library.ashford.edu/ehost/deliv…%26sid%3d58aedde4-779f-
4afc-a6a6-37bc8c869602%2540sessionmgr4007
Title:
Authors:
Address:
Source:
NLM Title Abbreviation:
Publisher:
Other Journal Titles:
Other Publishers:
ISSN:
Language:
Keywords:
Abstract:
Record: 1
Differential effects of a body image exposure session on
smoking
2. urge between physically active and sedentary female smokers.
Nair, Uma S.. Department of Public Health, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, US, [email protected]
Collins, Bradley N.. Department of Public Health, Temple
University,
Philadelphia, PA, US
Napolitano, Melissa A.. Department of Prevention and
Community
Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC,
US
Nair, Uma S., Department of Public Health, Temple University,
Philadelphia, PA, US, 19122, [email protected]
Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol 27(1), Mar, 2013. pp.
322-
327.
Psychol Addict Behav
US : American Psychological Association
Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors;
Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Substance Abuse
US : Educational Publishing Foundation
Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors
0893-164X (Print)
1939-1501 (Electronic)
English
physical activity, urge to smoke, weight concerns, women, body
image
Smoking is often used as a maladaptive weight control strategy
among female smokers. Many of the perceived benefits accrued
from
smoking, including enhanced mood, reduced anxiety, and
weight
control, can also be achieved through physical activity. The
purpose
of this study was to examine the effects of a novel behavioral
task
(body-image exposure) that was designed to elicit body image
3. and
weight concerns on urge to smoke among 18–24 year old female
smokers who vary in levels of physical activity. Using a cue-
reactivity
paradigm, 16 sedentary (SE) and 21 physically active (PA)
female
smokers (≥5 cigarettes/day for past 6 months) were exposed to a
pilot tested body-image exposure session. Self-reported urge
and
latency to first puff were obtained before and after exposure
session.
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Document Type:
Subjects:
Medical Subject Headings
(MeSH):
PsycINFO Classification:
Population:
Age Group:
Tests & Measures:
Methodology:
Format Covered:
4. Publication Type:
Publication History:
Paired sample t tests showed significant increases in self-
reported
urge (p < .01) and quicker latency to first puff (p < .01) at
posttest for
the entire sample compared with pretest. Results of partial
correlation
(controlling for body mass index [BMI], nicotine dependence,
withdrawal, and depressive symptoms) showed that increased
time
engaging in vigorous intensity physical activity was associated
with
lower self-reported urge to smoke at post (r = −0.44; p = .01)
but not
with latency to first puff (r = −.10; p = .62). These results
suggest that
among weight-concerned female smokers, physical activity may
attenuate smoking urges in a context where weight concerns are
increased. Future research should continue to explore effects of
physical activity on reactivity to body image and smoking cues
and
variability in smoking cue-reactivity related to physical
activity.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Journal Article
*Body Image; *Body Weight; *Craving; *Physical Activity;
*Tobacco
Smoking; Exercise; Human Females
Adolescent; Affect; Body Image; Cues; Female; Humans;
Motivation;
Sedentary Lifestyle; Smoking; Tobacco Use Disorder; Women;
Young
Adult
5. Drug & Alcohol Usage (Legal) (2990)
Personality Traits & Processes (3120)
Human
Female
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs)
Questionnaire for Smoking Urges
CReSS pocket
Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale-State
Version
Withdrawal Symptoms Check List
Weight Control Smoking Scale DOI: 10.1037/t62647-000
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale DOI: 10.1037/t03589-
000
Body Image States Scale DOI: 10.1037/t07578-000
Empirical Study; Quantitative Study
Electronic
Journal; Peer Reviewed Journal
First Posted: Dec 31, 2012; Accepted: Nov 19, 2012; Revised:
Nov 8,
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Release Date:
Correction Date:
Copyright:
Digital Object Identifier:
PMID:
6. PsycARTICLES Identifier:
Accession Number:
Number of Citations in Source:
Database:
2012; First Submitted: May 6, 2012
20121231
20180215
American Psychological Association. 2012
http://dx.doi.org.proxy-library.ashford.edu/10.1037/a0031367
23276320
adb-27-1-322
2012-35008-001
41
PsycARTICLES
Differential Effects of a Body Image Exposure Session on
Smoking Urge Between
Physically Active and Sedentary Female Smokers
By: Uma S. Nair
Department of Public Health, Temple University;
Bradley N. Collins
Department of Public Health, Temple University
Melissa A. Napolitano
Department of Prevention and Community Health, The George
Washington University
Acknowledgement:
A burgeoning literature suggests that women smokers have
greater difficulty quitting smoking and face
many unique tobacco-related risks to their reproductive and
sexual health compared to men (Collins & Nair,
in press; Perkins & Scott, 2008). This evidence warrants
7. ongoing research to better understand behavioral
mechanisms underlying smoking among women. Body and
weight concerns are primary factors related to
smoking and difficulty quitting among women (Collins, Nair,
Hovell, & Audrain-McGovern, 2009; Perkins,
2001). In general, women smokers have greater body image
dissatisfaction and weight concerns than men
(King, Matacin, Marcus, Bock, & Tripolone, 2000), refrain from
quitting to avoid weight gain (Pomerleau,
Zucker, & Stewart, 2001), and have greater attrition from
smoking cessation programs (Copeland, Martin,
Geiselman, Rash, & Kendzor, 2006). Lab studies that elicit
increased weight concerns imply causal
associations with increased urge to smoke (Lopez, Drobes,
Thompson, & Brandon, 2008), suggesting that
body image dissatisfaction and weight concerns are motivators
for smoking in women and that smoking
may attenuate weight concerns.
Physical activity is a healthy, effective behavior for managing
weight and weight concerns. It also may
reduce nicotine urges and other withdrawal symptoms during
smoking cessation (Taylor, Ussher, &
Faulkner, 2007; Ussher, Taylor, & Faulkner, 2012). Both lab
studies and intervention trials have
demonstrated positive acute effects of different exercise
intensities on reduction of smoking urges (e.g.,
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8. Bock, Marcus, King, Borrelli, & Roberts, 1999; Marcus et al.,
1999; Taylor, Katomeri, & Ussher, 2005). It is
less clear whether physical activity relates to positive long-term
smoking outcomes (e.g., Marcus et al.,
2003) because of methodological variations in length, type, and
timing of physical activity sessions and
adherence to protocols across studies (Ussher et al., 2012).
Despite these inconsistencies, current
knowledge points to potential behavioral mechanisms that may
explain how physical activity influences
smoking behavior.
Within associative learning and expectancy theories (Bolles,
1972; Brandon, Herzog, Irvin, & Gwaltney,
2004), similar outcome expectancies that are related to weight
control, weight concern, and body
dissatisfaction may precede physical activity and smoking.
Expectancies are anticipated reinforcement one
learns to expect following a specific behavior. For example,
people learn that smoking (or exercising) will
reduce their weight concerns, or guilt about overeating. Both
behaviors are maintained, in part, by
processes of positive and negative reinforcement (e.g., Audrain-
McGovern, Rodriguez, & Moss, 2003;
Byrne & Byrne, 1993), with each behavior associated with
immediate positive consequences (e.g.,
pleasurable pharmacologic drug effects, release of endorphins
during exercise), as well as the reduction of
aversive stimuli (e.g., unpleasant mood or stress). Thus,
physical activity could be viewed as an alternate
reinforcer to smoking, particularly with respect to weight
concerns.
The purpose of this study was to assess effects of physical
activity versus sedentary behavior on smoking
urge response following a body image challenge with weight-
9. concerned female smokers. The primary
hypothesis was that after the body image manipulation,
sedentary smokers would demonstrate greater
self-reported urge to smoke and a shorter latency to first puff on
a posttest cigarette compared with
physically active smokers.
Method
Participants
Participants included 37 female smokers (18–24 years old)
reporting high smoking-related weight concerns
(≥4 on the Weight Control Smoking Scale; Pomerleau &
Snedecor, 2008). Inclusion criteria were smoking
≥5 cigarettes/day for the past 6 months (Sutfin, Reboussin,
McCoy, & Wolfson, 2009; Thompson et al.,
2007), and no reported current diagnosis and/or treatment for
Axis I disorders. Participants were
categorized as physically active (PA) or sedentary (SE) based
on responses to Godin's leisure-time
physical activity questionnaire (Godin & Shephard, 1985; PA
group ≥60 min of vigorous intensity and/or ≥90
min of moderate intensity physical activity/week; SE group ≤30
min of moderate intensity or no purposeful
activity). Those reporting between 30 and 60 min/week were
excluded. Informed consent was obtained
prior to participation. After study completion, participants
received a $15 gift certificate.
Procedure
Figure 1 illustrates institutional review board (IRB)-approved
study procedures. Participants attended a 90-
min lab session during which they completed informed consent,
questionnaires, and were exposed to a
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body image exposure task (details below). They were instructed
to abstain from cigarettes for
approximately 2 hr before the session (expired carbon monoxide
[CO] of <10 parts per million [ppm] used
to verify abstinence). If CO was ≥11 ppm, participants were
asked to wait until CO reached the desired
level before proceeding with the session. Self-reported urge and
latency to first puff were measured
prepost exposure.
Figure 1. Flow chart of study procedure.
Body-image exposure
This task included mirror-exposure procedures adapted from
Hilbert and colleagues (Hilbert, Tuschen-
Caffier, & Vogele, 2002) and integrated with scripted imagery
similar to validated, reliable methods used to
elicit emotion reactivity in populations with posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD; Beckham et al., 2007).
The present study was the first to use these methods to elicit
body and weight concerns among smokers.
11. Procedures were pilot tested with nine female smokers who
demonstrated a significant decrease in prepost
body image satisfaction (Body Image States Scale [BISS]; Z =
−2.49, p = .01) and increased anxiety
related to physical appearance (Physical Appearance State and
Trait Anxiety Scale-State Version
[PASTAS]; Z = −2.49, p = .01). (The measures are described
below.)
After baseline assessments, participants changed into their
choice of apparel (either a swimsuit or sports
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bra and shorts). Participants were instructed to stand 2 feet in
front of a full-length trifold mirror. Participants
then described to a female researcher their level of
dissatisfaction with each body part viewed in the mirror
on a scale from 1 (most satisfied) to 10 (most dissatisfied). The
researcher transcribed responses during
this task, then read to the participant a 30-s summary of the
transcription in the second person present
tense using the reaction/emotion and level of dissatisfaction the
participant reported. All participants were
verbally debriefed after the session and provided with a
standard list of mental health and smoking
cessation counseling resources.
Measures
Primary outcome of interest
12. (a) Self-reported smoking urge was measured using the brief
version (10-items) of the Questionnaire for
Smoking Urges (QSU-B) (Cox, Tiffany, & Christen, 2001); (b)
latency to first puff was measured using the
CReSS pocket (Clinical Research Support System; Plowshare
Technologies, Baltimore, MD) smoking
topography device.
Physical activity
Participants reported number of days/week and min/day of
physical activity at three intensity levels: (a)
strenuous or vigorous activity that makes your heartbeat quickly
(e.g., running); (b) moderate activity that
doesn't make you tired, but makes you sweat a little (e.g., fast
walking); or (c) mild activity that takes little
effort and doesn't make you sweat (e.g., yoga; Godin &
Shephard, 1985). Min/week for each activity level
was summed into total min/week. Reliability and validity of this
measure is comparable to other self-report
measures of exercise (Jacobs, Ainsworth, Hartman, & Leon,
1993).
Body and weight concerns
Momentary evaluative and affective reports of physical
appearance were measured with the Body Image
States Scale (BISS; Cash, Fleming, Alindogan, Steadman, &
Whitehead, 2002). Anxiety related to specific
body parts was measured with the Physical Appearance State
and Trait Anxiety Scale-State Version
(PASTAS) (Reed, Thompson, Brannick, & Sacco, 1991).
Preoccupations with excessive concerns about
weight and body shape was measured with the Body Shape
Questionnaire (BSQ; Cooper & Taylor, 1988).
13. Participants were weighed and reported their height to obtain
body mass index (BMI).
Smoking
Nicotine withdrawal was measured using the Withdrawal
Symptoms Check List (WSCL; Hughes &
Hatsukami, 1986). Fagerström's Test for Nicotine Dependence
(FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, &
Fagerstrom, 1991) was used to measure nicotine dependence.
Smoking Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ;
Tate, Pomerleau, & Pomerleau, 1994) assessed seven motives to
smoke (dependent, automatic, indulgent,
sedative, stimulation, social, and sensory).
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Mood and anxiety
Symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed using the
Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale
(HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983).
Data Analysis
A paired sample t test was used to compare means of pre- and
posttest urge scores between the two
groups. Differences in smoking urge between groups were
analyzed using a 2 × 2 (physical activity group
[PA vs. SE] × time [pretest vs. posttest]) repeated measures
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) controlling
14. for nicotine dependence, withdrawal, and weight concerns.
Partial correlation analyses was used to
analyze associations between time spent in physical activity and
smoking urge controlling for weight
concerns, nicotine dependence, and withdrawal along with
variables with significant bivariate correlations
with urge.
Results
Sample Characteristics
Participants were recruited through flyers posted in student
dorms, campus health centers, print-media
advertisements, announcements on student listservs and
undergraduate classrooms, and by word of
mouth. Female participants (N = 37) between ages of 18–24
years were enrolled and completed the study
(PA group = 21 and SE group = 16). The majority (75.7%) was
Caucasian, 13.5% were African American,
and 10.8% were Asian. The mean age was 20.27 years (± 1.50)
and participants smoked approximately 9
cigarettes per day (± 3.97). Table 1 shows baseline sample
characteristics between groups. There were no
group differences in smoking, body image, weight concern, or
sociodemographic variables at baseline. The
only group difference at baseline emerged with the PA group
scoring higher than the SE group on the
automatic subscale of the SMQ. There were no differences
between the groups on other scales of the
SMQ.
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Sample Characteristics by Sedentary (SA) and Physically Active
(PA) Groups
Urge to Smoke and Body Image Scores
The full sample demonstrated significant prepost increase in
self-reported urge (QSU; t = −5.42, p < .01),
decrease in latency to first puff (t = 2.81, p < .01), lower body
image satisfaction (BISS; t = 5.23, p < .01),
and increase in body appearance anxiety (PASTAS; t = −4.60, p
<.01).
Within groups
The SE group had a significant increase in smoking urge (QSU)
from pretest (M = 2.40 ± 1.1) to posttest
(M = 3.60, ± 1.3; t = −.46, p < .01) and demonstrated a shorter
latency to puff from pre- (M = 11.72 ± 4.2 s)
to posttest (M = 7.96 ± 3.2 s; t = 3.25; p < .01). The PA group
demonstrated a significant increase in QSU
score from pretest (M = 1.88 ± .84) to posttest (M = 2.78 ±
1.51; t = −3.21, p < .01), but no significant
difference in latency to first puff from pre- (M = 12.23 ± 5.3 s)
to posttest (M = 9.8 ± 5.6 s; t = 1.45, p = .16).
Both groups had significant increases in body image
dissatisfaction (BISS; PA, t = 3.09, p < .01; SE, t =
4.56, p < .01) and body appearance anxiety (PASTAS; PA, t =
16. −2.14, p = .04; SE, t = −3.17, p < .01).
Physical Activity and Urge to Smoke
A 2 × 2 (physical activity group × time) repeated measures
ANCOVA for both the measures of urge (QSU
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and latency to first puff) was computed controlling for WSCL,
FTND, and WCSS. There were no significant
interactions between physical activity and posttest self-reported
urge (QSU), F(1, 32) = 0.10, p = .75
(Figure 2) or between physical activity and posttest latency to
first puff, F(1, 32) = 0.86, p = .36. However,
there is potential for a nonsignificant trend for decreased
latency to first puff at in the SE group (M = 7.97;
SD = 3.40) compared with the PE group (M = 9.79; SD = 5.58; t
= −1.16, pq = .26; Figure 2).
Figure 2. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
the Questionnaire for Smoking Urges
(QSU) by latency to first puff in the physically active (PA) and
sedentary (SE) groups.
Physical activity intensity and urge to smoke
Partial correlation analysis (with physical activity as a
continuous variable) was used to observe whether
variability in time spent in physical activity was associated with
smoking urge. Controlling variables included
17. baseline urge, WSCL, FTND, WCSS, HADS-Depression, BMI,
and SMQ-automatic scale. Results showed
a significant negative association between time spent in
vigorous physical activity and posttest QSU (r =
−0.44; p = .01), effect size (r) = 0.20; 95% confidence interval
(CI) = 0.13–0.67. The association between
number of days/week in vigorous physical activity and posttest
QSU approached significance (r = −.35; p =
.06). Partial correlation results on latency to first puff did not
show a significant association between time in
vigorous activity (r = −.10; p = .62) and posttest latency (r =
−.18; p = .34).
Discussion
The purpose of this study was to better understand the influence
of physical activity on smoking urge
among weight-concerned female smokers exposed to a
behavioral task that elicited body and weight
concerns. This is the first study to explore the relationship
between physical activity and smoking urge in a
controlled lab environment within the framework of body and
weight concerns. Results showed a protective
effect of self-reported physical activity on post body-image
challenge smoking urge. Specifically, time spent
in vigorous intensity physical activity was related to lower urge
to smoke following the body image
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challenge.
While acute, short bouts of moderate and vigorous exercise
intensity may reduce smoking withdrawal and
urge, the effects of more routine vigorous intensity on urge to
smoke may last longer (e.g., Marcus et al.,
1999). In the current study, none of the participants reported
engaging in exercise on the day of the study.
Thus, it was unlikely that the lower urge in the PA group would
be associated with the acute (or short-term)
effects of physical activity, indicating importance of routine
engagement in vigorous intensity physical
activity in ongoing smoking urge management. Thus, weight-
concerned female smokers who are physically
active may have less risk of smoking in weight concern-eliciting
contexts compared with sedentary
smokers. Future studies could further examine behavioral and/or
psychophysiological mechanisms that
underlie this association.
Because physical activity can alleviate negative affect, nicotine
withdrawal, and weight concerns among
smokers (Audrain-McGovern et al., 2003; Bock et al., 1999;
Marcus et al., 2003; Ussher et al., 2012),
regular exercisers may expect physical activity to relieve
negative affect states (Symons-Downs &
Hausenblas, 2004). Within expectancy theory (Brandon et al.,
2004), physically active smokers may
develop expectancies that physical activity alleviates their
19. weight concerns, perhaps more than smoking.
Conversely, sedentary smokers do not have weight control
expectancies related to physical activity, and
may depend entirely on their expectancies of smoking to
alleviate weight concerns, making smoking the
predominant and most relied upon weight control strategy in
this group. In addition, compared with
smoking, perhaps physical activity may have greater
reinforcement value and salience to managing weight
concerns among physically active smokers, which could result
in lesser urge to smoke in weight concern-
eliciting situations. Although the reinforcement value of these
behaviors was not measured in the current
study, future studies using cue-exposure or behavioral
economics paradigms could examine this
hypothesis.
The nonsignificant difference in prepost latency to first puff
between PA and SE groups could be because
of (a) small sample size and lack of statistical power, effect size
(r) = 0.19; 95% CI = −0.115–0.49; and (b)
the physical activity criteria to differentiate between PA and SE
smokers which was based on U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services (2008) “Guidelines
for Physical Activity for Americans.”
However, because smokers are less likely to be physically
active than nonsmokers (Kaczynski, Manske,
Mannell, & Grewal, 2008), we used a more conservative cut-off
that might have been too low to observe
distinct differences between the two groups. Future studies may
benefit from having a higher criterion cut-
off (>60 min/week) (e.g., Marcus, 2005; Tart et al., 2010).
The increase in postexposure smoking urge in the full sample in
response to body-image manipulations
and in the absence of external smoking cues (e.g., pictures of lit
20. cigarettes) is a key finding and in keeping
with studies examining effects of body and weight concerns in
ongoing smoking behavior among young
women (e.g., Borrelli, Spring, Niaura, Hitsman, &
Papandonatos, 2001; French & Jeffrey, 1995) making
these additional barriers for smoking behavior change in this
population.
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Limitations
This study included a relatively small (N = 37) sample of
predominantly Caucasian (76%), college-educated
women, smoking ≥5 cigarettes per day, thereby reducing
generalizability of these results to more
heterogeneous populations that include heavier smokers.
Second, participants self-reported their level of
physical activity over the past 30 days, which could result in
recall bias. Future studies can overcome this
limitation by using more objective measures of physical activity
time and intensity (e.g., accelerometers).
Because the study design did not include a control group, we
could not be certain that time alone
contributed to the change in urge. However, all participants in
the study were required to maintain a 2-hr,
CO-verified prebaseline smoking abstinence to experimentally
control for effects of withdrawal and time,
and the analyses statistically controlled for the effects of
nicotine withdrawal (a factor that would be
influenced by time since last cigarette). Both the experimental
21. and statistical controls used in this study are
appropriate in lieu of a third (control) group. A potential
limitation may be our classifications of PA versus
SE groups (based on U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services criteria) and exclusion of
participants who engaged in 30–60 min of physical activity.
Future studies with larger sample sizes could
consider including participants in this range and examine
associations between smoking urge and physical
activity as a continuous variable. Finally, while this study was
theory-based and designed to have high
internal validity, as with any social science research, risks
potential response bias because of demand
characteristics. However, the approach in the current study is
appropriate for the stage of research in this
area, and results can guide future studies with larger and more
heterogeneous samples to replicate and
extend these findings.
Next Steps
While the current study points to the efficacy of vigorous
physical activity in attenuating smoking urges in
weight concern-eliciting contexts, mechanisms underlying this
association are less evident. Little is known
about potential latent physiological and/or cognitive
phenomenon that may differentially influence the
physical activity-smoking urge association. In addition, while
this study is the first to find that physical
activity is associated with lower urge after exposure to body-
image cues, there is a distinct dearth of
studies exploring the role of exercise in smoking cue reactivity.
To our knowledge, only one recent study
showed physical activity as being effective in attenuating
reactivity to smoking cues (Elibero, Van
Rensburg, & Drobes, 2011). More studies need to further
examine this relationship while exploring how
22. physical activity influences reactivity and extinction responses
to smoking-cues which in turn could
influence relapse. Finally, most smoking studies in general, and
lab-based studies in particular have
focused on Caucasian women primarily because weight concerns
were believed to be more prevalent in
this sample. Recent research suggests that similar concerns exist
across racial groups (e.g., Collins et al.,
2009; Sánchez-Johnsen, Carpentier, & King, 2010). Thus, future
studies need to examine these
relationships across different populations, especially
considering the need to reduce tobacco-related health
disparities across diverse racial and ethnic groups.
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Submitted: May 6, 2012 Revised: November 8, 2012 Accepted:
November 19, 2012
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Source: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. Vol. 27. (1), Mar,
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Accession Number: 2012-35008-001
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1037/a0031367
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