This document summarizes a paper about governance issues related to girls' education in Pakistan. It identifies several key challenges: socio-cultural constraints that restrict girls' participation in education; a lack of legal framework and common goals for girls' education; insufficient funding and low priority given to girls' education by stakeholders; lack of strategic planning and accountability at institutional levels; and lack of teacher training and alliances between education and other sectors. It proposes a way forward that includes establishing a legal framework for girls' education, strategic planning aligned with national priorities, decentralization and autonomy of girls' educational institutions, and partnerships between public, private, and non-governmental organizations.
Women's education in Pakistan faces significant gender discrepancies. According to the UN, approximately twice as many males as females receive secondary education in Pakistan due to very low literacy rates for women and girls. A survey conducted in various Pakistani cities and rural areas found the highest responses for women's education in Karachi, while rural areas like Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had few or no responses. The conclusion is that statistics show Pakistan's education system can be described as having extensive gender inequalities, with girls facing socio-cultural barriers to acquiring education, which impacts rural poverty reduction efforts.
The document summarizes gender and education in Pakistan. It notes that the country has a population of over 173 million, with 64% living rurally. There is a gender imbalance, with 27 males for every 25 females. Literacy rates are much lower for females (45%) than males (69%). Barriers to female education include poverty, low education budgets, cultural norms restricting girls' movement, shortage of female teachers, and conflict in some areas. To improve equality, the document recommends spending more on education, building more schools, making primary education free and compulsory, and improving advocacy and monitoring of policies.
Educational empowerment of women and their sustainability in 21st century wit...mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen from 8.6% at independence to 65.5% currently, though it has not reached the global average. Studies discussed found that access to education and employment enable empowerment, but societal attitudes are most important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education. Higher education allows women to utilize their skills and contribute to the economy. The study aims to assess women's empowerment status and how government schemes contribute. It analyzes the relationship between women's income, education spending, health spending, and food spending. A positive correlation was found between spending on
An analysis of the social impact of the
stipend program for secondary school girls
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (in Pakistan)
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Education in india and Women Empowermentkunalgate125
The document discusses the importance of education in India. It notes that many children, especially from marginalized communities, lack access to education. This perpetuates cycles of poverty and underdevelopment. The document outlines several issues with India's education system, including poor infrastructure, high dropout rates, lack of accountability, and rote learning rather than developing critical thinking. It argues that investing in universal education, as mandated by the Right to Education Act, is essential for India's development and for improving human development indicators. Access to education, especially for girls, has been shown to lower population growth and infant mortality. Overall, the document emphasizes that widespread quality education is needed to develop an informed citizenry and power socioeconomic progress in India.
Gender parity in education means that equal proportions of girls and boys enter and complete schooling. However, large gender gaps still exist globally with fewer girls than boys receiving education in many areas. Achieving gender parity is an important goal but by itself does not ensure equality, as other issues like poverty, violence, and social attitudes also impact education outcomes. Recent data shows that in some countries like the Philippines, girls now outperform boys in educational indicators, highlighting the need to address challenges facing boys' education as well. International agreements like the SDGs and EFA movement aim to promote inclusive, quality education for all as a way to achieve greater gender equality.
1) The document discusses women's empowerment through higher education in India. It argues that educating women empowers the nation by giving women control over their lives and choices.
2) Higher education in India faces issues of access, equity, and quality. While access has increased, enrollment rates remain low compared to global standards. There is also large variability in quality across institutions.
3) Empowering women requires proactive strategies and political will to fully implement. Higher education is seen as the best tool to achieve empowerment by giving women more opportunities and independence.
Women's education in Pakistan faces significant gender discrepancies. According to the UN, approximately twice as many males as females receive secondary education in Pakistan due to very low literacy rates for women and girls. A survey conducted in various Pakistani cities and rural areas found the highest responses for women's education in Karachi, while rural areas like Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had few or no responses. The conclusion is that statistics show Pakistan's education system can be described as having extensive gender inequalities, with girls facing socio-cultural barriers to acquiring education, which impacts rural poverty reduction efforts.
The document summarizes gender and education in Pakistan. It notes that the country has a population of over 173 million, with 64% living rurally. There is a gender imbalance, with 27 males for every 25 females. Literacy rates are much lower for females (45%) than males (69%). Barriers to female education include poverty, low education budgets, cultural norms restricting girls' movement, shortage of female teachers, and conflict in some areas. To improve equality, the document recommends spending more on education, building more schools, making primary education free and compulsory, and improving advocacy and monitoring of policies.
Educational empowerment of women and their sustainability in 21st century wit...mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen from 8.6% at independence to 65.5% currently, though it has not reached the global average. Studies discussed found that access to education and employment enable empowerment, but societal attitudes are most important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education. Higher education allows women to utilize their skills and contribute to the economy. The study aims to assess women's empowerment status and how government schemes contribute. It analyzes the relationship between women's income, education spending, health spending, and food spending. A positive correlation was found between spending on
An analysis of the social impact of the
stipend program for secondary school girls
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (in Pakistan)
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Education in india and Women Empowermentkunalgate125
The document discusses the importance of education in India. It notes that many children, especially from marginalized communities, lack access to education. This perpetuates cycles of poverty and underdevelopment. The document outlines several issues with India's education system, including poor infrastructure, high dropout rates, lack of accountability, and rote learning rather than developing critical thinking. It argues that investing in universal education, as mandated by the Right to Education Act, is essential for India's development and for improving human development indicators. Access to education, especially for girls, has been shown to lower population growth and infant mortality. Overall, the document emphasizes that widespread quality education is needed to develop an informed citizenry and power socioeconomic progress in India.
Gender parity in education means that equal proportions of girls and boys enter and complete schooling. However, large gender gaps still exist globally with fewer girls than boys receiving education in many areas. Achieving gender parity is an important goal but by itself does not ensure equality, as other issues like poverty, violence, and social attitudes also impact education outcomes. Recent data shows that in some countries like the Philippines, girls now outperform boys in educational indicators, highlighting the need to address challenges facing boys' education as well. International agreements like the SDGs and EFA movement aim to promote inclusive, quality education for all as a way to achieve greater gender equality.
1) The document discusses women's empowerment through higher education in India. It argues that educating women empowers the nation by giving women control over their lives and choices.
2) Higher education in India faces issues of access, equity, and quality. While access has increased, enrollment rates remain low compared to global standards. There is also large variability in quality across institutions.
3) Empowering women requires proactive strategies and political will to fully implement. Higher education is seen as the best tool to achieve empowerment by giving women more opportunities and independence.
Importance of women literacy and development with respect to the views of the...SHIKHAR MAURYA
This survey report summarizes the results of interviews conducted with students and staff at Lovely Professional University to understand their views on the role of women's literacy and development. The interviews found that poverty is a major barrier to women's education, as are early marriage and parental negligence. While most female respondents faced obstacles in continuing their education after marriage, some were able to complete their education with support from parents and husbands. Cultural norms were also identified as historically discouraging girls' education, though attitudes are changing, especially among middle-class families who see value in daughters' education.
Pakistan has a low literacy rate of approximately 57% according to unreliable figures, ranking 113th out of 120 countries. Literacy rates are even lower in rural areas and among women. High illiteracy threatens Pakistan's fragile democracy by allowing corrupt politicians to exploit illiterate voters. Though the government emphasizes education policies, implementation is lacking due to low funding - only 2.1% of GDP goes to education compared to 60% for defense. Poverty is also a major barrier to literacy. Improving public education, expanding access especially for women and rural populations, and addressing corruption could help increase Pakistan's literacy rate.
Planned women academic programs and socio economic development of communitiesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a research study that investigates the impact of academic program planning for women's education on the socio-economic development of communities. The study aims to determine if academic program planning for women has a measurable effect on communities' socio-economic development. Data was collected through surveys administered to women with university degrees across three organizations in Rivers State, Nigeria. The findings revealed that academic program planning for women does have a subsequent measurable impact on communities' socio-economic development.
The document discusses issues related to women's education in Pakistan. It notes that girls in single-sex schools are academically challenged, have access to resources, actively participate in class, and have a positive self-image. As a result, single-sex schools have a positive effect on female students in Pakistan. However, female enrollment rates are lower than males at all levels of education due to factors like gender discrimination, religious beliefs, lack of access to safe schools, and societal preferences for sons over daughters. The document provides statistics on education levels and literacy rates in Pakistan and discusses causes of low female education like poverty, child marriage practices, and conservative attitudes that discourage educating girls.
This document discusses school management at the grassroots level in India. It outlines how the Indian constitution has aimed to provide free and compulsory education since 1949. Several policies and acts like the Right to Education Act of 2009 have also tried to achieve this. However, decentralization of school management to local bodies like Village Education Committees has faced challenges in implementation. Studies found variations from rules in forming these committees and low quality of education. Reasons included teacher absenteeism, lack of training for committee members, and corruption. While decentralization aims to increase efficiency and public participation, making it work effectively on the ground has proven difficult.
Quest in Education ISSN0048-6434 January 2018VIBHUTI PATEL
We request authors to send their original research-based articles and book reviews on issues concerning education. As Quest in Education publishes peer-reviewed articles, the authors should be ready to wait for seeing their article in print.
The document summarizes a public policy dialogue in Pakistan that discussed issues related to adolescents and education. Key issues identified included the lack of focus on adolescents' needs in education policies and curricula, inadequate teaching of reproductive health topics, lack of physical education, and barriers to girls' education like lack of transportation, security and sanitation facilities. Recommendations called for addressing these issues and ensuring adolescents' needs are incorporated into education sector policies, programs and practices.
ESCAP of United Nations
The annual Conference provides an enabling platform for freight forwarders, multimodal transport operators and logistics service providers in Asia and the Pacific to share knowledge and experience, discuss emerging issues and promote the development of their services. The Conference will be held virtually on 30 June 2021.
The event will review the latest developments in freight forwarding, multimodal transport and logistics services in the region, and aim to identify and promote good practices and innovative solutions to shared challenges. The annual Conference also serves as a tool for fostering an effective dialogue of stakeholders of freight forwarding, multimodal transport and logistics services, including international organizations and the business sector.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RE-ENTRY POLICY FOR GIRLS IN SIX C...Lelihle Simelane
Swaziland has no stand-alone re-entry policy. Practices vary from school to school, but generally a pregnant girl has to drop out of school although those who become pregnant may be allowed to return to write their exams at the same school or they may be advised to find another examination centre. The Swaziland Education and Training Sector Policy of 2011 explicitly states that ‘every child, irrespective of their life circumstances… has the right to be re-integrated into the same institution that the child was previously attending.’ The paper documents school practices that appear to be informed by ignorance of the provisions of the EDSEC Policy of 2011 and historical developments in national policy; international conventions and declarations the country is signatory to, with missed opportunities. Schools are not coping with the evolving and expanding role in helping children develop. The study concluded that there is need for awareness raising as well as legislation which will compel schools not to expel such pupils but that they are given time to deliver their babies and be allowed to re-join the school. It is thought that institutionalising and publicising the EDSEC policy should lead to more and better reporting, more re-entry, and fewer abortions. There is necessity for awareness development among stakeholders, rigorous and vigorous campaigns and preparedness to tackle strong resistance which has been shown through the practices reported in this study to hypocritical.
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It begins with defining women's empowerment and noting that it is dependent on various factors like location, education, caste, and age. It then outlines issues affecting women like domestic violence, dowry, female feticide, and their historical status in Indian society. The document discusses the national policy for women's empowerment in India and strategies to empower women through education, employment, microcredit, politics, and development goals. It concludes by emphasizing the need to change social attitudes towards women and highlighting their crucial role in society.
Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangl...Premier Publishers
This document provides an overview of the situation of women and children in Bangladesh. It discusses several issues they face such as high maternal mortality, malnutrition, domestic violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, child marriage, and poverty. Several organizations are working to address these challenges. The government and UNICEF are working to increase access to education for girls and provide maternal healthcare. Programs also aim to reduce child marriage and malnutrition. While progress has been made, many women and children in Bangladesh still face significant hardships. More efforts are needed to promote their rights and improve overall living conditions.
The Association for Contemplative Mind in Higher Education (ACMHE) is a multidisciplinary nonprofit that advocates for integrating contemplative practices into higher education. It aims to cultivate personal and social awareness, support meaningful inquiry, and educate citizens who promote compassion. The ACMHE emerged from the Association for Contemplative Mind in response to the growing field of contemplative education. It brings together educators and scholars to develop a culture of contemplation and integrate all aspects of learning.
Teachers competencies _article at Unnayan Onneshan JournalNusrat Zerin
The document discusses the politics, economy, and culture of education through several brief theses. It argues that education functions as a commodity in the labor market, as an ideology to promote certain beliefs, and as a tool of dominance and hegemony. It states that the current social and economic systems, as well as definitions of modernity, are based on the system of education. Additionally, education determines one's social status and creates elites and outcasts. The author questions whether education is truly beneficial and who established the transactional system of education. Overall, the document critically examines the role and impacts of education in society.
Uganda has made progress in increasing school enrollment rates, especially for girls. However, girls face many obstacles once enrolled, such as harassment, discrimination, and gendered discipline. The document analyzes whether educating girls in Uganda truly empowers them or leaves them more disenfranchised. It discusses women's issues in Uganda and how the education system functions. While education can lead to advantages like lower fertility rates and poverty, the document explores how gender issues in schools may undermine those benefits. It aims to determine if reforming the education system could make schooling more advantageous for Ugandan girls.
Gender Inequalities in the Context of Basic Education A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Gender inequality in education has been a buzzword in our educational system in recent decades. This paper identifies the factor that creates gender inequality in education and in the world in general. Our study focuses on the identified factors that elevate the existence of gender inequality in education. Based on the literature, recent studies and reports shows that there are 5 factors that contribute to the existence of gender inequality in education and these include poverty, geographical remoteness, armed conflict, lack of school infrastructure, and quality of education. The researchers strongly believed that our young learners are our future innovators and heroes, thus, without quality education none of these would be achieved. The results suggest that our educational system needs to collaborate with the private sector and provide innovative measures to address these issues of gender inequality in education. Crispina Ana N. Pacalda | Maristila Y. Nailon | Junhrey A. Vibar | Janette B. Cobrado | Roanne Shyn L. Brian | Regina P. Galigao "Gender Inequalities in the Context of Basic Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33554.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33554/gender-inequalities-in-the-context-of-basic-education-a-literature-review/crispina-ana-n-pacalda
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Education plays a key role in social development by facilitating socialization and the transmission of social norms. It is considered both a basic human need and human right. While initiatives like Education for All have aimed to bring education to all, many challenges remain globally. Access to quality education remains unequal, especially for girls and those in poverty. Despite decades of efforts, millions of children remain out of school due to social, economic and physical barriers. Weak governance has been a root cause of the failure to fully achieve education goals. Education must empower individuals and societies to enact positive social change.
Unit 9 problems and issues in pakistani educationAsima shahzadi
The document discusses several issues and problems within Pakistan's education system. It outlines major problems such as lack of facilities and resources in schools, especially in rural areas. Teacher absenteeism is also an issue that encourages dropout rates. Other issues discussed include the role of the English language, universal primary education goals not being achieved, low literacy rates, lack of political will for reform, and issues with female education participation. The document provides overview of these key challenges within Pakistan's education system.
This document discusses gender equality in education in Morocco through a comparative perspective. It begins by outlining the objectives and theoretical framework, focusing on intersectionality theory. It then provides context on gender vs sex, defines gender equality, and discusses hurdles to girls' education globally and in specific countries like Sudan, Yemen, and Jordan. The document outlines Morocco's commitments to girls' education through policies like the Charter for Education and Training and Najah Emergency Plan. It concludes with general recommendations to promote gender equality in education through initiatives like revising textbooks, empowering women, training teachers, and conducting further research.
Women have a vital role in environmental management and development, this presentation present the efforts that has done to empower women in Arab region
This report summarizes a study conducted by Lucy Philpott on gender issues in education within Dedza District, Malawi. The study aimed to identify national gender policies, district structures related to gender, and local barriers impacting girls' education. At the national level, while equal access has been achieved, gender disparities remain, with fewer girls progressing to secondary and tertiary education. In Dedza, female dropout is high, especially in later primary standards, and retention and achievement of girls lags behind national averages. The report presents findings from national, district, and local levels to provide an initial scoping of challenges, with the goal of informing future interventions by Link Community Development.
The challenges of adolescent girls sexual maturation to educational parity in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the links between sexual maturation, menstrual management, and school attendance/dropout rates among adolescent girls in northern Ghana. The study revealed that girls' dropout rates are highest around the age of puberty, suggesting a connection between managing the challenges of puberty/maturation and schooling. Cultural beliefs in the region view menstruation as unclean and impose restrictions on girls, though these beliefs do not always reflect practices. Many girls experience discomfort from menstruation and lack adequate facilities/supplies at school, which can impact attendance. Overall, the study aimed to better understand how socio-cultural practices and knowledge levels regarding maturation influence girls' educational experiences in northern Ghana.
Importance of women literacy and development with respect to the views of the...SHIKHAR MAURYA
This survey report summarizes the results of interviews conducted with students and staff at Lovely Professional University to understand their views on the role of women's literacy and development. The interviews found that poverty is a major barrier to women's education, as are early marriage and parental negligence. While most female respondents faced obstacles in continuing their education after marriage, some were able to complete their education with support from parents and husbands. Cultural norms were also identified as historically discouraging girls' education, though attitudes are changing, especially among middle-class families who see value in daughters' education.
Pakistan has a low literacy rate of approximately 57% according to unreliable figures, ranking 113th out of 120 countries. Literacy rates are even lower in rural areas and among women. High illiteracy threatens Pakistan's fragile democracy by allowing corrupt politicians to exploit illiterate voters. Though the government emphasizes education policies, implementation is lacking due to low funding - only 2.1% of GDP goes to education compared to 60% for defense. Poverty is also a major barrier to literacy. Improving public education, expanding access especially for women and rural populations, and addressing corruption could help increase Pakistan's literacy rate.
Planned women academic programs and socio economic development of communitiesAlexander Decker
This document discusses a research study that investigates the impact of academic program planning for women's education on the socio-economic development of communities. The study aims to determine if academic program planning for women has a measurable effect on communities' socio-economic development. Data was collected through surveys administered to women with university degrees across three organizations in Rivers State, Nigeria. The findings revealed that academic program planning for women does have a subsequent measurable impact on communities' socio-economic development.
The document discusses issues related to women's education in Pakistan. It notes that girls in single-sex schools are academically challenged, have access to resources, actively participate in class, and have a positive self-image. As a result, single-sex schools have a positive effect on female students in Pakistan. However, female enrollment rates are lower than males at all levels of education due to factors like gender discrimination, religious beliefs, lack of access to safe schools, and societal preferences for sons over daughters. The document provides statistics on education levels and literacy rates in Pakistan and discusses causes of low female education like poverty, child marriage practices, and conservative attitudes that discourage educating girls.
This document discusses school management at the grassroots level in India. It outlines how the Indian constitution has aimed to provide free and compulsory education since 1949. Several policies and acts like the Right to Education Act of 2009 have also tried to achieve this. However, decentralization of school management to local bodies like Village Education Committees has faced challenges in implementation. Studies found variations from rules in forming these committees and low quality of education. Reasons included teacher absenteeism, lack of training for committee members, and corruption. While decentralization aims to increase efficiency and public participation, making it work effectively on the ground has proven difficult.
Quest in Education ISSN0048-6434 January 2018VIBHUTI PATEL
We request authors to send their original research-based articles and book reviews on issues concerning education. As Quest in Education publishes peer-reviewed articles, the authors should be ready to wait for seeing their article in print.
The document summarizes a public policy dialogue in Pakistan that discussed issues related to adolescents and education. Key issues identified included the lack of focus on adolescents' needs in education policies and curricula, inadequate teaching of reproductive health topics, lack of physical education, and barriers to girls' education like lack of transportation, security and sanitation facilities. Recommendations called for addressing these issues and ensuring adolescents' needs are incorporated into education sector policies, programs and practices.
ESCAP of United Nations
The annual Conference provides an enabling platform for freight forwarders, multimodal transport operators and logistics service providers in Asia and the Pacific to share knowledge and experience, discuss emerging issues and promote the development of their services. The Conference will be held virtually on 30 June 2021.
The event will review the latest developments in freight forwarding, multimodal transport and logistics services in the region, and aim to identify and promote good practices and innovative solutions to shared challenges. The annual Conference also serves as a tool for fostering an effective dialogue of stakeholders of freight forwarding, multimodal transport and logistics services, including international organizations and the business sector.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RE-ENTRY POLICY FOR GIRLS IN SIX C...Lelihle Simelane
Swaziland has no stand-alone re-entry policy. Practices vary from school to school, but generally a pregnant girl has to drop out of school although those who become pregnant may be allowed to return to write their exams at the same school or they may be advised to find another examination centre. The Swaziland Education and Training Sector Policy of 2011 explicitly states that ‘every child, irrespective of their life circumstances… has the right to be re-integrated into the same institution that the child was previously attending.’ The paper documents school practices that appear to be informed by ignorance of the provisions of the EDSEC Policy of 2011 and historical developments in national policy; international conventions and declarations the country is signatory to, with missed opportunities. Schools are not coping with the evolving and expanding role in helping children develop. The study concluded that there is need for awareness raising as well as legislation which will compel schools not to expel such pupils but that they are given time to deliver their babies and be allowed to re-join the school. It is thought that institutionalising and publicising the EDSEC policy should lead to more and better reporting, more re-entry, and fewer abortions. There is necessity for awareness development among stakeholders, rigorous and vigorous campaigns and preparedness to tackle strong resistance which has been shown through the practices reported in this study to hypocritical.
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It begins with defining women's empowerment and noting that it is dependent on various factors like location, education, caste, and age. It then outlines issues affecting women like domestic violence, dowry, female feticide, and their historical status in Indian society. The document discusses the national policy for women's empowerment in India and strategies to empower women through education, employment, microcredit, politics, and development goals. It concludes by emphasizing the need to change social attitudes towards women and highlighting their crucial role in society.
Assessment and Analysis of the Overall Situation of Women and Children: Bangl...Premier Publishers
This document provides an overview of the situation of women and children in Bangladesh. It discusses several issues they face such as high maternal mortality, malnutrition, domestic violence, lack of access to healthcare and education, child marriage, and poverty. Several organizations are working to address these challenges. The government and UNICEF are working to increase access to education for girls and provide maternal healthcare. Programs also aim to reduce child marriage and malnutrition. While progress has been made, many women and children in Bangladesh still face significant hardships. More efforts are needed to promote their rights and improve overall living conditions.
The Association for Contemplative Mind in Higher Education (ACMHE) is a multidisciplinary nonprofit that advocates for integrating contemplative practices into higher education. It aims to cultivate personal and social awareness, support meaningful inquiry, and educate citizens who promote compassion. The ACMHE emerged from the Association for Contemplative Mind in response to the growing field of contemplative education. It brings together educators and scholars to develop a culture of contemplation and integrate all aspects of learning.
Teachers competencies _article at Unnayan Onneshan JournalNusrat Zerin
The document discusses the politics, economy, and culture of education through several brief theses. It argues that education functions as a commodity in the labor market, as an ideology to promote certain beliefs, and as a tool of dominance and hegemony. It states that the current social and economic systems, as well as definitions of modernity, are based on the system of education. Additionally, education determines one's social status and creates elites and outcasts. The author questions whether education is truly beneficial and who established the transactional system of education. Overall, the document critically examines the role and impacts of education in society.
Uganda has made progress in increasing school enrollment rates, especially for girls. However, girls face many obstacles once enrolled, such as harassment, discrimination, and gendered discipline. The document analyzes whether educating girls in Uganda truly empowers them or leaves them more disenfranchised. It discusses women's issues in Uganda and how the education system functions. While education can lead to advantages like lower fertility rates and poverty, the document explores how gender issues in schools may undermine those benefits. It aims to determine if reforming the education system could make schooling more advantageous for Ugandan girls.
Gender Inequalities in the Context of Basic Education A Literature Reviewijtsrd
Gender inequality in education has been a buzzword in our educational system in recent decades. This paper identifies the factor that creates gender inequality in education and in the world in general. Our study focuses on the identified factors that elevate the existence of gender inequality in education. Based on the literature, recent studies and reports shows that there are 5 factors that contribute to the existence of gender inequality in education and these include poverty, geographical remoteness, armed conflict, lack of school infrastructure, and quality of education. The researchers strongly believed that our young learners are our future innovators and heroes, thus, without quality education none of these would be achieved. The results suggest that our educational system needs to collaborate with the private sector and provide innovative measures to address these issues of gender inequality in education. Crispina Ana N. Pacalda | Maristila Y. Nailon | Junhrey A. Vibar | Janette B. Cobrado | Roanne Shyn L. Brian | Regina P. Galigao "Gender Inequalities in the Context of Basic Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33554.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33554/gender-inequalities-in-the-context-of-basic-education-a-literature-review/crispina-ana-n-pacalda
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Education plays a key role in social development by facilitating socialization and the transmission of social norms. It is considered both a basic human need and human right. While initiatives like Education for All have aimed to bring education to all, many challenges remain globally. Access to quality education remains unequal, especially for girls and those in poverty. Despite decades of efforts, millions of children remain out of school due to social, economic and physical barriers. Weak governance has been a root cause of the failure to fully achieve education goals. Education must empower individuals and societies to enact positive social change.
Unit 9 problems and issues in pakistani educationAsima shahzadi
The document discusses several issues and problems within Pakistan's education system. It outlines major problems such as lack of facilities and resources in schools, especially in rural areas. Teacher absenteeism is also an issue that encourages dropout rates. Other issues discussed include the role of the English language, universal primary education goals not being achieved, low literacy rates, lack of political will for reform, and issues with female education participation. The document provides overview of these key challenges within Pakistan's education system.
This document discusses gender equality in education in Morocco through a comparative perspective. It begins by outlining the objectives and theoretical framework, focusing on intersectionality theory. It then provides context on gender vs sex, defines gender equality, and discusses hurdles to girls' education globally and in specific countries like Sudan, Yemen, and Jordan. The document outlines Morocco's commitments to girls' education through policies like the Charter for Education and Training and Najah Emergency Plan. It concludes with general recommendations to promote gender equality in education through initiatives like revising textbooks, empowering women, training teachers, and conducting further research.
Women have a vital role in environmental management and development, this presentation present the efforts that has done to empower women in Arab region
This report summarizes a study conducted by Lucy Philpott on gender issues in education within Dedza District, Malawi. The study aimed to identify national gender policies, district structures related to gender, and local barriers impacting girls' education. At the national level, while equal access has been achieved, gender disparities remain, with fewer girls progressing to secondary and tertiary education. In Dedza, female dropout is high, especially in later primary standards, and retention and achievement of girls lags behind national averages. The report presents findings from national, district, and local levels to provide an initial scoping of challenges, with the goal of informing future interventions by Link Community Development.
The challenges of adolescent girls sexual maturation to educational parity in...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the links between sexual maturation, menstrual management, and school attendance/dropout rates among adolescent girls in northern Ghana. The study revealed that girls' dropout rates are highest around the age of puberty, suggesting a connection between managing the challenges of puberty/maturation and schooling. Cultural beliefs in the region view menstruation as unclean and impose restrictions on girls, though these beliefs do not always reflect practices. Many girls experience discomfort from menstruation and lack adequate facilities/supplies at school, which can impact attendance. Overall, the study aimed to better understand how socio-cultural practices and knowledge levels regarding maturation influence girls' educational experiences in northern Ghana.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Socio economic obstacles of women empowerment in rural bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic obstacles to women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh. Some key findings of the study include:
1) 24% of families restrict women from attending school and 40% of adolescent women have their higher education threatened by family restrictions.
2) 30.4% of women face early marriage which prevents their education.
3) 53.6% of guardians in the study area are illiterate and lack knowledge about the importance of women's empowerment and education.
4) Various social, religious, and economic factors obstruct women's empowerment in the rural area studied. The document aims to identify obstacles and inform policies to promote women's education and
11.socio economic obstacles of women empowerment in rural bangladeshAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic obstacles to women's empowerment in rural Bangladesh. The study was conducted in Puthia Upazila of Rajshahi District. It found that many women face restrictions from their families, including 24% not being allowed to go to school. Additionally, 30.40% of women are victims of early marriage. The study also examined women's access to land and income, finding that while some have surplus income, over 60% do not have surplus income in the study area. The document provides context on women's roles and empowerment in Bangladeshi society, and the rationale for this particular study.
Free Education Policy and its Emerging Challenges in SL.pdfSashikaPrabath1
Sri Lanka introduced a free education policy in 1944 to provide equitable access to education for all citizens. The policy was a paradigm shift that made Sri Lanka's education system free of charge. However, the free education system now faces emerging challenges as the global context changes. The document discusses Sri Lanka's free education system, its achievements, and challenges for policymakers, who must address issues at the policy, implementation, and regulatory levels to reform the education system in light of changing needs.
This document discusses a study that investigated factors contributing to the success of women in higher education in Pakistan, and the role of technology. It utilized participatory action research involving interviews and group discussions with women who had completed higher education. Key findings included: women attributed their success more to family and inspirational professors rather than institutions; technology played a role in their education but was not the main factor for success; and recommendations should consider the family's role and challenges women face in the education system. The study provided insights into improving support for women's higher education in Pakistan.
Women Education in Pakistan at different levels.pptxKiranShahwar1
The document discusses women's education in Pakistan. It outlines several barriers to women receiving an education, such as social and cultural norms, poverty, and security issues. Some benefits of educating women are that it improves health outcomes, allows women to better manage domestic affairs, and boosts economic development. The document also examines initiatives by the Pakistani government and international organizations to promote gender equality and women's empowerment through improving access to education.
Education and FLMP in the Middle East - Pattersonawap
This document analyzes the relationship between education and female labor market participation (FLMP) in the Middle East, focusing on Turkey and Saudi Arabia. It finds that while female education has increased tremendously over the last 40 years in the region, FLMP rates remain the lowest in the world despite expectations of growth. Education alone is not sufficient to increase FLMP, as other factors like labor market segmentation, traditional gender norms, and limited economic opportunities for women act as barriers. Increased FLMP could boost economic growth, but these structural barriers have kept the economic returns to female education low in the Middle East.
This document discusses the problems facing education in Pakistan and potential solutions. It finds that Pakistan is lagging in achieving education goals and has low literacy and enrollment rates. The education system lacks proper planning, funding, and quality control. It is not aligned with local needs and realities. There are also large disparities between provinces in infrastructure, resources, and outcomes. Overall, the education system is poorly configured and unable to meet Pakistan's development needs despite numerous reform plans. Solutions proposed include improving access, quality, planning, and reducing regional disparities to make education more effective.
This document discusses gender disparity in education in Pakistan. It begins by defining key terms like gender, disparity, and gender disparity. It then provides data showing literacy rates are significantly higher for males (72.5%) than females (51.8%) in Pakistan. Several factors that contribute to this gender gap in education are discussed, such as safety concerns, lack of access to schools, economic conditions, and social norms. The document concludes by outlining some steps that could be taken to help reduce gender disparity in education, such as empowering women and girls, stopping child marriage, and encouraging girls to pursue non-traditional vocations.
Educational Empowerment of Women and their Sustainability in 21st Century wit...Mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen significantly but remains below the global average. Studies have found that access to education and employment empower women but societal attitudes are also important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education but factors like domestic violence, gender inequality, and restrictions in some communities still hinder literacy. The document presents objectives to assess women's empowerment and the impact of schemes in urban India through a study analyzing the relationship between income, education spending, health spending, and food spending.
This document summarizes a study on the role of women in the education sector in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It finds that women make up a large portion of the teaching workforce and teaching provides important income opportunities for many women. However, women face several challenges including lack of family and workplace support as well as unsuitable environments. The study recommends increasing quotas for women in teaching, raising family awareness, improving working conditions, providing training, and recognizing women's contributions to address these issues. It aims to fill gaps in research on women's role in socioeconomic development through education services.
Inequality education is about the “disparity of access to educational resources between different social groups”. Some examples of these resources of Educational Inequality in Rural and Urban Pakistanis include school funding, experienced and qualified educators, books, technologies, and school facilities such as sports and recreation.
The paper discusses the status of women in higher education in India. It notes that historically, women have faced barriers to education and were expected to focus on domestic duties. However, over generations reforms have increased women's participation in education. Now nearly half of all students pursuing higher education in India are women. While progress has been made, further efforts are needed to enhance scholarships, safety, and workplace equality to continue advancing women's empowerment through higher education.
Enhancing Women Education:A step Towards EqualityZaraB5
Education is the powerful sword which can conquer any obstacle.Women can change the face of the world , if given the major opportunities of education and other human rights.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's education system based on data from the Pakistan National Education Census conducted in 2005-2006. It finds that while Pakistan focuses strongly on primary education, capacity is relatively low at higher levels which limits educational attainment. Only 62% of children are enrolled in primary school nationally, and rates are below 50% in Baluchistan. Private schools enroll 31% of basic education students, higher than most countries. Gender disparities also exist, with the gender parity index at 0.76 nationally, indicating more boys are enrolled than girls at all levels. The document also examines school administration, facilities, and challenges regarding teacher quality and expanding access to education.
The document discusses issues with Pakistan's current education system that prevent learning. It outlines three main problems: 1) Three parallel systems (public, private, madrassas) create disparities in quality and access. 2) Madrassas discourage critical thinking and outdated teaching methods prevent employment. 3) Curriculums across systems are outdated, lacking revision and promote intolerance rather than skills for the modern world. Overall, the document argues Pakistan's education needs reform to address funding, access, teaching quality, and curriculum issues across its divided public and private systems.
This document discusses girl child education and the National Policy on Education (NPE) 2019 draft in India. It outlines key factors that contribute to low rates of girl education such as poverty and cultural attitudes. The importance of educating girls is described, including empowering girls and achieving gender equality. Several government schemes that promote girl education in India are summarized, including Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and state-level programs. The NPE 2019 draft vision for prioritizing girl education through partnerships, increasing women in leadership roles, ensuring school safety, and conducting gender sensitivity programs is highlighted. The conclusion emphasizes that educating girls plants seeds for immense societal benefits and is crucial for women's empowerment.
This document summarizes education as a tool for empowering women. It discusses how education can help women gain decision making abilities, communication skills, and awareness of their rights. The document outlines objectives of education for women, indicators of empowerment, levels of empowerment from individual to societal, and factors limiting women's education. It argues that educated women can improve their families and society by making informed choices around health, finances, and children's education. Overall, the document advocates for increasing women's education as a path toward empowerment and national development.
ENG 105 research paper (Lim Jie Ning Clare)Clare Clare
This document discusses meritocracy in Singapore's education system. It outlines how meritocracy has benefited Singapore by enabling rapid economic growth and opportunities for disadvantaged students. However, meritocracy has also led to issues of inequality and elitism. While meritocracy has guided Singapore's success, the system must be improved to ensure inequality does not hinder future progress. Overall, the document analyzes both the positive impacts of meritocracy on Singapore's education system and economy, as well as the emerging problems it can cause if left unaddressed.
The document discusses the education system in Pakistan and identifies numerous problems it faces. It notes that Pakistan is lagging behind many countries in achieving education goals. The key issues discussed include a lack of uniformity in the medium of instruction, disparities between provinces, gender discrimination, low funding allocation for education, inefficient teachers, poverty limiting access to education, corruption, and mismanagement of the system. Suggested solutions include standardizing the medium of instruction, increasing teacher incentives, providing more scholarships, improving education policies, and increasing the focus on technical education. Overall, the document presents a critical analysis of the current state of Pakistan's education system and the many challenges that must be addressed.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A study to evaluate the attitude of faculty members of public universities of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated faculty members' attitudes toward shared governance in public universities in Pakistan. It used a questionnaire to assess attitudes on 4 indicators of shared governance: the role of the dean, role of faculty, role of the board, and role of joint decision-making. The study analyzed responses from 90 faculty across various universities. Statistical analysis found significant differences in perceptions of shared governance based on faculty rank and gender. Faculty rank influenced perceptions of the dean's role and role of joint decision-making. Gender influenced overall perceptions of shared governance. The results indicate a need to improve shared governance practices in Pakistani universities.
A study to assess the knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia among middl...Alexander Decker
1) The study assessed knowledge of pneumonia prevention among 60 middle-aged adults in rural Moodbidri, India. Most subjects (55%) had poor knowledge and 41.67% had average knowledge. The mean knowledge score was 40.66%.
2) Knowledge was lowest in areas of diagnosis, prevention and management (35.61%) and highest in introduction to pneumonia (45.42%).
3) There was a significant association between knowledge and gender but not other demographic factors like age, education level or occupation. The study concluded knowledge of prevention was low and health education is needed.
A study regarding analyzing recessionary impact on fundamental determinants o...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the impact of fundamental factors on stock prices in India during normal and recessionary periods. It finds that during normal periods from 2000-2007, earnings per share had a positive and significant impact on stock prices, while coverage ratio had a negative impact. During the recession from 2007-2009, price-earnings ratio positively and significantly impacted stock prices, while growth had a negative effect. Overall, the study aims to compare the influence of fundamental factors like book value, dividends, earnings, etc. on stock prices during different economic conditions in India.
A study on would be urban-migrants’ needs and necessities in rural bangladesh...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the needs and necessities of potential rural migrants in Bangladesh and how providing certain facilities could encourage them to remain in rural areas. The study involved surveys of 350 local and non-local people across 7 upazilas to understand their satisfaction with existing services and priority of needs. The findings revealed variations in requirements between local and non-local respondents. Based on the analysis, the study recommends certain priority facilities, such as employment opportunities and community services, that should be provided in rural areas to improve quality of life and reduce migration to cities. Limitations include the small sample size not representing all of Bangladesh and difficulties collecting full information from all respondents.
A study on the evaluation of scientific creativity among scienceAlexander Decker
This study evaluated scientific creativity among 31 science teacher candidates in Turkey. The candidates were asked open-ended questions about scientific creativity and how they would advance science. Their responses showed adequate fluency and scientific knowledge, but low flexibility and originality. When asked to self-evaluate, most said their scientific creativity was partially adequate. The study aims to help improve the development of scientific creativity among future teachers.
A study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients.Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients. The study measured levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant potential (AOP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate in 40 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. The results found increased MDA, SOD, and nitrite levels and decreased GSH and AOP levels in breast cancer patients compared to controls, indicating higher oxidative stress in patients from increased free radicals and lower antioxidant defenses.
This study examined 79 dry crania (55 male and 24 female) from southern Nigeria to determine the incidence and dimensions of single and double hypoglossal canals, and whether these dimensions differ between sexes. Measurements were taken of the internal and external diameters of the hypoglossal canals. The results showed significant differences in all dimensions between males and females. Bilateral single hypoglossal canals were most prevalent. In conclusion, the size of the hypoglossal canal is sex-specific, with significant differences found between males and females in this population.
A study on knowledge and practice of post menopausal womenAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the knowledge and practices of post-menopausal women in rural Karnataka regarding health maintenance. The study found that 75% of subjects had good overall knowledge, but their practices of breast self-examination and Kegel exercises were very poor, with average scores below 1%. While knowledge of preventing osteoporosis was high, knowledge of cancer prevention was average. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practices. The study concludes that lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D intake, and health screenings are important for post-menopausal health but are lacking in the community.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
7 saubia ramzan 41-47
1. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 2, No 4, 2011
Governance Issues of Girls’ Education in Pakistan:
Key Concerns, Challenges and a Way Forward
Saubia Ramzan
Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan,
Quetta Pakistan.
Tel: 0092 3458341307 Email: saubia7@yahoo.com
Abstract
The battle for gender justice has been a long drawn struggle. Girls hold a distinct character in every social
structure. Societies have improved their socio-cultural structures and economic pursuits through girls’
education around the globe. Social consciousness and acquisition of knowledge support girls to become
empowered in the society. The paper reveals the problems and challenges in the governance of girls’
education in Pakistan. It discusses various key issues and challenges in the good governance of female
education in a developing society. The study comprises of qualitative analysis, reviews and semi-
structured observations using the triangulation approach. The paper critically analyses various programs
for girls’ education in the perspective of legal and strategic alliances with different public, private and
non-governmental sector. It explores that progression in girls’ education is dependent on good governance
by recognizing the socio-cultural, political and economic rights of girls in the society through eliminating
the violence and sexual harassment practices. The paper further proposes a way forward for a framework
of good governance of girls’ education in Pakistan.
Keywords:
Governance, Girls’ education, Socio-cultural environment, Equality, Equity, NGOs, Empowerment,
Autonomy, Decentralization, Monitoring and Evaluation, Girls Education Information Systems-GEIS,
Restructuring.
1 Girls’ Education in Pakistan
Societies around the globe have improved the economic, social, political and cultural lives of the nations
through education. Education plays an imperative role in raising well groomed human capital in the
society through skill development and capacity building. Skilled human resource produces effectiveness
and efficiency in performance thus contributing towards self-sustained society. Well orchestrated and
easily accessible education system for all guarantees the progression of a country. Equality and equity in
the provision of educational facilities reasonably result in building intellectual capital among the masses if
provided without socio-economic divide. Developing societies lack awareness about the notion of multiple
femininities and masculinities in the discourse on education, Pakistan has no exception. Contrary to this
view, acquisition of knowledge and consciousness are conducive for girls in order to empower them in the
community. Education enhances the cognitive ability by raising the sense of self-esteem among girls for
achieving a desirable social setup in the country. This proves to be a strategic reserve for the progression
of a society.
Desaulniers. M (2009) states in the article on “Educating Girls in the Developing World” that the most
viable solution for gender equality and socio-economic independence in the developing world is universal
education for girls. It further argues that international organizations like United Nations and World Bank
deem girls’ education as a primary catalyst for economic growth and stability for developing region. The
author added that girls’ education can yield highest returns on all investments in the developing world by
bringing meaningful changes in their communities. This concept is further elucidated as follows;
“The reason is that educated girls tend to make personal benefits communal, thus
extending the possibilities for further growth and returns. Expansion in women’s labor
force and earnings has translated into widening circles of economic and social stability.
Matriarchies or leadership based on woman power are often nurturing and community
oriented.
41
2. Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)
Vol 2, No 4, 2011
First of all, a mother's education is replicated in her children's initiatives. Children,
especially girls, with an educated mother are more likely to seek similar opportunities
and achievement. Each additional year of formal education attained by the mother
means longer retention in school for her children.” (Desaulniers. M :2009)
It reflects that girls’ education plays a pivotal role in social development of a community which eventually
would contribute towards restructuring of societies. There has been a consensus on the issue that
educational reforms are imperative while fair accessibility and participation of girls to educational
opportunities have been critical in Pakistan. It is significant to mention that education sector needs to be
governed and managed effectively and efficiently in order to fulfill the global knowledge economy.
Improved quality of teaching and learning, autonomy in decision making and balanced contemporary
approach in policy formulation are the key issues for the governance of girls’ education in the country.
Good governance contributes an imperative role in the institutional as well as corporate sector of the
society. Blom and Cheong (2010:xii) indicate that good governance underpins the support and mission of
the institutions, creating sound, ethical and sustainable strategy acceptable to the institutions as a whole
and other key stakeholders. It further states that good governance oversees the implementation of such
started though well considered processes and procedures in an open, transparent and honest manner
guaranteeing autonomy of the institutions. This perspective vividly portrays that female education remains
neglected when it is not provided with full autonomy in strategy formulation and transparency in
implementation processes. In this context, the acquisition of knowledge and values for girls has been a
significant concern in Pakistan which depicts shortfalls in governance of girls’ educational system that has
not yet been conducive for girls in the region. It has been observed that good governance models can work
when applied practically on the principles in the developing sector. Girls’ education has been a serious
subject regarding public and non-governmental sector in Pakistan but desirable targets have not yet been
achieved. Harmony in views exist that weakness in implementing the strategies for girls’ education in
Pakistan remained a crucial problem in terms of achieving the desired ends. Governance of girls’
education is faced by critical problems and challenges in decision making, controlling the resources and
accountability among communities. Good governance in education sector specifically for females requires
evolving processes, restructuring of institutions, intelligent organization of matters and collective
negotiation among communities. The intelligent solution lies in the implementation of principles of
governance by bridging all constituencies influencing a girl’s life to ensure her right of education.
This paper focuses on major key issues and challenges to the governance of girls’ education in a muslim
society like Pakistan. Following text presents some critical issues and framework of governance of girls’
education in Pakistan.
Government estimates of the overall dropout rate suggest that only 30 per cent of students
continue beyond the primary level (Planning Commission, 2009). The literacy rate (for
population aged ten and over) has improved by barely one to two per cent per annum
over the last decade, which makes it impossible to achieve Universal Primary Education
by 2015. Recent surveys indicate that the literacy gap, always much more pronounced in
rural Pakistan, has also ‘improved’ but is still strongly associated with gender. The
majority of those missing out on education are the most vulnerable and economically
marginalized segments of society, including women. Only 35 per cent of rural women
above the age of ten have completed primary education (PLSM, 2008). Pakistan still
enrolls 83 girls for every 103 boys in primary schools. The primary completion rate for
girls is only 58 per cent as opposed to 70 per cent for boys. Of the 6.8 million currently
estimated to be out of school in Pakistan, at least 4.2 million are girls (World Bank,
2008). In some parts of Baluchistan, adult female literacy ranges from one to three per
cent – one of the lowest levels across the world (PSLM, 2006-07).
It can be analyzed that attainment of education with the gender distinction exists in Pakistan along urban
and rural divide. UNESCO (2009) reported that one girl for every three boys attends school in the poorest
rural households. The observations have been the result of surveys conducted by United Nations
Conventions to eliminate discrimination against women but the gap still exists along gender and income
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lines. The statistics about girls in rural areas above the age of ten having completed the primary education
is only 35% according to the survey conducted by “Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements:
2008” which is significantly low. The completion of primary education for girls depends on the quality of
teachers and facilities provided at the primary schools.
Major issue confronting girls’ education governance is lack of legal common framework on which goals
should be defined for ultimate achievement. Girls in a muslim federation like Pakistan face many
challenges in attaining educational facilities due to wrong perceptions about religion in the society.
Despite increased awareness about the significance of female education in Pakistan, drastic changes have
been at slow pace. The attitudes are deeply rooted in traditional form of structures of family and gender
roles. Following text by Qureshi & Rarieya (2007:19) elucidate this idea as;
“The feudal culture and the absence of democracy (and democratic attitudes) also
promote inequalities by creating powerlessness among large sections of poor people,
including women. Feudalism perpetuates an unsafe environment where the
disempowered in general, and girls/women in particular, are vulnerable to assault,
kidnapping, physical violence and honour killing which is often socially, and until
recently, legally condoned.
The above attitudes find sympathy in a rigid and restrictive and often misleading
interpretation of the status of women in Islam which is also used to create barriers for
women’s access to family and public resources.”
The mentioned text reflects that such socio-cultural constraints restrict girls to participate in productive
concerns causing great hindrance in governing the girls’ educational institutions in the society. This
scenario is worsened in rural areas while urban sectors somehow present better environment of education
for girls but there is no such legal protection that exist on the part of government to eliminate such issues
from amongst the society. Rihani. M. A. et.al (2006:9) reported in AED annual report that there are
greater gender disparities as well. Girls’ educational attainment in Pakistan continues to lag behind the
level of education attained by boys. This is seen in school enrollment figures and literacy levels which
reveal that large number of girls have limited access to even basic schooling. It further states that the
overall literacy rate in Pakistan is alarmingly low at just 18 percent for rural females. The most serious
gender gaps in Pakistan are in the rural regions of the country. According to an article “Governance and
Education” by Soomro. A. (2011), an analysis conducted by a national NGO Strengthening Participatory
Organization (SPO);
“This must be juxtaposed with the fact that in many areas of Pakistan social norms and
mores are already averse to girls` education. The lack of basic facilities in a large number
of schools is a clear example of the low priority accorded to girls` education. The
prevailing conditions contribute towards creating poverty of opportunities for girls who
are discouraged at the very first stage: that of education. Perhaps with an idea already of
the situation, SPO did not collect data about the availability of facilities such as
computers, libraries and science labs. Ideally, all these facilities would be available in
Pakistan`s schools if our policymakers were serious about their commitment to providing
equitable education.
A lot of money is earmarked in each year`s budget to improve school facilities. Where
does that money go and why have we seen no improvement despite the sums poured into
education? Who should we apply to for information on the whereabouts of the funds?
While it is true that funds for education are relatively lacking, the fact remains that we
must ensure greater transparency and accountability in the utilization of whatever funds
are available. Otherwise, plans for a percentage increase for the sector in the GDP
allocation will be viewed with suspicion.”
Taking this into account, girls’ education has never been considered as priority by the stakeholders,
therefore, the amount invested in raising the standard and quality of girls’ education has no accountability.
Moreover, another issue for promoting girls’ education in Pakistan is insufficient financing and low
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government spending. The eminent realities of this society have resulted in overall poor performance.
There is no such public ally available for gender segregated analysis of the distribution of the budget in
government documents, however, annual reports of non-governmental sector reveal that a gender gap in
public expenditure on boys’ and girls’ education exist in Pakistan. (Qureshi & Rarieya, 2007:25). On the
other hand, government lacks strategic planning at institutional levels for girls’ education which is another
considerable concern that causes hindrance in its authority. Intelligent strategies for affordability, equality
and equity, access and quality are required for introducing girls’ education at the end of governing bodies.
Policies are designed but implementation is not ensured for the specified period of time. It has been
observed that there is no such alignment of strategies with the state’s priorities, therefore, these strategies
remain useless unless practically implemented.
Evidently, training and development processes result in premeditated progression of individuals and
organizations. Dearth of appropriate professional development opportunities for faculty and institutional
leadership has negative impacts on the governance process of girls’ education. It further generates lack of
expertise in mentoring and technical assistance to the institutions resulting in weak structure of female
educational programs in Pakistan. Furthermore, there is a prevailing attitude of lack of alliances within
academics and industry thus keeping the education sector segregated from the practical learning
environment. Moreover, collaboration in the strategy formulation at social, political, economic and
educational levels is lacking which reflects that single strategy for educational reforms can not prove to be
fruitful for such socio-cultural environment. Sexual harassment and violence practices are common evils
in the society, therefore, consciousness need to be raised for such evils for promoting girls’ education in
the region.
Based on the above debate, a framework for resolving the governance issues is presented in the following
text providing a way forward for governing bodies in Pakistan.
2 A Way Forward for Good Governance of Girls’ Education
Following are the propositions for proper governance of girls’ education in Pakistan that can support to
restructure the declining education system.
2.1 Legal Framework for Governance of Girls’ Education
Proper constitutional framework for girls’ education needs to be introduced in order to protect the legal
rights of females in the community. This would encompass clear statements of objectives and
responsibilities of governing bodies with autonomy and accountability. The proposed measure would
enhance the sense of responsibility among boards and executives and improve the awareness of rights
among individuals. Administrative and academic governing bodies may be protected against the external
pressures of different groups. Moreover, the structure of girls’ education would be constituted as an
autonomous institution in Pakistan which would be enabled to protect its rights in the society.
2.2 Strategic Planning
The subject under debate depicts that one of the major governing issue confronted to girls’ education in
Pakistan is lack of strategic planning. It requires intelligent planning and decision making at all level that
could serve as strategic reserve for the empowerment of women in the country. There is a strong need of
alignment of policies with the national priorities for accessibility, affordability, equality, parity and quality
of education for girls. This issue needs to be addressed on the basis of diversity in education observing the
rights of girls to be educated regardless of religion, race and ethnicity. Such strategies can prove to be a
restructuring agent for the glass-ceiling that exists in Pakistan for the provision of educational
opportunities to girls.
2.3 Autonomy of Institutions and Decentralization
Autonomy of girls’ educational institutions can ensure more responsibility and accountability in processes
and procedures. Decentralization of powers and authority is characterized by effectiveness and efficiency
in administrative and political pursuits. In the same context, delegation of power is more extensive form of
decentralization in which power and responsibility are transferred to the constituent units under the control
of central governing body. Decentralization in girls’ educational programs is desirable in current scenario
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where the provincial units can exercise their authority and responsibility according to the socio-cultural
environment. Decentralized processes in education sector play an essential role in broadening participation
in political, economic and social activities in developing countries. This would assist to cut complex
bureaucratic procedures by improved government officials’ sensitivity and awareness to local conditions
and needs. Decentralization process focuses geographically at the local levels by improved coordination at
national, provincial and district level programs that would provide better opportunities for participation of
local women in education.
2.4 Public, Private and Non-Governmental Sector
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) globally play an eminent role in advocacy and provision of
girls’ education as compared to public sector. Therefore, alliances could be developed from amongst
public, private and NGO sector in order to ensure optimum utilization of resources and professional skills.
Long-term partnership would enable the government to restructure the girls’ education setup within the
country to resolve insufficient financing issue. Such partnerships will strategically support the education
sector in terms of provision of better physical infrastructure, trained faculty and pragmatic approach of
teaching and learning for girls. One of the expected outcomes of such alliances is the increased
participation of women in education and its management. In this perspective, positive impact of this
partnership eventually results in building schools for girls, involvement of local women in operating
institutions and autonomy to community based organizations (CBOs) to mobilize women for work.
Moreover, the study about the developmental works in girls’ education in the past decade reflect that
village education committees, social action programs and community education foundations have proved
to present more potential of work in such alliances.
2.5 Coalition of Ministries for Recognition of Girls’ Rights
All such efforts remain raw until coalition of two important ministries of education and women
development is formed. Alliances of these ministries can promote coordinated planning and evaluation of
innovative policies and programs for girls’ education. Girls’ education at all levels is highly associated
with the recognition of their socio-cultural and economic rights that can give them a required status in the
society. Acceptance of women’s social and economic rights and protection form sexual harassment and
violence is the major stride in recognition of their educational rights. Therefore, coalition of social,
political and financial strategies for girls is the overwhelming practice toward their overall development
instead of a single educational strategy.
2.6 Training and Development of Leadership and Faculty
Training and development is a consistent process for organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Lack of
strategic planning and critical thinking are the result of weak professional development of academics and
administrative bodies. Training and development processes with innovative approach need to be launched
for educational leadership and faculty in order to provide advocacy for girls’ education in the region.
Proper professional development would result in intelligent decision making, problem-solving and
cognitive skills among administrators thus equipping them with better understanding of the issue.
2.7 Girls’ Education Information System - GEIS
Girls’ Education Information System – GEIS would assist the decision makers for data validation,
reporting and problem solving with complete informational technology assistance. This information
system would serve as a strong tool for teaching and learning environment. The GEIS would provide a
platform for global networking that can integrate various other international networks in order to extend
assistance for strategy formulation, academic partnership and resource sharing. Simultaneously, technical
assistance needs to be provided to the girls’ education sector for its operation and optimum utilization.
2.8 Monitoring and Evaluation Process
There is still a dire need of consistent process of monitoring and evaluation of such projects which will
guarantee its performance and effectiveness leading towards a way forward for setting the needs of future
programs. This would ultimately indicate the gap between the current and expected performance which
will form the foundations of need analysis resulting in establishment of objectives for fresh and innovative
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programs. Therefore, this process proves to be a strong pillar in chalking out the objectives for future
programs thus enhancing the performance of current projects.
Concisely, the review of policies and practices during the past years depict that there has been a consistent
acknowledgement of the need of strengthening the girls’ education programs with the intention to achieve
gender parity. Various programs have resulted in increased participation of girls to educational institutions
but government has not been successful in achieving the millennium development goals by recent years.
Problems like drop out rates, low enrollment rate and increased gender gap are still confronted by the
governing bodies. The statement of increased participation does not match with the targets, however,
reform interventions mainly depend on improved allocation of budget in girls’ education with the
involvement of donor agencies to upgrade its status. Close vigilance on accountability, corruption,
political interference and under utilization of funds is the need of time.
Additionally, a greater challenge in governance of girls’ education is to improve the status of education at
primary as well as higher education level while Pakistan education policy and programming have mainly
focused primary education of girls in the provinces with community participation. Universal primary,
secondary and higher education of girls should be the desirable goals of government. This can not be done
until such programs are coordinated among education ministry and the ministry of women development.
The semi-structured observations of this study reveal that protection of woman’s social and economic
rights from violence and sexual harassment would ensure her rights of education in Pakistan. Moreover,
advancement in education system depends on several interactive factors like promoting gender-parity and
equality in education at all levels to contribute to socio-cultural and economic contexts. Intelligent good
governance is required to recognize the socio-cultural and economic rights of girls thus by promoting the
rights of girls’ education in the society.
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