The document discusses the historical context, barriers, and challenges faced by girls' education in Pakistan, primarily due to sociocultural norms, economic factors, and infrastructure gaps. It reviews government initiatives, the role of NGOs, and successful community engagement practices aimed at increasing girls' enrollment in education while highlighting the need for sustained investment and empowerment of local stakeholders. Despite some progress, significant obstacles remain in effectively implementing policies that promote gender equality in education.

1. Presenters: Ayesha & Bakhtawar
Presented to: Dr Saima
Department: Education
Subject: Sustainable Development of Education
Pa

2. Gender and
Education in
Pakistan
An introduction to the topic of gender and education in Pakistan.
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3. Historical Context: Gender
Disparities in Education
1 Colonial Era
Limited access to education for girls
2 Post-Independence
Slow progress in improving gender parity
3 Recent Decades
Persistent gaps in enrollment and attainment

4. Barriers to Girls' Education
• Sociocultural Norms: Patriarchal attitudes, gender
stereotypes, and preference for boys' education
• Economic Factors: Poverty, cost of education, need for girls to contribute
• to household chores
• Infrastructure Challenges: Lack of safe and accessible schools,
• especially in rural areas

5. Sociocultural Norms and
Practices
Traditional gender roles and patriarchal norms limit
girls' access to education.
Social stigma and cultural taboos around girls'
education persist in many communities.
Preference for sons over daughters leads to unequal
investment in education.

6. Economic Factors Impacting Access to
Education
Poverty
Families struggle
to afford school
fees, supplies,
and transportation
Child Labor
Many children
work to support
their families
instead of
attending school
Opportunity
Costs
Families may
prioritize income-
generating
activities over
education
Infrastructure
Gaps
Lack of schools,
especially in rural
areas, limits
access to
education

7. Government Initiatives and Policies
1 National Education Policy
Aims to increase girls' enrollment and
retention
2 Stipend Programs
Provide financial assistance to
families for girls' education
3 Infrastructure Development
Building more schools, especially in
rural areas
4 Teacher Training
Improving quality of education and
gender sensitivity

8. Role of Non-Governmental
Organizations
Advocacy and
Awareness
NGOs advocate for
girls' education and
raise awareness on
its importance.
Community
Engagement
NGOs work closely
with local
communities to
address barriers to
girls' education.
Capacity
Building
NGOs provide
training and
resources to
improve quality of
education.
Funding and
Resources
NGOs mobilize
funding and
resources to
support girls'
education
initiatives.

9. Challenges in Implementation and
Enforcement
1
Lack of Funding
Insufficient resources for education programs
2
Cultural Resistance
Entrenched societal norms against girls' education
3
Weak Governance
Ineffective policy implementation and
monitoring
Despite government initiatives and NGO efforts, significant challenges remain in
effectively implementing and enforcing policies to promote gender equality in
education across Pakistan.

10. Successes and Promising Practices
Girls' Enrollment
Gains
Increased enrollment of
girls in primary and
secondary schools.
Community
Engagement
Successful programs
engaging local
communities to support
girls' education.
Innovative
Approaches
Pilot programs testing
new models to
overcome barriers.

11. Conclusion and Call to Action
Sustain Progress
Maintain momentum in girls' education initiatives
Increase Investments
Allocate more resources to address barriers
Empower Communities
Engage local stakeholders to drive change

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Shaheen N, Ahmad N. Women entrepreneurship and empowerment in Pakistan: Gender, culture, education
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