17- Eyelid and adnexal disorders.pptx
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This document discusses various eyelid and adnexal disorders including cysts, infections, and inflammations. It describes inclusion cysts, retention cysts, and dermoid cysts that can occur in the eyelids. It also discusses blepharitis, hordeolum (internal and external), and chalazion as common eyelid infections and inflammations, providing details on their etiology, signs, and treatment approaches. Additionally, it covers entropion and ectropion conditions where the eyelid rolls inward or outward, respectively, and notes treatment methods. Other infections like molluscum contagiosum caused by viral agents are also mentioned.
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Secondary glaucoma can occur due to various causes that obstruct the normal outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. These include lens-induced glaucomas caused by hypermature cataracts releasing proteins that block outflow pathways, ectopia lentis where the displaced lens causes pupillary block, and aphakic/pseudophakic glaucoma where the vitreous face can block outflow pathways after cataract surgery. Inflammatory glaucomas can also occur secondarily due to conditions that disrupt the blood-aqueous barrier and cause increased proteins, cells, or synechiae to block outflow. Neovascular glaucoma is another secondary cause related to ischemic retinal conditions
14. Primary glaucoma.pptx
Primary glaucoma refers to a group of eye diseases characterized by optic nerve damage and vision loss caused by increased intraocular pressure (IOP). The two main types are primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). POAG is chronic, progressive, and characterized by an open iridocorneal angle and loss of retinal ganglion cells leading to visual field defects. PACG occurs when the iris blocks the drainage angle, increasing IOP and potentially causing severe eye pain and vision loss if not treated quickly. Both can lead to permanent vision loss if left untreated.
13. Uveitis.pptx
Uveitis is an inflammatory condition of the uveal tract of the eye. It is classified based on the location of inflammation as anterior, intermediate, posterior, or pan-uveitis. Uveitis can be infectious, associated with systemic diseases, drug-related, or immunologic in origin. Anterior uveitis causes pain, redness, and photophobia, while intermediate uveitis presents with floaters and decreased vision. Posterior uveitis symptoms vary depending on location but can include floaters or impaired central vision. Pan-uveitis results in severe inflammation throughout the eye. Investigations include serology tests, imaging like fluorescein angiography, and biopsy. Treatment involves mydriatics
12. Cataract.pptx
Cataract is a cloudiness or opacity of the normally transparent crystalline lens of the eye that can cause decreased vision and eventual blindness. Cataracts can be classified in several ways, including by their location in the lens, the age of onset, the degree of opacity, and their appearance during examination. The most common types are nuclear cataracts, which involve the central lens nucleus, and cortical cataracts, which start as water clefts and vacuoles in the lens cortex. Cataracts can develop due to aging, genetic factors, metabolic conditions like diabetes, exposure to radiation or certain toxic medications, and other health issues.
11. Refractive errors.pptx
This document discusses refractive errors of the eye. It defines the three main types as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. Hypermetropia is when light focuses behind the retina. Astigmatism is when light does not focus to a single point on the retina. Each type is then further described in terms of causes, presentations, complications, and management approaches which typically involve corrective lenses, refractive surgery, or lens extraction and implantation.
10. Conjunctivitis.pptx
This document summarizes different types of conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva). It describes the symptoms, signs, causes, and treatment for acute conjunctivitis types including viral, allergic, vernal/atopic, bacterial, gonococcal, and pediculosis conjunctivitis. It also summarizes chronic conjunctivitis types such as chlamydial, trachoma, molluscum contagiosum, and microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis. For each type, it provides a brief overview of the defining characteristics and recommended treatment approaches.
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This document discusses various causes of leukocoria or white pupil in children, including retinoblastoma, toxocariasis, Coats disease, persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), pediatric cataract, retinal astrocytoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). It describes the clinical presentation, workup, and treatment for each condition. The workup may include imaging like ultrasound and angiography as well as lab tests. Treatments range from observation to chemotherapy, surgery, laser therapy, and anti-VEGF agents depending on the specific cause.
8. Corneal abnormalities & corneal ulcer.pptx
Corneal abnormalities and ulcers can be congenital, dystrophic, or degenerative in nature. Congenital anomalies include microcornea, megalocornea, and nanophthalmos. Corneal dystrophies affect the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, or endothelium. Epithelial dystrophy causes thickened grey epithelium and recurrent erosions. Degeneration such as arcus senilis causes a greyish white ring around the cornea. Corneal ulcers are discontinuities in the corneal epithelium with surrounding necrosis. Infectious ulcers from bacteria or fungi cause pain and discharge while non-infectious ulcers do not. Treatment depends on the cause but may
7. RED EYE.pptx
This document discusses the causes and differential diagnosis of red eye. It lists various etiologies of red eye including adnexal causes like blepharitis, conjunctival causes like conjunctivitis, corneal causes like infectious keratitis, and other causes like dry eye syndrome. Key conditions are described in more detail such as subconjunctival hemorrhage, dry eye syndrome, corneal abrasion, corneal ulcer, episcleritis, and scleritis. The document concludes with a table comparing the signs and symptoms of subconjunctival hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, iritis, and acute glaucoma to aid in differential diagnosis of red eye.
6. Dry eye diagnosis and management.pptx
Dry eye is a condition where a person does not produce enough tears to lubricate their eyes. Tears are necessary to maintain the health of the eye surface and provide clear vision. Dry eye is common in older adults and can be caused by many factors like lifestyle, medications, diseases, and eye surgeries. Treatment depends on the severity of dry eye and may include artificial tears, anti-inflammatory drops, punctal plugs, and moisture goggles. Preventive measures involve increasing humidity, blinking regularly, and avoiding dry environments.
5. Watery eye.pptx
This document discusses the causes and treatment of watery eyes. It begins by defining watery eyes as excess tearing caused by overproduction of tears or obstruction of tear drainage. The two main types are lacrimation due to excessive tear production and epiphora due to issues with the tear drainage system. The tear production system and drainage system anatomy are described. Causes of excess tearing include inflammation, irritation, or issues obstructing drainage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include punctal dilation, lacrimal intubation, dacryocystorhinostomy, or other surgical procedures to restore tear drainage. Proper diagnosis and treatment of watery eyes is important for patient quality of life and visual outcomes.
4. Extra ocular movements and strabismus.pptx
This document provides an overview of extraocular muscles (EOM), their actions and innervation, as well as types of strabismus. It discusses the six EOM that control eye movement, noting their innervation and actions. Types of eye movement covered include version, duction, and vergence. The document then describes various types of strabismus such as esotropia, exotropia, and convergence insufficiency. In summary, it provides a comprehensive review of EOM function and the classifications of strabismus conditions.
3. Pupil examination.pptx
This document provides information on examining a patient's pupils, including key features to examine, common conditions that cause abnormal pupil size or shape, and how to test pupil reflexes. It discusses examining pupil size, shape, position, color, and symmetry. Pupil size can be abnormally small due to miotic agents or conditions that affect the sympathetic pathway, or abnormally large due to dilating drops or conditions affecting the parasympathetic fibers. Key reflexes to test include the direct, consensual, near, and swinging flash light reflexes. Conditions like Horner's syndrome, Adie's tonic pupil, and Argyll Robertson pupil may present with abnormal pupil examination findings.
2. Visual field examination and abnormalities.pptx
The document discusses visual field examinations and abnormalities. It defines the normal visual field and describes common visual field defects like scotomas, hemianopias, and quadrantanopias that can occur due to lesions in different parts of the visual pathway from the optic nerve to the occipital lobe. It explains how lesions before the optic chiasm produce unilateral field deficits while lesions after the chiasm can cause homonymous defects in both eyes. Different techniques are used to examine the visual field including confrontation testing, automated static perimetry, and frequency doubling perimetry.
1. Methods of eye examination.pptx
This document outlines various methods used in eye examinations, including:
- External examination of the eyes and surrounding structures.
- Assessment of visual acuity using charts at both near and distance.
- Testing of color vision and pupillary response.
- Evaluation of eye movements and alignment using cover tests.
- Assessment of binocular vision and screening for macular diseases using an Amsler grid.
- Examination of the anterior and posterior segments using a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope.
- Measurement of intraocular pressure through tonometry and assessment of the anterior chamber angle through gonioscopy.
- Determination of central corneal thickness through pachymetry.
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- 1. EYELID AND ADNEXAL DISORDERS By: Qurat-ul-ain Ophthalmic Medical Technologist/ MBA Health & Hospital management
- 2. CYSTS Inclusion cyst Occurs in any part of the eyelid following trauma or infection. Retention cyst These are the results of blockade of ductal opening of eccrine glands May contain clear or sebaceous material based on the type of gland involved Dermoid cyst Encountered in midline or fusion lines Frequently seen in infants and adolescents.
- 4. BLEPHARITIS Effecting the eye-lids Chronic inflammation of lid-margin Types: staphylococci or seborrheic Symptoms: foreign body sensation, burning, mattering Signs: May pre-dispose to chalazia, blepharon-conjunctivitis, loss of lashes. Crusting in the lashes & thickened lid-margin Treatment: Warm compresses Lid scrubs with 50/50 mixture of non-irritating shampoo & water daily Antibiotic ointment at bedtime for 2-3 weeks (bacitracin or erythromycin).
- 5. HORDEOLUM Internal Hordeolum External Hordeolum Staph. Abscess of meibomian gland Staph. Abscess of lash follicles & associated glands of zeis and moll. Tender swelling within tarsal Tender swelling at lid- margin May discharge via skin or conjunctiva May discharge via skin. A suppurative non-specific inflammation of eyelid adnexa. On the basis of inflammation site, it has two types: Internal hordeolum External hordeolum Begins as diffuse swelling followed by localization of a nodule to the lid-margin. Staphylococcal infection of Zeis gland.
- 6. CHALAZION Chronic non-infective granulomatous inflammation of sebaceous glands of lids with/without granulomatous reaction Zeiss gland inflammation – external chalazion Meibomian gland – internal chalazion Etiology: Obstruction of meibomian gland orifice resulting in accumulation of sebaceous secretion within acini of gland. Obstruction caused by infection conditions. Treatment: Conservative treatment: Observation expression Hot fomentation Medical treatment: Topical steroid and antibiotic Corticosteroid injection into or around the lesion Surgical Incision and curettage
- 7. ENTROPION Treatment: Medical treatment: It is short term and includes use of lubricants, soft contact lenses, tapping and orbicularis denervation with botulinum injection or alcohol injections. Surgical treatment: Transverse everting sutures Wedge resection Weiss procedure Jones procedure Lateral tarsal strip procedure A condition in which eye-lid margin is inverted inward towards the globe. It is a result of involutional or due to cicatrization. Types: o Congenital o Acquired
- 8. ECTROPION: Treatment: Medical treatment: Artificial tears and lubricants at bedtime Surgical treatment: oMedial conjunctivoplasty oHorizontal lid shortening oExcision of tarso-conjunctival pentagon A condition in which eye-lid margin is everted away from the eye-ball. Types: o Congenital o Acquired o Mechanical
- 9. OTHER INFECTIONS/ INFLAMMATIONS • Bacterial / mycobacterial agents may produce non-granulomatous or granulomatous reaction accordingly. • Viral infections that affect skin Molluscum contagiosum • Prescence of molluscum bodies • Result of enlargement and distension of epidermal cells with viral inclusions.
- 10. THANK YOU!