7. RED EYE.pptx
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This document discusses the causes and differential diagnosis of red eye. It lists various etiologies of red eye including adnexal causes like blepharitis, conjunctival causes like conjunctivitis, corneal causes like infectious keratitis, and other causes like dry eye syndrome. Key conditions are described in more detail such as subconjunctival hemorrhage, dry eye syndrome, corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, episcleritis, and scleritis. The document concludes with a table comparing the signs and symptoms of subconjunctival hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, iritis, and acute glaucoma to aid in differential diagnosis of red eye.
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Cataract is a cloudiness or opacity of the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye that can cause decreased vision and eventual blindness. Cataracts can be classified in several ways, including by their location in the lens, the age of onset, the degree of opacity, and their appearance during examination. The most common types are nuclear cataracts, which involve the central lens nucleus, and cortical cataracts, which start as water clefts and vacuoles in the lens cortex. Cataracts can develop due to aging, genetic factors, metabolic conditions like diabetes, exposure to radiation or certain toxic medications, and other health issues.
11. Refractive errors.pptx
This document discusses refractive errors of the eye. It defines the three main types as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. Hypermetropia is when light focuses behind the retina. Astigmatism is when light does not focus to a single point on the retina. Each type is then further described in terms of causes, presentations, complications, and management approaches which typically involve corrective lenses, refractive surgery, or lens extraction and implantation.
10. Conjunctivitis.pptx
This document summarizes different types of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). It describes the symptoms, signs, causes, and treatment for acute conjunctivitis types including viral, allergic, vernal/atopic, bacterial, gonococcal, and pediculosis conjunctivitis. It also summarizes chronic conjunctivitis types such as chlamydial, trachoma, molluscum contagiosum, and microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the defining characteristics and recommended treatment approaches.
9. Leukocoria.pptx
This document discusses various causes of leukocoria or white pupil in children, including retinoblastoma, toxocariasis, Coats disease, persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), pediatric cataract, retinal astrocytoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). It describes the clinical presentation, workup, and treatment for each condition. The workup may include imaging like ultrasound and angiography as well as lab tests. Treatments range from observation to chemotherapy, surgery, laser therapy, and anti-VEGF agents depending on the specific cause.
8. Corneal abnormalities & corneal ulcer.pptx
Corneal abnormalities and ulcers can be congenital, dystrophic, or degenerative in nature. Congenital anomalies include microcornea, megalocornea, and nanophthalmos. Corneal dystrophies affect the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, or endothelium. Epithelial dystrophy causes thickened grey epithelium and recurrent erosions. Degeneration such as arcus senilis causes a greyish white ring around the cornea. Corneal ulcers are discontinuities in the corneal epithelium with surrounding necrosis. Infectious ulcers from bacteria or fungi cause pain and discharge while non-infectious ulcers do not. Treatment depends on the cause but may
6. Dry eye diagnosis and management.pptx
Dry eye is a condition where a person does not produce enough tears to lubricate their eyes. Tears are necessary to maintain the health of the eye surface and provide clear vision. Dry eye is common in older adults and can be caused by many factors like lifestyle, medications, diseases, and eye surgeries. Treatment depends on the severity of dry eye and may include artificial tears, anti-inflammatory drops, punctal plugs, and moisture goggles. Preventive measures involve increasing humidity, blinking regularly, and avoiding dry environments.
5. Watery eye.pptx
This document discusses the causes and treatment of watery eyes. It begins by defining watery eyes as excess tearing caused by overproduction of tears or obstruction of tear drainage. The two main types are lacrimation due to excessive tear production and epiphora due to issues with the tear drainage system. The tear production system and drainage system anatomy are described. Causes of excess tearing include inflammation, irritation, or issues obstructing drainage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include punctal dilation, lacrimal intubation, dacryocystorhinostomy, or other surgical procedures to restore tear drainage. Proper diagnosis and treatment of watery eyes is important for patient quality of life and visual outcomes.
4. Extra ocular movements and strabismus.pptx
This document provides an overview of extraocular muscles (EOM), their actions and innervation, as well as types of strabismus. It discusses the six EOM that control eye movement, noting their innervation and actions. Types of eye movement covered include version, duction, and vergence. The document then describes various types of strabismus such as esotropia, exotropia, and convergence insufficiency. In summary, it provides a comprehensive review of EOM function and the classifications of strabismus conditions.
3. Pupil examination.pptx
This document provides information on examining a patient's pupils, including key features to examine, common conditions that cause abnormal pupil size or shape, and how to test pupil reflexes. It discusses examining pupil size, shape, position, color, and symmetry. Pupil size can be abnormally small due to miotic agents or conditions that affect the sympathetic pathway, or abnormally large due to dilating drops or conditions affecting the parasympathetic fibers. Key reflexes to test include the direct, consensual, near, and swinging flash light reflexes. Conditions like Horner's syndrome, Adie's tonic pupil, and Argyll Robertson pupil may present with abnormal pupil examination findings.
2. Visual field examination and abnormalities.pptx
The document discusses visual field examinations and abnormalities. It defines the normal visual field and describes common visual field defects like scotomas, hemianopias, and quadrantanopias that can occur due to lesions in different parts of the visual pathway from the optic nerve to the occipital lobe. It explains how lesions before the optic chiasm produce unilateral field deficits while lesions after the chiasm can cause homonymous defects in both eyes. Different techniques are used to examine the visual field including confrontation testing, automated static perimetry, and frequency doubling perimetry.
1. Methods of eye examination.pptx
This document outlines various methods used in eye examinations, including:
- External examination of the eyes and surrounding structures.
- Assessment of visual acuity using charts at both near and distance.
- Testing of color vision and pupillary response.
- Evaluation of eye movements and alignment using cover tests.
- Assessment of binocular vision and screening for macular diseases using an Amsler grid.
- Examination of the anterior and posterior segments using a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope.
- Measurement of intraocular pressure through tonometry and assessment of the anterior chamber angle through gonioscopy.
- Determination of central corneal thickness through pachymetry.
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7. RED EYE.pptx
- 1. RED EYE CAUSES & DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS By: Qurat-ul-ain Ophthalmic Medical Technologist/ MBA Health & Hospital management
- 2. ETIOLOGY Adnexal • Trichiasis • Distichiasis • Floppy eye-lid syndrome • Entropion or ectropion • Lagophthalmos • Blepharitis • Meibomitis • Acne rosacea • Dacryocystitis • Canaliculitis Conjunctival • Ophthalmia neonatrum • Conjunctivitis • Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage • Inflamed pinguecula • Superior limbic kerato-conjunctivitis • Giant papillary conjunctivitis • Conjunctival foreign body • Symblephron • Conjunctival neoplasia
- 3. CONT.. Corneal • Infectious or inflammatory keratitis • Contact-lens related problems • Corneal foreign body • Recurrent corneal errorsion • Pterygium • Neurotrophic keratopathy • Medical mentosa • UV burn or chemical burn Other • Trauma • Post-operative • Dry eye syndrome • Endophthalmitis • Anterior uveitis • Episcleritis • Scleritis • Pharmacologic • Angle-closure glaucoma • Carotid-cavernous fistula • Cluster headache
- 4. CONT.. Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage: • Diffuse or localized area of blood under conjunctiva. • Asymptomatic • Idiopathic, trauma, cough, sneezing, aspirin, hypertension • Resolves with in 10-14 days Dry eye syndrome Poor quality control • Meibomian gland disease, acne rosacea • Lid related • Vitamin A deficiency Poor quantity • KCS • Lacrimal disease • CN VII palsy
- 5. CONT.. Corneal abrasion • Surface epithelium sloughed off • Stains with fluorescein • Usually due to trauma • Pain, fb sensation, tearing, red eye Corneal Ulcer • Bacterial • Viral • Fungal • Protozoan • Mechanical or trauma • Chemical
- 6. CONT.. Episcleritis • Idiopathic, collagen vascular disorder • Asymptomatic, mild pain • Self-limiting, or topical treatment Scleritis Deep • Idiopathic, collagen vascular disease, zoster, sarcoidosis, dull, deep pain • Systemic treatment with NSAID or prednisolone if sever
- 7. CONT.. Uveitis • Anterior acute recurrent, chronic • Posterior vitritis, retinal vasculitis, retinitis, choroditis • Panuveitis anterior and posterior Acute angle closure glaucoma • Pain, headache, nausea, vomiting • Redness, photophobia • Reduced vision • Halos around lights
- 8. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Conjunctiva Pupil Cornea Anterior chamber IOP Subconjunctival hemorrhage Bright red Normal Normal Normal Normal Conjunctivitis Injected vessels, fornices. Discharge. Normal Normal Normal Normal Iritis Injected around Small, fixed, irregular Normal, KPs Turgid, deep Normal Acute glaucoma Entire eye red Fixed, dilated, oval Hazy Shallow High
- 9. RESOURCES • Comprehensive Ophthalmology Dr. Nasir Chaudhry
- 10. THANK YOU!