12. Cataract.pptx
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Cataract is a cloudiness or opacity of the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye that can cause decreased vision and eventual blindness. Cataracts can be classified in several ways, including by their location in the lens, the age of onset, the degree of opacity, and their appearance during examination. The most common types are nuclear cataracts, which involve the central lens nucleus, and cortical cataracts, which start as water clefts and vacuoles in the lens cortex. Cataracts can develop due to aging, genetic factors, metabolic conditions like diabetes, exposure to radiation or certain toxic medications, and other health issues.
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This document discusses the clinical classification of cataracts. It begins by defining a cataract and describing common symptoms. It then discusses different types of age-related cataracts including nuclear sclerosis, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts. The document also covers classifications such as congenital cataracts, traumatic cataracts, and zonular cataracts. Specific types of cataracts like blue dot, total, and polar cataracts are defined. In total, the document provides detailed descriptions and classifications for over 15 different types of cataracts.
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The document discusses cataracts, including the anatomy of the crystalline lens, physiology, causes, classification, and management. It describes the lens's structure, function of focusing light, and how cataracts form when the lens becomes opaque. Cataracts are classified based on cause, such as age-related senile cataracts, congenital cataracts, traumatic cataracts caused by injury, and complicated or metabolic cataracts linked to other conditions. Surgical removal and intraocular lens implantation are the primary management options.
Cataract.pptx
Gross Anatomy & Physiology of Eye
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Pathophysiology
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Surgical measures
Pre and post operative nursing management
Complications after surgery.
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DISEASE OF CRYSTALLINE LENS, CATARACTpptx
These occur due to some disturbance in the normal growth of the lens.
When the disturbance occurs before birth, the child is born with a congenital cataract.
Developmental cataract may occur from infant to adult.
Congenital and developmental opacities are very common (same appearance).
These are detected with the beam of slit lamp under full mydriasis.
Traumatic and complicated cataract
Cataract formation is commonly caused by blunt trauma to the eye and can result in flower-shaped opacities in the lens. Subluxation or dislocation of the lens may also occur due to trauma tearing the suspensory ligament. A cataract surgery may be needed to remove a visually significant cataract caused by trauma or other conditions like uveitis. Special considerations for surgery include damage to other ocular tissues, retained foreign bodies, inflammation, and zonular dehiscence.
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This document provides information on cataracts, including their definition, causes, classification, symptoms, stages of senile cataract development, and surgical management. It defines a cataract as any opacity in the lens or its capsule. Cataracts can be developmental or acquired and have various causes including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, UV rays, nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, smoking, and corticosteroids. Surgical management is indicated to improve vision or for medical reasons when cataracts cause issues like glaucoma or retinal diseases.
CATARACT 1.pptx
This document provides information about cataracts, including their classification, causes, symptoms, and progression. It discusses the following key points:
1. Cataracts are opacities of the lens or its capsule that can be developmental or acquired. Acquired opacities typically progress until the entire lens is involved.
2. Cataracts are caused by degeneration and opacification of lens fibers due to abnormalities in lens proteins and fiber organization.
3. Cataracts can be classified by anatomic location (e.g. cortical, nuclear), etiology (e.g. senile, traumatic), and maturity (immature, mature, hypermature).
4. Senile
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Cataract.pptx
Gross Anatomy & Physiology of Eye
Introduction to cataract
Epidemiology of cataract
The etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Types
Diagnostic measures
Surgical measures
Pre and post operative nursing management
Complications after surgery.
Summary
DISEASE OF CRYSTALLINE LENS, CATARACTpptx
These occur due to some disturbance in the normal growth of the lens.
When the disturbance occurs before birth, the child is born with a congenital cataract.
Developmental cataract may occur from infant to adult.
Congenital and developmental opacities are very common (same appearance).
These are detected with the beam of slit lamp under full mydriasis.
Traumatic and complicated cataract
Cataract formation is commonly caused by blunt trauma to the eye and can result in flower-shaped opacities in the lens. Subluxation or dislocation of the lens may also occur due to trauma tearing the suspensory ligament. A cataract surgery may be needed to remove a visually significant cataract caused by trauma or other conditions like uveitis. Special considerations for surgery include damage to other ocular tissues, retained foreign bodies, inflammation, and zonular dehiscence.
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This document provides information on cataracts, including their definition, causes, classification, symptoms, stages of senile cataract development, and surgical management. It defines a cataract as any opacity in the lens or its capsule. Cataracts can be developmental or acquired and have various causes including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, UV rays, nutritional deficiencies, diabetes, smoking, and corticosteroids. Surgical management is indicated to improve vision or for medical reasons when cataracts cause issues like glaucoma or retinal diseases.
CATARACT 1.pptx
This document provides information about cataracts, including their classification, causes, symptoms, and progression. It discusses the following key points:
1. Cataracts are opacities of the lens or its capsule that can be developmental or acquired. Acquired opacities typically progress until the entire lens is involved.
2. Cataracts are caused by degeneration and opacification of lens fibers due to abnormalities in lens proteins and fiber organization.
3. Cataracts can be classified by anatomic location (e.g. cortical, nuclear), etiology (e.g. senile, traumatic), and maturity (immature, mature, hypermature).
4. Senile
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Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
Cataract
This document summarizes information about cataracts:
Cataracts are opacities within the lens of the eye that cause light scattering. They can be classified by location as cortical, nuclear, or subcapsular. Age-related cataracts are the most common type and slowly progress over years. Other causes include childhood cataracts, trauma, intraocular diseases, systemic diseases, and certain drugs. The only treatment is surgical removal and replacement of the lens. Complications are rare but can include infection or hemorrhage.
Cataract-Ppt.pptx
Cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens that can impair vision. It is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, responsible for 48% of blindness. Age is the main risk factor, with most cataracts occurring in people over 65. Surgical removal and replacement of the lens with an intraocular lens is currently the only effective treatment. Post-surgery care involves administering eye drops and educating patients to avoid straining or rubbing the eyes during healing.
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This document discusses various types of cataracts, their causes, symptoms and management. It describes how cataracts can be primary/age-related or secondary due to other ocular diseases, systemic conditions like diabetes or medications. Trauma is also a common cause of unilateral cataract in young individuals. The document provides details on clinical findings, mechanisms and treatment of different cataract subtypes.
Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. Cataracts develop slowly and cause vision to deteriorate over time by interfering with light passing through the lens. Symptoms include blurred vision, sensitivity to light and glare, and difficulty seeing at night. Cataracts form as the lens becomes less flexible and transparent with age. During surgery, the clouded lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens implant to restore vision. Risk factors include increasing age, diabetes, smoking, and sun exposure. Regular eye exams can detect cataracts early and management options range from glasses to surgical removal and intraocular lens implantation.
MYOPIA , basics , causes , types and treatment
Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease[5][6][7] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][6] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][8] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][9]
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This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, causes, types, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide and involve the opacification or clouding of the lens of the eye. They can be acquired through aging, metabolic diseases like diabetes, trauma, or toxins, or can be congenital. Surgical removal of the clouded lens through procedures like phacoemulsification is currently the most effective treatment for restoring vision in patients with cataracts. Complications can potentially occur during or after cataract surgery if not properly managed.
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Ocular symptomatology
This document summarizes various ocular symptoms and their causes. It discusses anomalies of ocular motility such as asthenopia and binocular diplopia which can result from extraocular muscle imbalances or uncorrected refractive errors. It also describes disorders of the ocular surface including irritation, lacrimation, photophobia, and red eye which can be caused by dry eye, infections, or inflammation. Various visual phenomena like glare, floaters, photopsia, and others and their associations with conditions like vitreous degeneration, retinal tears, and migraines are outlined. Finally, it discusses diminution of vision including amblyopia, amaurosis, and their exogenous and bilateral causes like tox
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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss. It is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are cloudy lenses that reduce vision and are most often age-related. They occur when the lens becomes less transparent over time. Risk factors for cataracts include diabetes, corticosteroid use, and glaucoma. Both conditions are generally treated surgically by removing the opaque lens or reducing eye pressure, but vision lost from glaucoma cannot be recovered. A combined study found diabetes significantly increases cataract risk while glaucoma is also an independent risk factor, potentially causing 5% of all cataracts.
Lens and cataract
The document discusses the lens and cataract. It defines the lens as a transparent structure behind the iris that focuses light on the retina. Cataract is defined as any opacity within the lens. The most common cause of cataract is aging, but it can also be caused by trauma, inflammation, diabetes, and other systemic factors. Surgical removal of the cataract involves phacoemulsification, extracapsular extraction, or intracapsular extraction techniques. Post-operative care includes antibiotic and steroid eye drops. Complications include vitreous loss, iris prolapse, and endophthalmitis.
Cataract
This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, management, and complications. Cataracts are an opacity of the lens that can impair vision. The most common type is age-related senile cataracts, which usually begin around age 50. Risk factors include aging, UV exposure, diabetes, corticosteroid use, and trauma. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and slit lamp tests. Treatment is surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an intraocular lens. Complications can include infection, bleeding, and posterior capsule opacification.
Myopia
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Cataract
Cataract is the opacification of the lens of the eye. Senile or age-related cataract is a normal part of aging that typically affects people over 50 years old. It occurs in two main forms - cortical (soft) cataract affecting the lens cortex, and nuclear (hard) cataract affecting the lens nucleus. The progression of a senile cataract from early changes to mature/ripe cataract where the lens is completely opaque is described. Symptoms include glare, blurred vision, and eventually vision loss if untreated. Examination findings vary depending on the stage of the cataract.
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Similar to 12. Cataract.pptx
Cataract
This document provides an overview of cataracts, including:
- Definitions and types of cataracts such as developmental, acquired, congenital, and secondary.
- Causes of cataracts including age, genetics, trauma, toxins, and medical conditions.
- Classification systems for cataracts based on location, shape, degree of opacity.
- Symptoms such as decreased vision and glare.
- Stages of cortical and nuclear cataracts.
- Secondary cataracts that develop due to underlying ocular diseases.
Cataract
This document summarizes information about cataracts:
Cataracts are opacities within the lens of the eye that cause light scattering. They can be classified by location as cortical, nuclear, or subcapsular. Age-related cataracts are the most common type and slowly progress over years. Other causes include childhood cataracts, trauma, intraocular diseases, systemic diseases, and certain drugs. The only treatment is surgical removal and replacement of the lens. Complications are rare but can include infection or hemorrhage.
Cataract-Ppt.pptx
Cataract is a clouding of the eye's lens that can impair vision. It is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, responsible for 48% of blindness. Age is the main risk factor, with most cataracts occurring in people over 65. Surgical removal and replacement of the lens with an intraocular lens is currently the only effective treatment. Post-surgery care involves administering eye drops and educating patients to avoid straining or rubbing the eyes during healing.
Metabolic & complicated cataract.pptx
This document discusses various types of cataracts, their causes, symptoms and management. It describes how cataracts can be primary/age-related or secondary due to other ocular diseases, systemic conditions like diabetes or medications. Trauma is also a common cause of unilateral cataract in young individuals. The document provides details on clinical findings, mechanisms and treatment of different cataract subtypes.
Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of the eye. Cataracts develop slowly and cause vision to deteriorate over time by interfering with light passing through the lens. Symptoms include blurred vision, sensitivity to light and glare, and difficulty seeing at night. Cataracts form as the lens becomes less flexible and transparent with age. During surgery, the clouded lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens implant to restore vision. Risk factors include increasing age, diabetes, smoking, and sun exposure. Regular eye exams can detect cataracts early and management options range from glasses to surgical removal and intraocular lens implantation.
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Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease[5][6][7] where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.[1][2][6] As a result, distant objects appear blurry while close objects appear normal.[1] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[1][8] Severe myopia is associated with an increased risk of macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, and glaucoma.[2][9]
Myopia results from the length of the eyeball growing too long or less commonly the lens being too strong.[1][10] It is a type of refractive error.[1] Diagnosis is by the use of cycloplegics during eye examination.[11]
Tentative evidence indicates that the risk of myopia can be decreased by having young children spend more time outside.[12][13] This decrease in risk may be related to natural light exposure.[14] Myopia can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or by refractive surgery.[1][15] Eyeglasses are the simplest and safest method of correction.[1] Contact lenses can provide a relatively wider corrected field of vision, but are associated with an increased risk of infection.[1][16] Refractive surgeries like LASIK and PRK permanently change the shape of the cornea. Surgeries like Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implant a lens inside the anterior chamber in front of the natural eye lens. ICL doesn't affect the cornea.[
Cataract
This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, causes, types, diagnosis, treatment, and complications. Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness worldwide and involve the opacification or clouding of the lens of the eye. They can be acquired through aging, metabolic diseases like diabetes, trauma, or toxins, or can be congenital. Surgical removal of the clouded lens through procedures like phacoemulsification is currently the most effective treatment for restoring vision in patients with cataracts. Complications can potentially occur during or after cataract surgery if not properly managed.
cataract.pptx
This document discusses three common eye disorders: cataracts, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis. It defines each disorder and describes their causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Cataracts involve cloudiness of the lens, glaucoma damages the optic nerve leading to vision loss, and conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva commonly known as pink eye. Surgical intervention may be required for cataracts and glaucoma to prevent further vision impairment.
Ocular symptomatology
This document summarizes various ocular symptoms and their causes. It discusses anomalies of ocular motility such as asthenopia and binocular diplopia which can result from extraocular muscle imbalances or uncorrected refractive errors. It also describes disorders of the ocular surface including irritation, lacrimation, photophobia, and red eye which can be caused by dry eye, infections, or inflammation. Various visual phenomena like glare, floaters, photopsia, and others and their associations with conditions like vitreous degeneration, retinal tears, and migraines are outlined. Finally, it discusses diminution of vision including amblyopia, amaurosis, and their exogenous and bilateral causes like tox
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This document discusses anatomical and structural changes that occur in the eyes as people age. It provides details on changes in various eye structures including the lids, tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, pupil, crystalline lens, vitreous, choroid, and retina. Some key changes mentioned are a decrease in tear production and eyelid muscle strength, an increase in corneal astigmatism, a smaller and less reactive pupil, an increase in lens thickness and density causing presbyopia, and a decrease in ganglion cells and photoreceptor cells in the retina. The document aims to outline important considerations for geriatric optometry and eye care in an aging population.
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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss. It is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts are cloudy lenses that reduce vision and are most often age-related. They occur when the lens becomes less transparent over time. Risk factors for cataracts include diabetes, corticosteroid use, and glaucoma. Both conditions are generally treated surgically by removing the opaque lens or reducing eye pressure, but vision lost from glaucoma cannot be recovered. A combined study found diabetes significantly increases cataract risk while glaucoma is also an independent risk factor, potentially causing 5% of all cataracts.
Lens and cataract
The document discusses the lens and cataract. It defines the lens as a transparent structure behind the iris that focuses light on the retina. Cataract is defined as any opacity within the lens. The most common cause of cataract is aging, but it can also be caused by trauma, inflammation, diabetes, and other systemic factors. Surgical removal of the cataract involves phacoemulsification, extracapsular extraction, or intracapsular extraction techniques. Post-operative care includes antibiotic and steroid eye drops. Complications include vitreous loss, iris prolapse, and endophthalmitis.
Cataract
This document discusses cataracts, including their definition, risk factors, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, management, and complications. Cataracts are an opacity of the lens that can impair vision. The most common type is age-related senile cataracts, which usually begin around age 50. Risk factors include aging, UV exposure, diabetes, corticosteroid use, and trauma. Diagnosis involves visual acuity and slit lamp tests. Treatment is surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an intraocular lens. Complications can include infection, bleeding, and posterior capsule opacification.
Myopia
Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive condition where parallel rays of light focus in front of the retina. There are several types of myopia based on etiology. Simple myopia is the most common type and results from axial elongation of the eyeball. Pathological myopia can lead to degenerative changes in the retina and choroid over time like myopic crescents if left untreated. Treatment options include optical correction with glasses or contacts, refractive surgeries like LASIK, and low vision aids for advanced cases. Proper diet and genetic counseling can help manage risk of progression.
opthalmology case presentation - senile cataract
At the first visit, the patient's binocular vision was 0.9, which was not bad. Why did he see things blurred?
Keratoconus MANAGEMENT
Keratoconus is a bilateral, non-inflammatory condition characterized by thinning and steepening of the cornea, causing irregular myopic astigmatism and progressive vision loss. It affects the cornea and can cause monocular diplopia, visual distortions, and decreased visual acuity as it progresses. Low vision management may include piggyback contact lenses, pinhole lenses to reduce ghost images, and magnification devices.
Cataract
Cataract is the opacification of the lens of the eye. Senile or age-related cataract is a normal part of aging that typically affects people over 50 years old. It occurs in two main forms - cortical (soft) cataract affecting the lens cortex, and nuclear (hard) cataract affecting the lens nucleus. The progression of a senile cataract from early changes to mature/ripe cataract where the lens is completely opaque is described. Symptoms include glare, blurred vision, and eventually vision loss if untreated. Examination findings vary depending on the stage of the cataract.
High myopia.pptx
High myopia, or severe nearsightedness, is defined as a refractive error of -6.00 diopters or worse. It can be caused by genetic factors and environmental factors like extensive near work. Complications of high myopia include retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts, and pathological changes to the eye. Management options include spectacle correction, contact lenses, refractive surgery, and orthokeratology, which uses special contact lenses worn overnight to temporarily reshape the cornea and improve uncorrected vision during the day.
Corneal Ectasias
This document summarizes a case of keratectasia that developed in a patient's right eye following LASIK surgery. Initially, the patient's vision was good in both eyes after bilateral LASIK, but over three years her vision deteriorated in the right eye. Examination revealed irregular corneal contour with inferior thinning and steepening in the right eye resembling keratoconus. This is a case of keratectasia, a serious complication where the cornea bulges out due to weakening from refractive surgery.
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10. Conjunctivitis.pptx
This document summarizes different types of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). It describes the symptoms, signs, causes, and treatment for acute conjunctivitis types including viral, allergic, vernal/atopic, bacterial, gonococcal, and pediculosis conjunctivitis. It also summarizes chronic conjunctivitis types such as chlamydial, trachoma, molluscum contagiosum, and microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the defining characteristics and recommended treatment approaches.
9. Leukocoria.pptx
This document discusses various causes of leukocoria or white pupil in children, including retinoblastoma, toxocariasis, Coats disease, persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), pediatric cataract, retinal astrocytoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). It describes the clinical presentation, workup, and treatment for each condition. The workup may include imaging like ultrasound and angiography as well as lab tests. Treatments range from observation to chemotherapy, surgery, laser therapy, and anti-VEGF agents depending on the specific cause.
8. Corneal abnormalities & corneal ulcer.pptx
Corneal abnormalities and ulcers can be congenital, dystrophic, or degenerative in nature. Congenital anomalies include microcornea, megalocornea, and nanophthalmos. Corneal dystrophies affect the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, or endothelium. Epithelial dystrophy causes thickened grey epithelium and recurrent erosions. Degeneration such as arcus senilis causes a greyish white ring around the cornea. Corneal ulcers are discontinuities in the corneal epithelium with surrounding necrosis. Infectious ulcers from bacteria or fungi cause pain and discharge while non-infectious ulcers do not. Treatment depends on the cause but may
7. RED EYE.pptx
This document discusses the causes and differential diagnosis of red eye. It lists various etiologies of red eye including adnexal causes like blepharitis, conjunctival causes like conjunctivitis, corneal causes like infectious keratitis, and other causes like dry eye syndrome. Key conditions are described in more detail such as subconjunctival hemorrhage, dry eye syndrome, corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, episcleritis, and scleritis. The document concludes with a table comparing the signs and symptoms of subconjunctival hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, iritis, and acute glaucoma to aid in differential diagnosis of red eye.
6. Dry eye diagnosis and management.pptx
Dry eye is a condition where a person does not produce enough tears to lubricate their eyes. Tears are necessary to maintain the health of the eye surface and provide clear vision. Dry eye is common in older adults and can be caused by many factors like lifestyle, medications, diseases, and eye surgeries. Treatment depends on the severity of dry eye and may include artificial tears, anti-inflammatory drops, punctal plugs, and moisture goggles. Preventive measures involve increasing humidity, blinking regularly, and avoiding dry environments.
5. Watery eye.pptx
This document discusses the causes and treatment of watery eyes. It begins by defining watery eyes as excess tearing caused by overproduction of tears or obstruction of tear drainage. The two main types are lacrimation due to excessive tear production and epiphora due to issues with the tear drainage system. The tear production system and drainage system anatomy are described. Causes of excess tearing include inflammation, irritation, or issues obstructing drainage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include punctal dilation, lacrimal intubation, dacryocystorhinostomy, or other surgical procedures to restore tear drainage. Proper diagnosis and treatment of watery eyes is important for patient quality of life and visual outcomes.
4. Extra ocular movements and strabismus.pptx
This document provides an overview of extraocular muscles (EOM), their actions and innervation, as well as types of strabismus. It discusses the six EOM that control eye movement, noting their innervation and actions. Types of eye movement covered include version, duction, and vergence. The document then describes various types of strabismus such as esotropia, exotropia, and convergence insufficiency. In summary, it provides a comprehensive review of EOM function and the classifications of strabismus conditions.
3. Pupil examination.pptx
This document provides information on examining a patient's pupils, including key features to examine, common conditions that cause abnormal pupil size or shape, and how to test pupil reflexes. It discusses examining pupil size, shape, position, color, and symmetry. Pupil size can be abnormally small due to miotic agents or conditions that affect the sympathetic pathway, or abnormally large due to dilating drops or conditions affecting the parasympathetic fibers. Key reflexes to test include the direct, consensual, near, and swinging flash light reflexes. Conditions like Horner's syndrome, Adie's tonic pupil, and Argyll Robertson pupil may present with abnormal pupil examination findings.
2. Visual field examination and abnormalities.pptx
The document discusses visual field examinations and abnormalities. It defines the normal visual field and describes common visual field defects like scotomas, hemianopias, and quadrantanopias that can occur due to lesions in different parts of the visual pathway from the optic nerve to the occipital lobe. It explains how lesions before the optic chiasm produce unilateral field deficits while lesions after the chiasm can cause homonymous defects in both eyes. Different techniques are used to examine the visual field including confrontation testing, automated static perimetry, and frequency doubling perimetry.
1. Methods of eye examination.pptx
This document outlines various methods used in eye examinations, including:
- External examination of the eyes and surrounding structures.
- Assessment of visual acuity using charts at both near and distance.
- Testing of color vision and pupillary response.
- Evaluation of eye movements and alignment using cover tests.
- Assessment of binocular vision and screening for macular diseases using an Amsler grid.
- Examination of the anterior and posterior segments using a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope.
- Measurement of intraocular pressure through tonometry and assessment of the anterior chamber angle through gonioscopy.
- Determination of central corneal thickness through pachymetry.
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12. Cataract.pptx
- 1. CATARACT By: Qurat-ul-ain Ophthalmic Medical Technologist/ MBA Health & Hospital management
- 2. CATARACT CLASSIFICATION OF CATARACT • According to location • According to age at onset • According to degree of opacity present • According to rate of development • On the basis of bi-microscopic appearance • On the basis of any systemic disorder It is a cloudiness or opacity in the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye. Its cloudiness can cause a decrease in vision and may lead to eventual blindness.
- 3. NUCLEAR CATARACT Myopic shift. Decrease in distance vision, difficulty in night driving, monocular diplopia, and loss of color discrimination ability. Gradual opacification of the central portion of the lens nucleus. Age-related, sclerosis, yellowing or brown to black darkening of the lens nucleus.
- 4. POSTERIOR SUB-CAPSULAR CATARACT Glare and decreased visual acuity especially during bright sunlight but see well in dim illumination. Granular opacities in the posterior pole of cortex May be age related or occur as a complication of other conditions such as intraocular inflammation, steroid administration, vitreoretinal surgery and trauma. May also be related to irradiation & systemic conditions
- 5. ANTERIOR SUB-CAPSULAR POLAR CATARACT May present as congenital or acquired cataract secondary to uveitis or trauma. May or may not cause a significant visual disturbance Small anterior polar opacification May involve only the capsule, sub-capsular area or may be pyramidal and project into the anterior chamber May occur anywhere in the pupillary region
- 6. CORTICAL CATARACT Most common form of senile cataract Minimal symptoms of decreased VA Mild to severe glare and night vision difficulties and may impair driving. When the lens opacities are in the visual axis patient may complain of monocular diplopia. Opacities located in the cortical layer and starts from the lower portion of the lens. Early stage – water clefts and vacuoles, resulting in irreversible opacities. Advance stage – spoke like or wedge shape peripheral opacities progress circumferentially.
- 7. ACCORDING TO AGE AT ONSET Congenital/ Infantile Occur in new born babies for many reasons that can include inherited tendencies, infection, metabolic problems, diabetes, trauma, inflammation or drug reactions. Juvenile/ Acquired A soft cataract occurring in a child or young adult, usually congenital or resulting from trauma. Age-related Occurs due to: protein clumping or Lens discoloration
- 8. DEGREE OF OPACITY INCIPIENT A very early stage of development with no impairment of vision. IMMATURE An incomplete cataract, the lens is only slightly opaque and the cortex clear. Hazy view of optic disc. INTUMESCENT A mature cataract that progresses, the lens becomes swollen from the osmotic effect of degenerated lens protein and this may lead to secondary angle closure (acute) glaucoma.
- 9. Mature Completely opaque lens No disc view. Hyper-mature Lens begun to liquefy. Swollen, milky cortex, the result of autolysis of the lens fibers of a mature cataract. Lens becomes either dehydrated and flattened or liquid and soft with the nucleus at the bottom of the capsule. An opaque lens that has lost water and has become soft and reduced in size.
- 10. BI-MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE Lamellar Affecting only certain layers between the cortex and nucleus of the lens. Coralliform Congenital cataract with round or elongated processes radiating from the centre of the lens. Punctate An incomplete cataract in which there are opaque dots scattered through the lens.
- 11. ETIOLOGY • Aging • Congenital disorders • Genetic abnormalities • Maternal rubella during 1st trimester • Traumatic • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment • Diabetes mellitus • Retinitis pigmentosa • Hypo-parathyroidism • Myotonic dystrophy • Atopic dermatitis • Exposure to ionizing radiation or infrared rays
- 12. DRUGS TOXIC TO LENS • Prednisone • Ergot alkaloids • Di-nitro phenol • Naphthalene • Phenothiazines • Pilocarpine • Exposure to ultraviolet rays
- 13. THANK YOU!