This study compared smoking cessation outcomes between gay/bisexual (GB) and heterosexual (HT) male smokers who participated in an 8-week intensive smoking cessation program. The study found that GB smokers had higher abstinence rates in the first 2 weeks after quitting but that abstinence rates converged by the end of treatment and were nearly identical between the two groups. While GB smokers showed a greater tendency to relapse after the first 2 weeks, end of treatment abstinence rates were similar at 59% for GB smokers and 57% for HT smokers. This suggests that comparable abstinence outcomes can be achieved for GB and HT smokers in a non-tailored intensive smoking cessation program.
Talk delivered at Warwick Biomedical Engineering Seminar series 27 November 2014. Develops a theme emerging from a review in 2010:
J Watkins, A Marsh, P C Taylor, D R J Singer
Therapeutic Delivery, 2010, 1, 651-665
"Continued adherence to a single-drug single-target paradigm will limit the ability of chemists to contribute to advances in personalized medicine, whether they be in discovery or delivery"
Which Way Should be Chosen for Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma?_...CrimsonpublishersCancer
There are two major pathways targeted for the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. One is VEGF inhibition that induces tumor shrinkage and increases progression-free survival and the other is Immune checkpoint inhibition that has been shown to increase overall survival. There are two clinically possible ways to block the antiangiogenic (VEGF) pathway. We can use Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Sunitinib, Pazopanib, Cabozantinib, Axitinib, Sorafenib) that block the intracellular domain of the VEGFR or a monoclonal antibody (Bevacizumab) that binds to circulating VEGF and prevents it from activating VEGFR [1]. Checkpoint inhibition targeting the T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and/or programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) pathway has led to significant improvements in the treatment of many malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma.
Talk delivered at Warwick Biomedical Engineering Seminar series 27 November 2014. Develops a theme emerging from a review in 2010:
J Watkins, A Marsh, P C Taylor, D R J Singer
Therapeutic Delivery, 2010, 1, 651-665
"Continued adherence to a single-drug single-target paradigm will limit the ability of chemists to contribute to advances in personalized medicine, whether they be in discovery or delivery"
Which Way Should be Chosen for Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma?_...CrimsonpublishersCancer
There are two major pathways targeted for the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer. One is VEGF inhibition that induces tumor shrinkage and increases progression-free survival and the other is Immune checkpoint inhibition that has been shown to increase overall survival. There are two clinically possible ways to block the antiangiogenic (VEGF) pathway. We can use Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Sunitinib, Pazopanib, Cabozantinib, Axitinib, Sorafenib) that block the intracellular domain of the VEGFR or a monoclonal antibody (Bevacizumab) that binds to circulating VEGF and prevents it from activating VEGFR [1]. Checkpoint inhibition targeting the T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and/or programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1) pathway has led to significant improvements in the treatment of many malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma.
Journal Club: Telomere Length And Cortisol Reactivity In Children Of Depresse...Ashutosh Ratnam
Here's a Journal Club Presentation I made on the article 'Genetic Predisposition to Schizophrenia Associated with Increased Use of Cannabis' which appeared in the Sep 14 issue of Molecular Psychiatry. It examined and found a correlation between shortened telomere length in women and a risk for depression in their daughters.
Vitamin D and Biphosphonate in Neoadjuvant Advanced Breast Cancer_Crimson Pub...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Vitamin D and calcium deficiency is associated with increased breast cancer risk and decreased breast cancer survival. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the addition of vit D and Zoledronic acid (ZA) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) gives complete histological responses. We report a prospective evaluation comparing complete pathological response between different biomolecular sub-groups.
Estimation of Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICR...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Planning for the future - when does the future start? Laura-Jane Smith
Presentation at PLAN Network event, on advance care planning in chronic respiratory disease. NB last few slides are resources for the group task, and references. Let me know i I missed any!
What went wrong with publishing in COVID19Coda Change
What went wrong with publishing in COVID19.
Naomi Hammond walks us through the good, the bad and the ugly aspects of COVID19 publications.
The ability for researchers to rapidly design and conduct trials in the midst of a pandemic was valuable.
With that however, came an 'infodemic' where consumers struggled to keep up with the abundance of information.
In April 2020, there were 6,000 articles published in one month.
This caused concerns regarding the quality of publications, the increase in opinion articles and the number of articles which were retracted over the course of Covid.
Tune in to a fascinating talk about what went wrong with publishing in COVID19.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested SlAbramMartino96
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
IntroductionPresent existing body of knowledge or existing problemState “gaps” in knowledge/understandingWhat “gaps” will your study address?
EXAMPLE:
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide, and it is estimated that 439 million adults will be affected by diabetes by 2030Type 2 diabetes(T2DM)identification of risk factors of T2DM is of significant importance to the primary prevention40% of children, 33% of male nonsmokers and 35% of female non-smokers were exposed to passive smoking worldwidePassive smoking can cause disease, disability, and deathLittle is known about the relationship between passive smoking and T2DM risk.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Research Question
What is the relationship between passive smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]?
THIS IS JUST A SAMPLE HOW THE POWER will look like--- pls use this as sampls to the topic
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Objectives (or Specific Aims)Meta-analysis to systematically assess the association between passive smoking and risk of T2DM based on prospective cohort studies.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
MethodsEligibility criteria:
Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of interventions
Types of outcome measures
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Methods (Cont.)Search Strategies and Data SourcesSystematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Web of Science Date: 2000 to 2013 to identify relevant prospective cohort studies regarding the association between passive smoking and risk of T2DM. Searched the reference lists of all retrieved articles to identify any additional literatures.English languageThe search terms were: Diabetes mellitus, type 2 OR Diabetes mellitus OR Pre-diabetic state OR impaired fasting glucose OR impaired glucose tolerance OR Metabolic syndrome OR Glucose intolerance OR Hyperglycemia OR Glucose metabolism disorders OR Insulin resistance OR Glucose) AND (Tobacco smoke pollution OR Passive smoking OR Air pollution, tobacco smoke OR Second-hand smoking OR Involuntary smoking)
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Methods (Cont.)Methodological Quality AssessmentTwo independent reviewers; disagreements would be resolved by consensusThe reference groups were never smokers who were not exposed to passive smokingRisk estimates (including RRs, ORs and HRs) adjusted for the maximum number of confounding variables with corresponding 95%Cis Data extractionVariable extracted:Name of the first author, publication year, study location, age of the participants, total number of participants involved, confounding factors that were adjusted for in the analysisA 9-star system based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment. 4, 2, 3 scores were assigned for selection of study groups, c ...
Fitness/Substance Abuse
Do Alcohol Consumers Exercise More? Findings
From a National Survey
Michael T. French, PhD; Ioana Popovici, PhD; Johanna Catherine Maclean, MA
Abstract
Purpose. Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity
because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in
designing programs to change risky activities.
Design. Cross-sectional analysis.
Setting. United States.
Subjects. A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N 5 230,856) from the
2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
Measures. Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included
numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables.
Results. For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers.
Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity.
When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7,
10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point
increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated
with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity.
Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point
increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to
those for women.
Conclusions. Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are
positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels. (Am J Health Promot
2009;24[1]:2–10.)
Key Words: Health Behavior, Lifestyle, Alcohol, Exercise, Health
Consciousness, Sensation Seeking, Prevention Research. Manuscript format:
research, Research purpose: modeling/relationship testing, Study design:
nonexperimental, Outcome measure: physical activity, behavioral, Setting: state/
national, Health focus: fitness/physical activity, Strategy: skill building/behavior
change, Target population age: adult, Target population circumstances:
education/income level and race/ethnicity
PURPOSE
The epidemiologic literature has
firmly established that certain lifestyle
health-related choices are associated
with an elevated risk of morbidity and
mortality.1–3 Excessive alcohol con-
sumption, physical inactivity, smoking,
and unhealthy dietary practices ac-
count for a large proportion of pre-
ventable chronic diseases and deaths in
the United States. However, the precise
association between these behaviors is
still the subject of longstanding debate.
There are reasons to believe that
health behaviors may not be indepen-
dent of each other. One view purports
that individuals’ motivation to prevent
disease or improve health could cause
the clustering of health behaviors.4 In
other words, health consciousness
could l.
Journal Club: Telomere Length And Cortisol Reactivity In Children Of Depresse...Ashutosh Ratnam
Here's a Journal Club Presentation I made on the article 'Genetic Predisposition to Schizophrenia Associated with Increased Use of Cannabis' which appeared in the Sep 14 issue of Molecular Psychiatry. It examined and found a correlation between shortened telomere length in women and a risk for depression in their daughters.
Vitamin D and Biphosphonate in Neoadjuvant Advanced Breast Cancer_Crimson Pub...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Vitamin D and calcium deficiency is associated with increased breast cancer risk and decreased breast cancer survival. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the addition of vit D and Zoledronic acid (ZA) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) gives complete histological responses. We report a prospective evaluation comparing complete pathological response between different biomolecular sub-groups.
Estimation of Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICR...dr.Ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Planning for the future - when does the future start? Laura-Jane Smith
Presentation at PLAN Network event, on advance care planning in chronic respiratory disease. NB last few slides are resources for the group task, and references. Let me know i I missed any!
What went wrong with publishing in COVID19Coda Change
What went wrong with publishing in COVID19.
Naomi Hammond walks us through the good, the bad and the ugly aspects of COVID19 publications.
The ability for researchers to rapidly design and conduct trials in the midst of a pandemic was valuable.
With that however, came an 'infodemic' where consumers struggled to keep up with the abundance of information.
In April 2020, there were 6,000 articles published in one month.
This caused concerns regarding the quality of publications, the increase in opinion articles and the number of articles which were retracted over the course of Covid.
Tune in to a fascinating talk about what went wrong with publishing in COVID19.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested SlAbramMartino96
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
IntroductionPresent existing body of knowledge or existing problemState “gaps” in knowledge/understandingWhat “gaps” will your study address?
EXAMPLE:
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide, and it is estimated that 439 million adults will be affected by diabetes by 2030Type 2 diabetes(T2DM)identification of risk factors of T2DM is of significant importance to the primary prevention40% of children, 33% of male nonsmokers and 35% of female non-smokers were exposed to passive smoking worldwidePassive smoking can cause disease, disability, and deathLittle is known about the relationship between passive smoking and T2DM risk.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Research Question
What is the relationship between passive smoking and type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]?
THIS IS JUST A SAMPLE HOW THE POWER will look like--- pls use this as sampls to the topic
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Objectives (or Specific Aims)Meta-analysis to systematically assess the association between passive smoking and risk of T2DM based on prospective cohort studies.
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
MethodsEligibility criteria:
Types of studies
Types of participants
Types of interventions
Types of outcome measures
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Methods (Cont.)Search Strategies and Data SourcesSystematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane library and Web of Science Date: 2000 to 2013 to identify relevant prospective cohort studies regarding the association between passive smoking and risk of T2DM. Searched the reference lists of all retrieved articles to identify any additional literatures.English languageThe search terms were: Diabetes mellitus, type 2 OR Diabetes mellitus OR Pre-diabetic state OR impaired fasting glucose OR impaired glucose tolerance OR Metabolic syndrome OR Glucose intolerance OR Hyperglycemia OR Glucose metabolism disorders OR Insulin resistance OR Glucose) AND (Tobacco smoke pollution OR Passive smoking OR Air pollution, tobacco smoke OR Second-hand smoking OR Involuntary smoking)
Medical Student Research Thesis Program - Suggested Slides
*
Methods (Cont.)Methodological Quality AssessmentTwo independent reviewers; disagreements would be resolved by consensusThe reference groups were never smokers who were not exposed to passive smokingRisk estimates (including RRs, ORs and HRs) adjusted for the maximum number of confounding variables with corresponding 95%Cis Data extractionVariable extracted:Name of the first author, publication year, study location, age of the participants, total number of participants involved, confounding factors that were adjusted for in the analysisA 9-star system based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for quality assessment. 4, 2, 3 scores were assigned for selection of study groups, c ...
Fitness/Substance Abuse
Do Alcohol Consumers Exercise More? Findings
From a National Survey
Michael T. French, PhD; Ioana Popovici, PhD; Johanna Catherine Maclean, MA
Abstract
Purpose. Investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and physical activity
because understanding whether there are common determinants of health behaviors is critical in
designing programs to change risky activities.
Design. Cross-sectional analysis.
Setting. United States.
Subjects. A sample of adults representative of the U.S. population (N 5 230,856) from the
2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
Measures. Several measures of drinking and exercise were analyzed. Specifications included
numerous health, health behavior, socioeconomic, and demographic control variables.
Results. For women, current drinkers exercise 7.2 more minutes per week than abstainers.
Ten extra drinks per month are associated with 2.2 extra minutes per week of physical activity.
When compared with current abstainers, light, moderate, and heavy drinkers exercise 5.7,
10.1, and 19.9 more minutes per week. Drinking is associated with a 10.1 percentage point
increase in the probability of exercising vigorously. Ten extra drinks per month are associated
with a 2.0 percentage point increase in the probability of engaging in vigorous physical activity.
Light, moderate, and heavy drinking are associated with 9.0, 14.3, and 13.7 percentage point
increases in the probability of exercising vigorously. The estimation results for men are similar to
those for women.
Conclusions. Our results strongly suggest that alcohol consumption and physical activity are
positively correlated. The association persists at heavy drinking levels. (Am J Health Promot
2009;24[1]:2–10.)
Key Words: Health Behavior, Lifestyle, Alcohol, Exercise, Health
Consciousness, Sensation Seeking, Prevention Research. Manuscript format:
research, Research purpose: modeling/relationship testing, Study design:
nonexperimental, Outcome measure: physical activity, behavioral, Setting: state/
national, Health focus: fitness/physical activity, Strategy: skill building/behavior
change, Target population age: adult, Target population circumstances:
education/income level and race/ethnicity
PURPOSE
The epidemiologic literature has
firmly established that certain lifestyle
health-related choices are associated
with an elevated risk of morbidity and
mortality.1–3 Excessive alcohol con-
sumption, physical inactivity, smoking,
and unhealthy dietary practices ac-
count for a large proportion of pre-
ventable chronic diseases and deaths in
the United States. However, the precise
association between these behaviors is
still the subject of longstanding debate.
There are reasons to believe that
health behaviors may not be indepen-
dent of each other. One view purports
that individuals’ motivation to prevent
disease or improve health could cause
the clustering of health behaviors.4 In
other words, health consciousness
could l.
Running head ROUGH DRAFT QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE AND ETHIC.docxtodd521
Running head: ROUGH DRAFT QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIOS 1
Running head: ROUGH DRAFT QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE AND ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIOS 6
Rough Draft Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
RINU GEORGE
Grand Canyon University
NRS-433V-0500
03/22/2020
Title of Paper Comment by ESC: Missing title
PICOT Question: In cigarette smokers whose ages are more than 17 years (P), does nicotine substitution treatment (I), as opposed to utilizing other smoking discontinuation treatments (C) influence smoking end results (O) over a time of a quarter of a year (T)?
Background
There are numerous quantitative studies relating to the topic of nicotine substitution treatment as a therapy for smoking. Two examples of such studies are High-Risk Smoking Behavior and Barriers to Smoking Cessation Among Homeless Individuals by Chen, Nguyen, Malesker, and Morrow (2016), and Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a trial Comparison Cessation services by Buller et al., (2014). Noting the high major challenge in ending nicotine smoking is an addiction, the researchers in these two studies aim to understand how this bottleneck can be addressed. In the first research, the authors note the high risk of smoking among homeless persons, hence a need to study the factors that elevate smoking behaviors and bar smoking cessation among these individuals. In the second study, the researcher notes how despite the high number of young adult smokers, they rarely use or seek medication for smoking, hence evaluate how effective nicotine replacement therapy is effective in ending smoking among this population. Comment by ESC: Incomplete, review grading rubric criteria
How the Articles Support the Nursing Issue
These two articles play contribute to the intervention in the PICOT statement. In the first article, the authors note that one of the most preferred intervention methods by the population of the study is nicotine replacement treatment (NRT), which is similar to the nicotine substitution therapy (NST). It also provides statistics of high stress and the use of smoking to elevate stress and anxiety, hence suggesting why NST may be effective in helping to curbing smoking. While the study population is different to the one stated in the PICOT statement, it is general, representing the homeless individuals who are at high risk of nicotine addiction, hence may include even the individuals above the age of 17 years who are smokers (Chen, Nguyen, Malesker & Morrow, 2016).
In the second article, it offers quantitative evidence of how effective NRT intervention is, in helping to smoke quitting among young adults. This helps in answering the PICOT .
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on CigaretteSmoki.docxrtodd33
The Impact of Trying Electronic Cigarettes on Cigarette
Smoking by College Students: A Prospective Analysis
Erin L. Sutfin, PhD, Beth A. Reboussin, PhD, Beata Debinski, MHS, Kimberly G. Wagoner, DrPH, MPH, John Spangler, MD, MPH, and Mark Wolfson, PhD
There has been considerable growth in the
availability, marketing, sales, and use of elec-
tronic nicotine delivery systems, often referred
to as “e-cigarettes,” over the past several years.
Product sales in the United States have doubled
every year since 2008, and securities analysts
estimate the e-cigarette market is now approx-
imately a $2.5 billion industry.1 E-cigarette use
has rapidly increased among adolescents and
adults. From 2011 to 2012, rates of ever using
e-cigarettes among US middle and high school
students doubled from 3.3% to 6.8%.2 Similar
increases have been seen among US adults.3,4
Recent data suggest that e-cigarette use is
highest among young adults. Data from the
2012---2013 National Adult Tobacco Survey
show that young adults aged18 to 24 years had
a higher prevalence of e-cigarette use (8.3%)
than did the adult population as a whole
(4.2%).5 Similarly, with data from dual frame
surveys of national probability samples of
adults, McMillen et al. found that current
e-cigarette use in 2013 by young adults aged18
to 24 years (14.2%) was higher than was that
among adults aged 25 to 44 years (8.6%), 45
to 65 years (5.5%), and older than 65 years
(1.2%).4
Available data on e-cigarette use by college
students are limited, with most coming from
single-state or individual campus studies.6---9
College students are an important group to
study for several reasons. First, young adult-
hood is a period of many life transitions and
accompanying stress.10 The tobacco industry is
well aware of this vulnerable period and
recognizes it as a promising period for tobacco
use initiation and transition to addiction.11
Thus, college students are a target market for
the tobacco industry.11,12 College students are
often early adopters of novel products and
have historically been at the forefront of
societal changes in substance use that later
materialize in the general population.13 In
a cross-sectional study of college students in
North Carolina in 2009, Sutfin et al.6 found
that college students’ lifetime prevalence of
e-cigarette use was 4.9%, which was higher
than were rates of use among other adults at
the time,14,15 suggesting that college students
were early adopters of e-cigarettes.6
Additionally, there was an association be-
tween e-cigarette use and sensation seeking in
bivariate, but not multivariable, models. How-
ever, membership in Greek letter organizations
was associated with e-cigarette use in multi-
variable models. These data suggest that col-
lege students may be drawn to e-cigarettes
owing, at least in part, to their novelty. Finally,
college students are an important group to
study because they have a unique pattern of
cigarette smoking that is often marked by so.
Does the Mediterranean diet predict longevity in the elderly? A Swedish persp...Gianluca Tognon
My paper describing the association between adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern and longevity in 70 year-old men and women sampled in Gothenburg
The use of patient-centred health information systems in type 2 diabetes mell...Liliana Laranjo
The use of patient-centred health information systems in type 2 diabetes mellitus (poster)
• 17th Wonca Europe conference, September 2011 (Warsaw, Poland)
• International conference on health technology assessment and quality management, February 2012 (Lisbon, Portugal)
Evidence-Based Treatments of AddictionAuthor(s) Charles P. .docxgitagrimston
Evidence-Based Treatments of Addiction
Author(s): Charles P. O'Brien
Source: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, No. 1507, The Neurobiology of
Addiction: New Vistas (Oct. 12, 2008), pp. 3277-3286
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741 .
Accessed: 05/12/2014 15:41
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PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS
_of-?TT^
PhiL Trans' R' Soc' B (2008) 363' 3277~3286
THE ROYAL 4\ doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105
SOCIETY JAJJ Published online 18 July 2008
Review
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
Charles P. O'Brien*
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA
Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive
disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses
mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective
in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic
disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
Keywords: addiction; relapse; withdrawal; endophenotype
1. INTRODUCTION
Most theories of drug-addiction mechanisms have been
based on animal models and, until recently, these
theories have made the assumption that all subjects are
alike in their responses to drugs (Deroche-Gamonet
et ah 2004). In reality, human subjects are quite
variable in how they respond to drugs. Moreover,
data from the studies of non-human primates indicate
that genetic variation is also important in other higher
species. Drugs that demonstrate rewarding properties
in animals also tend to be abused by humans, but only
by a relatively small percentage of those humans
exposed (table 1). The most obvious effects of chronic
drug use are tolerance and physiological dependence
and these phenomena trans ...
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults .
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults ...
Effects of yogic practices on polypharmacy Dr. Balaji P.A Dr. smitha r varne.pdfDrBalaji8
The occurrence and concurrency of Noncommunicable chronic diseases increase
with age, and therefore, the number of medications used increases
correspondingly. Polypharmacy is a scenario in which five medications or more
are consumed concurrently (regardless of dose and duration of consumption),
which leads to reduced quality of life, physical problems, increased drug
interactions, adverse effects, and medical complications and increases the cost
of treatment. Moreover, polypharmacy increases the incidence of falls, frequency
of hospital admission, length of stay, and the death rate among patients, especially
in the elderly population. This would allow therapies like Yoga, pranayama,
and meditation to act as an effective mainstay or adjunctive or alternative therapy
for many disorders, as it can be cost-effective, patient-compliant, and clinically
efficacious with the most negligible side effects. However, very few studies
have focused on the impact of yogic practices on reducing drug dosage or
polypharmacy among patients. Hence, a Medline English literature search was
planned to review all the studies demonstrating a dose-response effect between
yogic practices and the number/dosage of medication reduction in different
disorders. Data extracted and analyzed depicted that the practice of Yoga,
pranayama, and meditation can result not only in reducing the number of
medications but also the dosages in hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
bronchial asthma, arthritis, sleep disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD), gastrointestinal disorders like constipation and irritable bowel syndrome
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
This paper investigates the non-pecuniary benets of education using several individuals' health outcomes, health-damaging and health-improving behaviors, and preventive care. We exploit a reform which raised compulsory schooling by three years in Italy to identify the causal effect of lower secondary education and, unlike most previous papers in the literature, we analyze a wide range of health indicators. Our analysis shows that the rise in schooling induced by the reform reduced BMI and the incidence of obesity across Italian women, and raised men's likelihood of
doing regular physical activity and cholesterol and glycemia checks. No effect is found instead on preventive care and health-improving behavior for women, and on smoking prevalence and intensity for both genders. Some potential reasons for the gender differences in the results are discussed.
This draft: December 16, 2016
Preliminary and Incomplete. Please do not cite.
Trends in management of rheumatoid arthritis Dr.Neena Mehan
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an auto-immune disease in which body mistakenly considers some parts of its own system as pathogens and attacks them.
Similar to Weissman Nicotine and Tobacco Research (20)
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Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Volume 11, Number 11 (November 2009)
use a therapeutic approach targeted to any special group of
smoker. The 8-week open treatment phase that preceded a
maintenance treatment study (Covey et al., 2007) provided an
opportunity to compare short-term cessation outcome by sexual
orientation.
Methods
At the baseline visit, participants completed a self-administered
form that included the following question: “Do you think of
yourself as: (a) heterosexual or straight, (b) homosexual or gay
or lesbian, or (c) bisexual?” Based on responses to this question,
we categorized study participants as HT versus GB. Using adver-
tisements without reference to participants’ sexual orientation,
our study drew 1,859 respondents, of whom 1,047 met study
eligibility criteria during telephone screen and 588 met enroll-
ment criteria at the initial clinic visit (Covey et al., 2007). Of the
enrolled group, 11.6% (68/588) self-reported LGB orientation,
a percentage similar to the recent 10.6% estimate of the LGB
population in the New York City metropolitan area (Gates,
2006), where our smoking cessation program is located. Among
305 males, 54 (19%) self-identified as GB, 243 (80%) as HT, and
8 (2.6%) did not answer. Among 283 female study participants,
only a small number (n = 14) self-identified as LGB; this led us
to restrict the present study to the sample of 297 males who
answered the sexual orientation question.
The study outcome was abstinence status at Weeks 1, 2, 4,
6, and 8 (the end of treatment) following the target quit day,
verified by expired carbon monoxide ≤8 parts per million
(Jarvis, Tunstall-Pedoe, Feyerabend, Vesey, & Saloojee, 1987).
Dropouts were considered nonabstainers. The main predictor
was sexual orientation (GB vs. HT). Potential covariates se-
lected for their putative influence on smoking cessation out-
come were demographics, smoking history, body mass index
(BMI), psychological variables, and psychiatric history (see
Table 1).
To test differences by sexual orientation, we used the chi-
square test for categorical variables and the two-sample t test for
continuous variables. To evaluate moderation of cessation out-
come by sexual orientation during the 8-week treatment, we
applied a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) for categor-
ical repeated measures using a logit link function, fitted with
PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with weekly abstinence status (Weeks
1, 2, 4, 6, 8) modeled as a function of sexual orientation, time
(weeks since target cessation day), age, occupational level, and
BMI (baseline characteristics that significantly differentiated GB
from HT smokers in the study).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of heterosexual and gay/bisexual male smokers
Variable Heterosexual (n = 243),% Gay/bisexual (n = 54),% p value
Race/ethnicity White 62.1 75.9 ns
African American 16.9 9.3
Hispanic 15.6 15.8
Asian 5.3 0.0
Education High school 25.6 14.8 ns
College 46.7 51.9
Graduate school 27.7 33.3
Occupational level Upper white collar 32.9 50.0 .02
Lower white collar 34.6 35.2
Blue collar 32.5 14.8
Past major depressive disorder None 83.5 77.8 ns
Single episode 11.5 14.8
Recurrent 4.9 7.4
Past alcohol dependence Absent 81.9 81.5 ns
Present 18.1 18.5
M (SD) M (SD)
Current age (years) 42.4 (10.6) 37.7 (9.0) .002
Body mass index 27.5 (5.5) 25.7 (4.5 .03
Motivation for quitting smoking 9.1 (1.3) 9.2 (1.1) ns
Confidence in ability to quit smoking 7.9 (1.9) 8.1 (1.6) ns
Number of past attempts to quit 3.6 (2.8) 3.6 (2.5) ns
Carbon monoxide at baseline (ppm) 17.5 (6.5) 17.9 (8.5) ns
Serum cotinine at baseline (ng/ml) 265.9 (122.3) 269.4 (113.7) ns
Age first smoked a cigarette 16.0 (3.97) 14.9 (3.1) ns
Age began smoking daily 17.4 (4.1) 17.6 (4.6) ns
Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence 5.3 (2.1) 5.5 (2.0) ns
Spielberger State Anxiety 31.6 (9.1) 30.8 (9.9) ns
Spielberger Trait Anxiety 35.4 (8.8) 35.9 (9.1) ns
Profile of Moods Scale–Total Mood Disturbance .34 (14.5) 1.3 (16.8) ns
Note. ns = nonsignificant.
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3. 1376
A comparison of abstinence outcomes among gay/bisexual and heterosexual male smokers
Results
Compared with HT participants, GB smokers were younger,
reported lower BMI, and included more upper level white collar
workers (professional/executive), but did not differ on other
demographic, smoking history, or psychological and psychiat-
ric variables (Table 1). Assessments of adverse effects and com-
pliance indicators (duration and dosage of study medications
used and number of clinic visits) showed no difference by sexual
orientation.
Abstinence rates at Weeks 1 and 2 were significantly higher
among GB participants than among HTs (Week 1, GB = 89%
and 82%; Week 2, HT = 77% and 68%; both ps = .05); as seen in
Figure 1,these rates converged during the next 6 weeks,becoming
nearly identical by the end of treatment (GB = 59%; HT = 57%).
GLMM analysis reflected the pattern of early divergence and
later convergence in cessation rates of the GB and HT subgroups.
That is, higher initial abstinence among GB smokers was dem-
onstrated by borderline statistical significance of sexual orienta-
tion (b = 1.40, SEM = 0.73, p = .056), and the later convergence
of abstinence rates between GB and HT subgroups was demon-
strated by the negative beta coefficient for the Sexual Orienta-
tion × Time interaction term that also approached statistical
significance (b = 0.146, SEM = 0.076, p = .058).
Discussion
This first comparison of smoking quit rates according to sexual
orientation in response to a non-tailored treatment program
found higher abstinence rates early in treatment among GB par-
ticipants and nearly identical end-of-treatment abstinence rates.
This finding was unexpected in light of prior research indicating
that most GB smokers would prefer a cessation program run by
and attended by other gay individuals (Schwappach, 2008). It is
relevant that abstinence rates at the end of 7-week treatment
among gay smokers in a community-level intervention con-
ducted in London tailored to gay smokers compared favorably
with national (United Kingdom) data (Harding et al., 2004).
Our results from a non-tailored program are not incompatible
with both earlier studies; what our finding does suggest is that,
given GB smokers who are willing to enroll in a non-tailored,
high intensity program and are similar to HT participants on
several baseline characteristics relevant to smoking cessation
success, comparable abstinence rates by sexual orientation are
achievable. Of clinical interest, GB participants showed a greater
tendency to smoke again after Week 2, as illustrated in Figure 1.
We have no data to explain that difference but offer the possibility
that program characteristics tailored to GB issues and concerns
could have been better able to sustain the higher initial absti-
nence rates among the GB subgroup. Further research that
compares tailored with non-tailored programs among diverse
groups of male and female GB smokers (the low number of
female GB participants did not permit a valid analysis) and
examines the role of attitudes toward generic or tailored pro-
grams is needed to clarify the influence of sexual orientation on
smoking cessation outcomes.
Strengths of the study include the high rates of end-of-
treatment abstinence (GB = 59%, HT = 57%), which are com-
parable to those observed in a large, placebo-controlled trial
that demonstrated the short-term efficacy of the same treatment
used in the present study, that is, combined bupropion, nicotine
patch, and counseling (Jorenby, Leischow, Nides, Rennard, &
Johnston, 1999). Other strengths include biological verification
of abstinence reports, the use of repeated measures of absti-
nence, and corresponding longitudinal statistical analysis. The
post-hoc nature of the data analysis limits the internal validity
of our study. Selected study entry criteria, and the likely under-
representation of GB smokers who preferred to attend a tailored
program, limit external validity.
Funding
This work was funded by the National Institute of Drug Abuse
(RO1#13490) to LSC.
Declaration of Interests
Study medications were provided by GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. LSC
received conference travel funds from GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. LSC
and ND have received research support from Pfizer, Inc.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Week 1 Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week 8
GB
HT
P=0.05
P=0.05
N.S. N.S.
N.S.
Figure 1. GB = gay/bisexual males (N = 54), HT = heterosexual males
(N = 243). Abstinence rates (%) by sexual orientation during 8-week
treatment with bupropion, nicotine patch, and counseling. p values
shown for each week are from c2
tests comparing GB versus HT.
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