The document discusses the use of energy-based devices like lasers in treating sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It provides an overview of different types of lasers and their applications in managing various STDs. Specifically, it describes how carbon dioxide lasers can be used to treat genital warts and condyloma acuminata through ablation and vaporization. Studies show carbon dioxide laser therapy is an effective treatment for STDs like genital warts, with benefits like being painless, allowing quick healing, and having low recurrence rates compared to other options. The document outlines the evolution of laser technology and its increasing use in dermatology and management of STDs over time.
El 12 de mayo de 2017 celebramos en la Fundación Ramó Areces una jornada con IS Global y Unitaid sobre enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la malaria, entre otras.
Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIM) are more likely to be multiple and recur compared to spontaneous meningiomas. The studies reviewed found that 18% of RIM cases were multiple and 23% recurred, compared to lower rates for spontaneous meningiomas. While the studies could not definitively conclude RIM are more likely to be higher grade, the majority were found to be WHO grade 1 or 2. Long-term surveillance is recommended for individuals who received cranial radiation, such as childhood cancer survivors, due to the increased risk of developing RIM. Further research is needed to better understand RIM characteristics and natural history.
How did we trigger scientists around the globe to uncover the low dose radiat...SMJ Mortazavi
Any attempt to inactivate a virus exerts strong selective pressure on the virus. Given this consideration, antiviral drugs can exert strong selective pressure on SARS-COV-2. In March 2020, we proposed the concept of Low Dose Radiation Therapy (LDRT) for COVID-19 associated pneumonia. This treatment was a 100% "selective pressure-free" therapeutic approach. After our paper, tens of papers published on this issue, and now LDRT for COVID-19 is receiving rapidly increasing global attention.
The document discusses how social determinants and structural interventions outside the health sector can influence health outcomes. It provides evidence that factors like gender inequality, poverty, and lack of social cohesion negatively impact health. Strategic investments in areas like gender equality, education, and building social capital can improve health as seen in examples that reduced HIV, TB, and increased bed net use. The document argues for an integrated health and development approach to achieve multiple targets and synergies across sectors to renew progress on global health goals.
Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine, posing significant health burdens globally. In recent years, extensive research efforts have aimed at understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cancer research across various domains. The elucidation of genetic and molecular alterations driving oncogenesis has revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Key discoveries in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have unveiled the heterogeneous nature of tumors, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. Moreover, advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel cancer biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a critical determinant of cancer progression and therapy response. Research focusing on the dynamic interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal components within the TME has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various cancer types. In addition to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the advent of precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment paradigms. Molecular profiling of tumors enables clinicians to match patients with specific targeted therapies, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in cancer research has facilitated the prediction of treatment responses and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
1. The document discusses various studies on HIV and AIDS. It examines how PCR techniques can detect HIV even in asymptomatic patients, and how HIV replicates poorly in macaque models due to species-specific differences in CD4 receptors and co-factors.
2. Accidental needlestick infections and transmission from dentists to patients are discussed as examples of HIV transmission. The depletion of CD4+ T-cells during clinical latency is also summarized, as HIV production outstrips the immune system's ability to replace cells.
3. The latency period allows the immune system to be depleted enough for opportunistic infections to take hold, as HIV remains latent in memory T-cells. Variability in clinical latency depends on viral mutations
The document discusses several topics related to addressing malaria issues in developing countries, including:
1. Calls for a new era of malaria eradication efforts in the 21st century due to renewed investment and new intervention strategies that have reduced malaria incidence.
2. Lessons learned from past eradication efforts in the 20th century, including successes in some areas but failures in highly endemic regions.
3. The importance of knowledge sharing between the scientific community and malaria control programs, and ensuring this knowledge reaches endemic country scientists.
This document discusses guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer prevention and screening. It covers HPV types and infection, how HPV infection can lead to cancer, and risk factors. It discusses three main approaches to cervical cancer prevention - primary prevention through HPV vaccination, secondary prevention via screening and treatment of precancerous lesions, and tertiary prevention. The document provides details on HPV vaccines, screening recommendations, challenges to vaccination, and treatment options.
El 12 de mayo de 2017 celebramos en la Fundación Ramó Areces una jornada con IS Global y Unitaid sobre enfermedades transmitidas por vectores, como la malaria, entre otras.
Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIM) are more likely to be multiple and recur compared to spontaneous meningiomas. The studies reviewed found that 18% of RIM cases were multiple and 23% recurred, compared to lower rates for spontaneous meningiomas. While the studies could not definitively conclude RIM are more likely to be higher grade, the majority were found to be WHO grade 1 or 2. Long-term surveillance is recommended for individuals who received cranial radiation, such as childhood cancer survivors, due to the increased risk of developing RIM. Further research is needed to better understand RIM characteristics and natural history.
How did we trigger scientists around the globe to uncover the low dose radiat...SMJ Mortazavi
Any attempt to inactivate a virus exerts strong selective pressure on the virus. Given this consideration, antiviral drugs can exert strong selective pressure on SARS-COV-2. In March 2020, we proposed the concept of Low Dose Radiation Therapy (LDRT) for COVID-19 associated pneumonia. This treatment was a 100% "selective pressure-free" therapeutic approach. After our paper, tens of papers published on this issue, and now LDRT for COVID-19 is receiving rapidly increasing global attention.
The document discusses how social determinants and structural interventions outside the health sector can influence health outcomes. It provides evidence that factors like gender inequality, poverty, and lack of social cohesion negatively impact health. Strategic investments in areas like gender equality, education, and building social capital can improve health as seen in examples that reduced HIV, TB, and increased bed net use. The document argues for an integrated health and development approach to achieve multiple targets and synergies across sectors to renew progress on global health goals.
Cancer remains one of the most formidable challenges in modern medicine, posing significant health burdens globally. In recent years, extensive research efforts have aimed at understanding the intricate mechanisms underlying cancer development, progression, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cancer research across various domains. The elucidation of genetic and molecular alterations driving oncogenesis has revolutionized our understanding of cancer biology. Key discoveries in genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have unveiled the heterogeneous nature of tumors, paving the way for personalized treatment approaches. Moreover, advancements in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel cancer biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a critical determinant of cancer progression and therapy response. Research focusing on the dynamic interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal components within the TME has led to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various cancer types. In addition to targeted therapies and immunotherapies, the advent of precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment paradigms. Molecular profiling of tumors enables clinicians to match patients with specific targeted therapies, optimizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in cancer research has facilitated the prediction of treatment responses and identification of novel therapeutic targets.
1. The document discusses various studies on HIV and AIDS. It examines how PCR techniques can detect HIV even in asymptomatic patients, and how HIV replicates poorly in macaque models due to species-specific differences in CD4 receptors and co-factors.
2. Accidental needlestick infections and transmission from dentists to patients are discussed as examples of HIV transmission. The depletion of CD4+ T-cells during clinical latency is also summarized, as HIV production outstrips the immune system's ability to replace cells.
3. The latency period allows the immune system to be depleted enough for opportunistic infections to take hold, as HIV remains latent in memory T-cells. Variability in clinical latency depends on viral mutations
The document discusses several topics related to addressing malaria issues in developing countries, including:
1. Calls for a new era of malaria eradication efforts in the 21st century due to renewed investment and new intervention strategies that have reduced malaria incidence.
2. Lessons learned from past eradication efforts in the 20th century, including successes in some areas but failures in highly endemic regions.
3. The importance of knowledge sharing between the scientific community and malaria control programs, and ensuring this knowledge reaches endemic country scientists.
This document discusses guidelines for human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer prevention and screening. It covers HPV types and infection, how HPV infection can lead to cancer, and risk factors. It discusses three main approaches to cervical cancer prevention - primary prevention through HPV vaccination, secondary prevention via screening and treatment of precancerous lesions, and tertiary prevention. The document provides details on HPV vaccines, screening recommendations, challenges to vaccination, and treatment options.
A Geographical Distribution of Aids Cases in Tamilnadu District Wise (2008 – ...IJERA Editor
The document analyzes the geographical distribution of AIDS cases in Tamil Nadu, India from 2008-2014. It finds that in 2008, Chennai had the highest number of AIDS cases at 24.78% of the total, followed by Karur at 4.92%, Namakkal at 5.88%, and Salem at 5.74%. The districts with the lowest prevalence in 2008 were Kannyakumari, Nagapattinam, Nilgiris and Pudukkottai. The total number of AIDS cases in Tamil Nadu in 2008 was 29,731, with 10,1899 male cases and 41,630 female cases. The study aims to analyze the trends in HIV epidemic across districts over time and
Controversies in melanoma -Professor Torello Lotti, MD - University G.Marcon...VR Foundation
etiopathogenesis: The role of sun exposure Hormons and melanoma
The role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy The role of Contrast Enanched Ultra Sound The role of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Excisional VS incisional biopsy
This document summarizes a presentation on applying systems biology approaches to epidemiology and personalized medicine. It discusses how epidemiology has evolved from studying single risk factors to investigating complex interactions between genes, environments and diseases. Systems approaches integrate multiple levels of data to gain insights into disease mechanisms. Large consortia now apply these methods to conditions like asthma and COPD to understand their complexity. Epidemiology contributes a population perspective and helps develop evidence-based systems medicine frameworks.
A Revisit To The Research Updates Of Drugs, Vaccines, And Bioinformatics Appr...Lisa Garcia
This review summarizes recent research on drugs, vaccines, and bioinformatics approaches for combating the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses candidate drugs like remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and dexamethasone currently in human clinical trials. Vaccine candidates in trials include mRNA-1273 and those based on measles, mumps and rubella. The review also discusses in silico studies using molecular docking and dynamics simulations to identify potential drug targets for COVID-19. It aims to provide researchers an update on efforts to develop effective treatments and preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
This document summarizes an abstract from a scientific conference on predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. The abstract describes a study that investigated the role of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in a mouse model of gingivitis. The study hypothesized that IDO plays a key role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses in gingivitis. The researchers used a multilevel diagnostic approach including medical imaging, multi-omics analysis and subcellular imaging to develop predictive and prognostic biomarker panels to improve individual outcomes from radioembolization treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. The integrated market access approach described aims to maximize the value of companion diagnostics used with targeted cancer drugs.
This document summarizes a study on multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis conducted in South Gujarat, India. A total of 90 samples were collected and analyzed using staining, culture and drug susceptibility testing. Of the 33 culture positive samples, 96.96% were M. tuberculosis and 3.04% were atypical mycobacteria. Drug susceptibility testing found that 39.39% of strains were multi-drug resistant, 6.06% were sensitive to all drugs tested, and 54.55% were resistant to one or more drugs other than the combination defining multi-drug resistance. The results indicate a prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in the study region.
Oral presentation on clinico histopathological profile of dermatological diso...Dr. Varughese George
Oral presentation on Clinico-histopathological profile of dermatological disorders - A study at tertiary care teaching hospital centre in Pondicherry by Dr.Varughese George
Give five presentation tips used when doing presentationDQ-1.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Give five presentation tips used when doing presentation
DQ-1
Impetigo is a disease characterized by superficial infection of the skin that begins as small vesicles. These vesicles rupture and for crust. The crust is honey colored with a presentation of bullous or non-bullous. The risk factors in developing impetigo are being exposed to humind environment , insect bites, minor cuts and poor hygiene. Non-bullous vesicles are 1 to 2mm in diameter that rupture and form a honey colored crust. These wound often time weep and present as red colored shallow ulcerations. These are common on the patients mouth, face, nose,eyes. They can arise from insect bites or trauma. Bullous type most common in newborn babies presented on their diaper area or neck folds. These infections if left untreated may become systemin infections such as sepsis (Moes-Wójtowicz, Wachnicka-Bąk, Agnieszka Opałka,Kalicki, Jung,2015). These vesicles are fluid filled blisters that become limp and then burst open. Upon assessment of the patient history and chief complaint I will assess for risks mentioned above and see if the patient has any of these risks. Second, I will identify if the vesicles are as described above. If the patient meets criteria, I will then swab the area for culture. These skin conditions often are associated with bacterial infections such as in group Strep infections (Corredor-Osorio,Corredor-Osorio,Corredor-Osorio, 2016). Differential diagnosis consists of herpes simplex, insect bites and dermatitis. The treatment for this are topic antibiotics and frequently washing of the area that is infected. In severe cases systeming antibitics may be required for this infection. Children that are infected may not return to school until infection is controlled.
Corredor-Osorio, R., Corredor-Osorio, M., & Corredor-Osorio, A. (2016). Eyelid nonbullous impetigo. Our Dermatology Online / Nasza Dermatologia Online, 7(3), 291–293. https://doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20163.78
Alicja Moes-Wójtowicz, Anna Wachnicka-Bąk, Agnieszka Lipińska-Opałka, Bolesław Kalicki, & Anna Jung. (2015). Impetigo asacause of sepsis ininfants. Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna, 11(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2015.0021
DQ-2
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm skin cancer worldwide (Liu, Liu, & Bian, 2020). Risk factors include gender, age, immunosuppression, chemicals (arsenic), and ultraviolet light exposure. BCC is more prevalent in Caucasian males, typically, after the age of 40 years, and develops slowly in exposed areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, ears, neck, and trunk (Liu et al., 2020). Ultraviolet radiation exposure is the most common cause of BCC. There are various presentations of BCC. Typically, nodular BCC presents as a pearly, translucent nodule with a firm elevated border, visible telangiectatic vessels, and a depressed center with or without ulceration (Balaji, Duraisamy, & Kumar, 2019). Other BCCs can incl.
Fractional radiofrequency microneedling in esthetic medicinepeternugraha
The document discusses fractional radiofrequency microneedling, a treatment for atrophic scars and acne. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including atrophic scars, microneedling, radiofrequency, and the effects of fractional radiofrequency microneedling. The document then reviews classification systems for acne scars and the basic science of radiofrequency. Several studies are cited that evaluated the efficacy of fractional radiofrequency microneedling in improving acne scars and decreasing acne lesions in comparison to other treatments.
The application of Health Technology Assessment in the field of biologics: an...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document provides a health technology assessment of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It includes 7 chapters that evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RA, biologic drugs for RA including etanercept, the economic impacts, organizational implications, and ethical considerations of using etanercept. The assessment finds that etanercept improves quality of life when combined with methotrexate compared to methotrexate alone, and has a cost-effectiveness ratio of €25,130 per quality-adjusted life year gained, making it a reasonable treatment option.
The document summarizes a presentation on AIDS-related malignancies. It discusses trends seen in cancers affecting HIV/AIDS patients, including declines in AIDS-defining cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma since the introduction of HAART. It also examines increases seen in certain non-AIDS defining cancers. Treatment options for Kaposi's sarcoma are reviewed, including the role of HAART and experimental approaches targeting KSHV mechanisms.
This document discusses considerations for urgent dental care during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that routine dental procedures have been suspended in many countries to reduce virus transmission from dental aerosols. There is a need for organized emergency dental care with appropriate protective equipment to treat acute dental issues and prevent emergency room visits or hospital admissions. It also stresses the importance of timely management of acute dental emergencies while routine care is suspended to avoid overburdening other parts of the healthcare system.
The document discusses treatment modalities for skin aging. It describes various causes of skin aging including ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, air pollution, smoking, nutrition, and stress. It then discusses treatment options for skin aging including lasers, intense pulsed light, radiofrequency, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and the potential of multimodal treatments combining different energy-based devices and injections like botulinum toxin and fillers. It provides examples of regional multimodal treatment approaches for areas like the upper face, mid-face, lower face, neck, décolletage, arms, hands, legs, buttocks, and thighs.
An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. the affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
A Survey on Development of Wearable Devices And Early Diagnosis of CancerMohammadreza Hosseini
- A presentation on Development of Wearable Devices And Early Diagnosis of Cancer at Varastegan institute for medical sciences (Islamic Republic of Iran).
- Inspired by a TED talk by Gonzalo Tudela on wearable tech.
A Geographical Distribution of Aids Cases in Tamilnadu District Wise (2008 – ...IJERA Editor
The document analyzes the geographical distribution of AIDS cases in Tamil Nadu, India from 2008-2014. It finds that in 2008, Chennai had the highest number of AIDS cases at 24.78% of the total, followed by Karur at 4.92%, Namakkal at 5.88%, and Salem at 5.74%. The districts with the lowest prevalence in 2008 were Kannyakumari, Nagapattinam, Nilgiris and Pudukkottai. The total number of AIDS cases in Tamil Nadu in 2008 was 29,731, with 10,1899 male cases and 41,630 female cases. The study aims to analyze the trends in HIV epidemic across districts over time and
Controversies in melanoma -Professor Torello Lotti, MD - University G.Marcon...VR Foundation
etiopathogenesis: The role of sun exposure Hormons and melanoma
The role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy The role of Contrast Enanched Ultra Sound The role of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Excisional VS incisional biopsy
This document summarizes a presentation on applying systems biology approaches to epidemiology and personalized medicine. It discusses how epidemiology has evolved from studying single risk factors to investigating complex interactions between genes, environments and diseases. Systems approaches integrate multiple levels of data to gain insights into disease mechanisms. Large consortia now apply these methods to conditions like asthma and COPD to understand their complexity. Epidemiology contributes a population perspective and helps develop evidence-based systems medicine frameworks.
A Revisit To The Research Updates Of Drugs, Vaccines, And Bioinformatics Appr...Lisa Garcia
This review summarizes recent research on drugs, vaccines, and bioinformatics approaches for combating the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses candidate drugs like remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, and dexamethasone currently in human clinical trials. Vaccine candidates in trials include mRNA-1273 and those based on measles, mumps and rubella. The review also discusses in silico studies using molecular docking and dynamics simulations to identify potential drug targets for COVID-19. It aims to provide researchers an update on efforts to develop effective treatments and preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2.
This document summarizes an abstract from a scientific conference on predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. The abstract describes a study that investigated the role of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in a mouse model of gingivitis. The study hypothesized that IDO plays a key role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses in gingivitis. The researchers used a multilevel diagnostic approach including medical imaging, multi-omics analysis and subcellular imaging to develop predictive and prognostic biomarker panels to improve individual outcomes from radioembolization treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. The integrated market access approach described aims to maximize the value of companion diagnostics used with targeted cancer drugs.
This document summarizes a study on multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis conducted in South Gujarat, India. A total of 90 samples were collected and analyzed using staining, culture and drug susceptibility testing. Of the 33 culture positive samples, 96.96% were M. tuberculosis and 3.04% were atypical mycobacteria. Drug susceptibility testing found that 39.39% of strains were multi-drug resistant, 6.06% were sensitive to all drugs tested, and 54.55% were resistant to one or more drugs other than the combination defining multi-drug resistance. The results indicate a prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in the study region.
Oral presentation on clinico histopathological profile of dermatological diso...Dr. Varughese George
Oral presentation on Clinico-histopathological profile of dermatological disorders - A study at tertiary care teaching hospital centre in Pondicherry by Dr.Varughese George
Give five presentation tips used when doing presentationDQ-1.docxgilbertkpeters11344
Give five presentation tips used when doing presentation
DQ-1
Impetigo is a disease characterized by superficial infection of the skin that begins as small vesicles. These vesicles rupture and for crust. The crust is honey colored with a presentation of bullous or non-bullous. The risk factors in developing impetigo are being exposed to humind environment , insect bites, minor cuts and poor hygiene. Non-bullous vesicles are 1 to 2mm in diameter that rupture and form a honey colored crust. These wound often time weep and present as red colored shallow ulcerations. These are common on the patients mouth, face, nose,eyes. They can arise from insect bites or trauma. Bullous type most common in newborn babies presented on their diaper area or neck folds. These infections if left untreated may become systemin infections such as sepsis (Moes-Wójtowicz, Wachnicka-Bąk, Agnieszka Opałka,Kalicki, Jung,2015). These vesicles are fluid filled blisters that become limp and then burst open. Upon assessment of the patient history and chief complaint I will assess for risks mentioned above and see if the patient has any of these risks. Second, I will identify if the vesicles are as described above. If the patient meets criteria, I will then swab the area for culture. These skin conditions often are associated with bacterial infections such as in group Strep infections (Corredor-Osorio,Corredor-Osorio,Corredor-Osorio, 2016). Differential diagnosis consists of herpes simplex, insect bites and dermatitis. The treatment for this are topic antibiotics and frequently washing of the area that is infected. In severe cases systeming antibitics may be required for this infection. Children that are infected may not return to school until infection is controlled.
Corredor-Osorio, R., Corredor-Osorio, M., & Corredor-Osorio, A. (2016). Eyelid nonbullous impetigo. Our Dermatology Online / Nasza Dermatologia Online, 7(3), 291–293. https://doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20163.78
Alicja Moes-Wójtowicz, Anna Wachnicka-Bąk, Agnieszka Lipińska-Opałka, Bolesław Kalicki, & Anna Jung. (2015). Impetigo asacause of sepsis ininfants. Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna, 11(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2015.0021
DQ-2
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm skin cancer worldwide (Liu, Liu, & Bian, 2020). Risk factors include gender, age, immunosuppression, chemicals (arsenic), and ultraviolet light exposure. BCC is more prevalent in Caucasian males, typically, after the age of 40 years, and develops slowly in exposed areas of the body, such as the scalp, face, ears, neck, and trunk (Liu et al., 2020). Ultraviolet radiation exposure is the most common cause of BCC. There are various presentations of BCC. Typically, nodular BCC presents as a pearly, translucent nodule with a firm elevated border, visible telangiectatic vessels, and a depressed center with or without ulceration (Balaji, Duraisamy, & Kumar, 2019). Other BCCs can incl.
Fractional radiofrequency microneedling in esthetic medicinepeternugraha
The document discusses fractional radiofrequency microneedling, a treatment for atrophic scars and acne. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including atrophic scars, microneedling, radiofrequency, and the effects of fractional radiofrequency microneedling. The document then reviews classification systems for acne scars and the basic science of radiofrequency. Several studies are cited that evaluated the efficacy of fractional radiofrequency microneedling in improving acne scars and decreasing acne lesions in comparison to other treatments.
The application of Health Technology Assessment in the field of biologics: an...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document provides a health technology assessment of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It includes 7 chapters that evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RA, biologic drugs for RA including etanercept, the economic impacts, organizational implications, and ethical considerations of using etanercept. The assessment finds that etanercept improves quality of life when combined with methotrexate compared to methotrexate alone, and has a cost-effectiveness ratio of €25,130 per quality-adjusted life year gained, making it a reasonable treatment option.
The document summarizes a presentation on AIDS-related malignancies. It discusses trends seen in cancers affecting HIV/AIDS patients, including declines in AIDS-defining cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma since the introduction of HAART. It also examines increases seen in certain non-AIDS defining cancers. Treatment options for Kaposi's sarcoma are reviewed, including the role of HAART and experimental approaches targeting KSHV mechanisms.
This document discusses considerations for urgent dental care during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that routine dental procedures have been suspended in many countries to reduce virus transmission from dental aerosols. There is a need for organized emergency dental care with appropriate protective equipment to treat acute dental issues and prevent emergency room visits or hospital admissions. It also stresses the importance of timely management of acute dental emergencies while routine care is suspended to avoid overburdening other parts of the healthcare system.
The document discusses treatment modalities for skin aging. It describes various causes of skin aging including ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, air pollution, smoking, nutrition, and stress. It then discusses treatment options for skin aging including lasers, intense pulsed light, radiofrequency, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and the potential of multimodal treatments combining different energy-based devices and injections like botulinum toxin and fillers. It provides examples of regional multimodal treatment approaches for areas like the upper face, mid-face, lower face, neck, décolletage, arms, hands, legs, buttocks, and thighs.
An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, ...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. the affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
A Survey on Development of Wearable Devices And Early Diagnosis of CancerMohammadreza Hosseini
- A presentation on Development of Wearable Devices And Early Diagnosis of Cancer at Varastegan institute for medical sciences (Islamic Republic of Iran).
- Inspired by a TED talk by Gonzalo Tudela on wearable tech.
Similar to 7. dr Haykal - Energy Based Device on Sexually Transmission Diseases (STD).pdf (20)
Filariasis adalah penyakit menular kronis yang disebabkan oleh infeksi cacing filaria. Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk yang terinfeksi dan memiliki dampak ekonomi, sosial, serta kesehatan yang luas. Pengendalian filariasis di Indonesia mencakup surveilans, penanganan pasien, pengendalian vektor, serta pemberian obat preventif secara masal.
Dokumen ini merangkum pengobatan untuk berbagai jenis cacing menggunakan obat-obatan seperti albendazol, mebendazol, dan prazikuantel. Jenis cacing yang diobati antara lain cacing gelang, cacing cambuk, cacing tambang, strongyloides, cacing kremi, filariasis, trematoda hati dan usus, cacing pita, dan sistiserkosis.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
7. dr Haykal - Energy Based Device on Sexually Transmission Diseases (STD).pdf
1. Energy Based
Device on Sexually
Transmission
Diseases (STD)
dr. Ahmad Haykal, Sp.KK, M.Kes
Makassar
Dermatovenerology & Cosmetic Update 2022
Management Pearls and Pitfalls
3. Symptoms, management and long-term effects
HPV Trichomoniasis Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Herpes
Symptom
Skin lesions Discharge Discharge Discharge Skin lesions Skin lesions
Long term effects
Genital warts Inflammation PID PID Paralysis Recurring
Management
Can be treated Can be cured Can be cured Can be cured Can be cured Can be treated
4. • STIs have a profound impact on sexual and reproductive health worldwide.
• More than 1 million STIs are acquired every day.
• In 2020, WHO estimated 374 million new infections with 1 of 4 STIs:1
• Chlamydia (129 million)
• Gonorrhoea (82 million)
• Syphilis (7.1 million)
• Trichomoniasis (156 million)
1. Who, 2021
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Trichomoniasis
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) infographics
6. (A) Global STIs incident cases by age for men and
women combined in 1990 and 2019. For each
group, the left column presents case data from
1990 and the right column presents data from
2019.
(B) Difference by gender in global STI incident
cases by age in 2019 GBD, Global Burden of
Disease; STIs, sexually transmitted infections.
Fu L, Sun Y, Han M, Wang B, Xiao F, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Fitzpatrick T, Yuan T, Li P, Zhan Y, Lu Y, Luo G, Duan J, Hong Z, Fairley CK, Zhang T, Zhao J and Zou H (2022) Incidence Trends of Five Common Sexually Transmitted Infections Excluding HIV From 1990 to 2019 at the Global,
Regional, and National Levels: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Med. 9:851635. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.851635
Trends of Five Common
Sexually Transmitted
Infections
7. Fu L, Sun Y, Han M, Wang B, Xiao F, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Fitzpatrick T, Yuan T, Li P, Zhan Y, Lu Y, Luo G, Duan J, Hong Z, Fairley CK, Zhang T, Zhao J and Zou H (2022) Incidence Trends of Five Common Sexually Transmitted Infections Excluding HIV From 1990 to 2019 at the Global,
Regional, and National Levels: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Med. 9:851635. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.851635
Trends of Five Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
14. • New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to overcome
drawbacks in the treatment of some infections, particularly sexually
transmitted infections (STI).
• Several treatment options are developed for eradication of STI, laser
therapy has been shown to be effective in a number of conditions
• Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) is a
device that amplifies light and produces coherent light beams.
• The root of this technological innovation lies in physics research.
• The benefits of laser therapy are that it is often a painless procedure
and patients are able to heal quickly with lower infection levels and
low rates of recurrence and complications
Mammari, N.; Hamblin, M.R.; Rauger, P.; Boyer, L.; Varbanov, M. Phototherapy-Based Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections— Shining Light into Unexplored Territory. Venereology 2022, 1, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ venereology1020012
Shah VV, Aldahan AS, Mlacker S, Nouri K. The Evolution of Laser Technology in Dermatology. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(2):199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4133
de Lima, M.M., de Lima, M.M. & Granja, F. Treatment of genital lesions with diode laser vaporization. BMC Urol 15, 39 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-015-0033-6
S.Ghiasy,M.Fallah-Karkan,M.R.Razzaghi,A.Ranjbar,A.Rahavian,B.Javanmard,Is holmium laser an appropriate modality to treat genital warts? J. Lasers Med. Sci. 10 (1) (2019) 70–74.
15. Early 20th Century 1963 1967
1960 1966
1976
1973 1980
Albert Einstein first
proposed the idea of
stimulated emission
Leon Goldman, also
known as the “father
of lasers in medicine”,
was the first to use the
laser in dermatology
Dougherty experimented laser in
activating photosensitive substances
which were able to bind and destroy
cancer cells selectively. This was the
origin of photodynamic therapy.
the Italian scientific group had
been contaminated by laser
technology and in 1979, the first
"Italian Society of Laser Medicine
and Surgery” was born.
Theodore Maiman
at Hughes Aircraft
Company created the
first working laser
Mester,having discovered
the positive effects of low-
energy red laser on hair
growth in rats, decided to
use the same system to
stimulate the healing of
pressure ulcers.
Goldman also introduced
the neo dymium: yttrium-
aluminium garnet (Nd:
YAG) laser in the treatment
of vascular lesions
laser therapy deeply
revolutionized by the
selective photo-thermolysis
theory, postulated by Rox
Anderson and John Parrish
The Evolution of Laser Technology in Dermatology
Shah VV, Aldahan AS, Mlacker S, Nouri K. The Evolution of Laser Technology in Dermatology. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(2):199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4133
Gianfaldoni S, Tchernev G, Wollina U, Fioranelli M, Roccia MG, Gianfaldoni R, Lotti T. An Overview of Laser in Dermatology: The Past, the Present and ... the Future (?). Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017 Jul 25; 5(4):526-530. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.130
16. 1983 1990
1960
Oshiro Atsumi described the use of
non-surgical lasers and their
mechanisms of action.
In the same time, Passerella was
studying the laser effects on
mitochondria.
Finally, the nineties has been
characterised by an increasing of
study and case reports of laser
resurfacing (Gregory and others), laser
hair removal and laser rejuvenation.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
drew the first guidelines for the use of lasers
in various vascular and dermatological
lesions. From that era, FDA updates them
each year.
The Evolution of Laser Technology in Dermatology
Shah VV, Aldahan AS, Mlacker S, Nouri K. The Evolution of Laser Technology in Dermatology. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(2):199. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.4133
Gianfaldoni S, Tchernev G, Wollina U, Fioranelli M, Roccia MG, Gianfaldoni R, Lotti T. An Overview of Laser in Dermatology: The Past, the Present and ... the Future (?). Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017 Jul 25; 5(4):526-530. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.130
17. YEAR
PHYSICIANS DISCOVERY
1960
Ali Javan, William Bennett Jr. and
Donald Herriott
Helium-neon (HeNe) laser
1960
Peter P. Sorokin and Mirek J.
Stevenson
Uranium laser
1961
Leo F. Johnson and Kurt Nassau
Neodymium-doped solid state
laser
1961
J. McClung and Robert W.
Hellwarth
Quality switching (Q- switching)
technique to shorten the pulse
length to nanoseconds
1962
Sumner Mayburg and Jacques
Pankove
Semiconductor Diode Lasers
1964
William Bridges Argon Laser
1964
Joseph E. Geusic and Richard G.
Smith
Nd: YAG (neodymium-doped
YAG) laser
1964
Kumar Patel carbon dioxide laser
YEAR
PHYSICIANS DISCOVERY
1967 Bernard Soffer and Bill McFarland Dye laser
1970 Basov, V.A. Danilychev and Yu. M.
Popov
Excimer laser
1972 Charles H. Henry Quantum well laser
1976 John M.J. Madey Free-electron laser (FEL).
1994 Jérôme Faist, Federico Capasso,
Deborah L. Sivco, Carlo Sirtori,
Albert L. Hutchinson and Alfred Y.
Cho
Semiconductor laser that can
simultaneously emit light at
multiple widely separated
wavelengths
1996 Wolfgang Ketterle Pulsed atom laser
1997 Shuji Nakamura, Steven P.
DenBaars and James S. Speck
Gallium-nitride (GaN) laser
2009 Chunlei Guo Femtosecond pulsed laser
Gianfaldoni S, Tchernev G, Wollina U, Fioranelli M, Roccia MG, Gianfaldoni R, Lotti T. An Overview of Laser in Dermatology: The Past, the Present and ... the Future (?). Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017 Jul 25; 5(4):526-530. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2017.130
Milestones in Lasers Development
18. DISEASE
DIGNITY ETIOLOGY SHAPE LASER MODE
BD
Malignant
Helium-neon (HeNe)
laser
Intraepidermal,
hyperkeratotic
CO2 Blistering, vaporization
BP
Semialignant Uranium laser
Intraepidermal,
hyperkeratotic
CO2 Blistering, vaporization
GENITAL WARTS
Benign
Neodymium-doped solid
state laser
Intraepidermal,
hyperkeratotic,
exophytic
CO2, Nd-YAG, argon, dye
Cutting, Blistering,
vaporization
ANAL AND PERIANAL
CARCINOMA IN SITU
Malignant?
Quality switching (Q-
switching) technique to
shorten the pulse length
to nanoseconds
Intraepidermal,
hyperkeratotic
CO2 Blistering, vaporization
BUSCHKE-LOWENSTEIN
TUMOR
Malignant?
Semiconductor Diode
Lasers
Intraepidermal,
hyperkeratotic
CO2
Cutting, Blistering,
vaporization
KS
Malignant
Argon Laser
Dermal Nd-YAG, CO2, etargon Coagulation
GENITAL HERPES
Benign?
Nd: YAG (neodymium-
doped YAG) laser Vesicular, ulcerating
CO2
Blistering
MOLLUSCUM
CONTAGIOSUM
Benign? carbon dioxide laser Tumorous, ulcerating CO2 Vaporization
Synopsis of the STDs treatable with laser therapy
Laser Therapy. Erich E. Kung. Dermatoiogie am Hauptbahnhof, Zurich, Schweiz *Kaposi sarcoma (KS )Bowenoid papulosis (BP), Bowen's disease (BD), Human papillomavirus (HPV)
19. Type of Lasers
Features of the carbon dioxide laser are:
• Wavelength in the far infrared range
(10,600 nm); in tissue, the energy of this
quality will be fully absorbed by the
watermolecules.
• This implies that the effect of the carbon
dioxide laser is very superficial with a
limited penetration of less than 0.1 mm.
1,2
• The first effect on the skin is coagulation
of the epidermis and uppermost dermis
(whitening): then blistering of the
epidermis (irradiance < 80 W/cm2) will
occur.
1. Lanigan SW: A review of the laser treatment of vascular naevi. 1 Dermatol 1992;2:113-116.
2. Adler M, Garbe C: Erfahrungen mit dem CO,-Laser in der Dermatochirurgie. Akt Dermatol1989; 15:9-16.
CARBON DIOXIDE
20.
21.
22. Mehdi MH, Mahmood AS. Treatment of genital warts by using CO2 laser. Med J Babylon 2019;16:94‐8.
CO2 laser system with the surgical handpiece
A 25‐year‐old female with 23 warts papule and cauliflower in the
perineum. (a) Before treatment (b) Immediately after treatment (c)
1 ‐week after treatment
Co2 Laser
23. Gutierrez P, Garza J, Gandhi K, Voice A, Stout E, Ventolini G. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser ablation treatment of a peri-urethral genital wart: A case report. Case Rep Womens Health. 2020 May 26;27:e00226. doi: 10.1016/j.crwh.2020.e00226. PMID:
32528860; PMCID: PMC7283141.
24. Chunyu Cao, Lihua Chen, Shu Li, Lili Yuan, Yishan Wang, "Clinical Efficacy of Carbon Dioxide Laser Combined with ALA Photodynamics in the Treatment of Condyloma Acuminatum", Evidence-Based
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2021, Article ID 7211055, 5 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7211055
25. Le Huu Doanh, Tran Hau Khang, CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA TREATMENT WITH CARBON DIOXIDE LASER IN COMPARISON WITH 0.15% PODOPHYLLOTOXIN CREAM, LASER THERAPY, 2007
26. Le Huu Doanh, Tran Hau Khang, CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA TREATMENT WITH CARBON DIOXIDE LASER IN COMPARISON WITH 0.15% PODOPHYLLOTOXIN CREAM, LASER THERAPY, 2007
27. Johnson PJ, Mirzai TH, Bentz ML. Carbon dioxide laser ablation of anogenital condyloma acuminata in pediatric patients. Ann Plast Surg. 1997 Dec;39(6):578-82. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199712000-00004. PMID: 9418915.
28. Johnson PJ, Mirzai TH, Bentz ML. Carbon dioxide laser ablation of anogenital condyloma acuminata in pediatric patients. Ann Plast Surg. 1997 Dec;39(6):578-82. doi: 10.1097/00000637-199712000-00004. PMID: 9418915.
29. de Lima, M.M., de Lima, M.M. & Granja, F. Treatment of genital lesions with diode laser vaporization. BMC Urol 15, 39 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-015-0033-6
Desiate A, Cantore S, Tullo D, Profeta G, Grassi FR, Ballini A. 980 nm diode lasers in oral and facial practice: current state of the science and art. Int J Med Sci. 2009;6(6):358–64.
Genovese WJ, dos Santos MT, Faloppa F, de Souza Merli LA. The use of surgical diode laser in oral hemangioma: a case report. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28(1):147–51.
Saetti R, Silvestrini M, Cutrone C, Narne S. Treatment of congenital subglottic hemangiomas: our experience compared with reports in the literature. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(8):848–51.
• These light beams are poorly absorbed
by the hard tissue and therefore do not
damage nearby hard tissue.
• By focussing the beam on the desired
area for incision, a highly precise focal
spot can be created. By adjusting the
focus of the beam, the intensity of the
laser light can be varied, which allows
cauterization of small blood vessels and
lymphatics to decrease post–operative
swellings and sealing of nerve endings to
reduce post-operative pain.
• Diode lasers are semiconductors that
change electrical energy into light energy
through the use of solid‐state elements,
such as aluminum and gallium.
• The light beam which is released by the
diode laser falls within the visible and
invisible range of near infrared waves
(with wavelengths varying between 800
and 980 nm) and is able to vaporize soft
tissue due to its high water content.
Diode Laser Vaporization
30. Comparison of depth of the zone of necrosis of an electrosurg and diode laser Tissue reaction upon contact with an initiated diode laser tip demonstrating the effect as one
moves away from the tip
Kurtzman GM, Mahesh L. Implant Uncovery and Soft-tissue Modification Utilizing a Diode Laser. Int J Oral Implantol Clin Res 2015;6(1):20-25.
31. Rieken M, Bachmann A. Laser treatment of benign prostate enlargement--which laser for which prostate? Nat Rev Urol. 2014 Mar;11(3):142-52. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.23. Epub 2014 Mar
4. PMID: 24595121.
32. de Lima, M.M., de Lima, M.M. & Granja, F. Treatment of genital lesions with diode laser vaporization. BMC Urol 15, 39 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-015-0033-6
33. • The Holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser is a highly
comprehensive tool, using the doping
element holmium as an active medium in a
yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG) crystal.
• It is a solid-state, pulsed laser designed for
emitting light at 2100 nm, which is invisible to
the human eye and is in the near-infrared
region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Considering that the holmium wavelength can
be transmitted down optical fibers, the
Ho:YAG laser has become a multi-purpose
tool in treatment options
• The optical absorption coefficient for water at
this wavelength is approximately 40 cm-1 so
that the holmium wavelength is absorbed
significantly by water.
• Since tissues are composed mainly of water,
the majority of the holmium energy is
absorbed superficially and this results in issue
cutting and coagulative hemostasis.
Yang CJ, Liu SX, Liu JB, Wang ZY, Luo DF, Zhang GL, Zhang XJ, Yang S. Holmium laser treatment of genital warts: an observational study of 1500 cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(2):136-8. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0354. PMID: 18311440.
Holmium YAG Laser
35. Liao C, Sun X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang X. Advanced application of holmium: YAG laser combined ALA-PDT for the treatment of refractory condylomata acuminata in anal canal. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020 Jun;30:101696. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101696. Epub 2020 Feb 25.
PMID: 32109616.
36. Yang CJ, Liu SX, Liu JB, Wang ZY, Luo DF, Zhang GL, Zhang XJ, Yang S. Holmium laser treatment of genital warts: an observational study of 1500 cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(2):136-8. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0354. PMID: 18311440.
37. Liao C, Sun X, Zhang G, Zhang H, Zhang L, Wang X. Advanced application of holmium: YAG laser combined ALA-PDT for the treatment of refractory condylomata acuminata in anal canal. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020 Jun;30:101696. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101696. Epub 2020 Feb 25. PMID: 32109616.
38. Ghiasy S, Fallah-Karkan M, Razzaghi MR, Ranjbar A, Rahavian A, Javanmard B. Is Holmium Laser an Appropriate Modality to Treat Genital Warts? J Lasers Med Sci. 2019
Winter;10(1):70-74. doi: 10.15171/jlms.2019.11. Epub 2018 Dec 15. PMID: 31360372; PMCID: PMC6499586.
This study showed treatment with holmium laser is correlated
with highest clearance rate (92.2%) and lowest recurrence rate
(14.3%) than other applied treatments.
In conclusion, holmium laser is safe, and more effective, than
other methods.
39. 1. Lanigan SW: A review of the laser treatment of vascular naevi. 1 Dermatol 1992;2:113-116.
2. Adler M, Garbe C: Erfahrungen mit dem CO,-Laser in der Dermatochirurgie. Akt Dermatol1989; 15:9-16.
The ND-YAG laser machines produce a good
coagulation at a depth of 4-6 mm. and may
therefore be of great value particularly in
the treatment of vascular inflammatory or
tumorous diseases of the skin such as KS or
botryomycoma.
• Due to the emitted wavelengths of
1,064, 532 and 355 nm, the energy is
absorbed partly by the water molecules
but also by melanin pigment and
hemoglobin.
• In accordance with the lower superficial
absorption rate compared to the carbon
dioxide laser, the energy transfer to the
deeper layers is higher This results in a
deeper tissue penetrance than with the
carbon dioxide laser.
Nd-YAG Laser
40. Bahmer FA, Tang DE, Payeur-Kirsch M. Treatment of large condylomata of the penis with the neodymium-YAG-laser. Acta Derm Venereol. 1984;64(4):361-3. PMID: 6209903.
41. • Exposure of the condylomata to the Nd-YAG laser beam resulted in an
immediate vaporization of the lesions with smoke formation.
• A biopsy performed immediately after the laser therapy showed
destruction of the entire epidermis extending through the upperdermis
to a total depth of l mm .
• These wounds were treated daily with sulfadiazine cream and healedin
threeweeks without leaving a visible scar.
M. Lowy; D. Geeraerts; R. van Velthoven (1988). Treatment of condylomata acuminata with the Nd-YAG laser. , 3(1-4), 119–121. doi:10.1007/bf02593799
42. • In this laser type,the primary tissue
chromophores are melanin pigment and
hemoglobin.
• Produces a blue-green light that has two
distinct bands at 488 nm and 518 nm
• Can be transmitted through water or
quarts fibers of 200 to 600 micron
diameter
• Hemoglobin and other deeply colored
pigments absorb their wavelengths and
are responsible for their use in vascular
and pigmented lesion
• Penetration into skin, typically 1 to 2mm, is
affected by the concentration of skin
pigments.
• It produce a moderate scatter 100 times that
of CO2 laser. This results in an excellent
hemostasis.
• Because of scatter, they have minimal cutting
ability. The depth of tissue injury is roughly
correlated with the laser power settings.
Yang CJ, Liu SX, Liu JB, Wang ZY, Luo DF, Zhang GL, Zhang XJ, Yang S. Holmium laser treatment of genital warts: an observational study of 1500 cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(2):136-8. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0354. PMID: 18311440.
ARGON/DYE LASER
43. • Another antimicrobial PT strategy, water-
filtered infrared A combined with visible light
irradiation, has been shown to be effective
against genital Chlamydia trachomatis
bacterial infection, and an optical nano-
genosensor has been designed for the
diagnosis of trichomoniasis, a parasitic
Trichomonas vaginalis infection
• Phototherapy is a major therapeutic
approach based on the controlled
administration of light in the visible, near
infrared, or UV spectrum, with or without
the application of an external
photosensitizer.
• Despite the fact that Phototherapy has not
been explored to its full potential in the
control of STIs, it has already demonstrated
good clinical response rates and lower
recurrence rates in genital infections.
PHOTOTHERAPY
Mammari, N.; Hamblin, M.R.; Rauger, P.; Boyer, L.; Varbanov, M. Phototherapy-Based Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections— Shining Light into Unexplored Territory. Venereology 2022, 1, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ venereology1020012
44. (A) Treatment of multifocal disease based on 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-PDT, effective in treating HPV
lesions. The PDT can be also used for selective and specific destruction of subclinical bacteria and fungui-
infected areas, as in the case of N. gonorrhoeae and C. albicans.
(B) The combination of water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) with visible light VIS (wIRA/VIS) is used for killing
intracellular and extracellular Chlamydia trachomatis strains in Vero and HeLa cell lines. Visible light
irradiation (405 and 670 nm) also leeds to dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Chlamydia.
(C) Diagnostic approach based on an optical nano-genosensor and gold nanoparticles conjugated to a
specific oligonucleotide for T. vaginalis PCR detection.
Mammari, N.; Hamblin, M.R.; Rauger, P.; Boyer, L.; Varbanov, M. Phototherapy-Based Treatment for Sexually Transmitted Infections— Shining Light into Unexplored Territory. Venereology 2022, 1, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.3390/ venereology1020012
45. Wang Y, Ferrer-Espada R, Gu Y, et al. Antimicrobial blue light: an alternative therapeutic for multidrug-resistant gonococcal infections? MOJ Solar Photoen Sys. 2017;1(2):38‒39. DOI: 10.15406/mojsp.2017.01.00009
46. • Pulsed dye laser (PDL) has been commonly
used in the treatment for viral warts.
•Although the mechanism of action for PDL
treatment for warts is not fully known, it is
thought that this method is based on the
specific destruction of superficial dilated
capillaries in warts by selective
photothermolysis of oxyhemoglobin within the
microvasculature.
•The damage of virally-infected keratinocytes by
PDL may contribute to the treatment for warts
because the human papilloma virus is heat-
sensitive
Pulsed Dye Laser
Komericki P, Akkilic M, Kopera D. Pulsed dye laser treatment of genital warts. Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Apr;38(4):273-6. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20293. PMID: 16470844.
• The application of 585-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed
dye laser (FPDL) light represents a safe and simple
treatment option for its effectiveness being
comparable with that of conventional therapies
• The paring the keratotic component of warts with a
blade, to the extent that blood vessels are
seen without causing bleeding before PDL treatment,
is thought to provide deeper penetration of the laser
light
• Efficacy of PDL treatment for viral warts have shown
variable response rates as with other treatment
modalities.
• The reported cure rates for this method have
• ranged from 0–100%
47. Komericki P, Akkilic M, Kopera D. Pulsed dye laser treatment of genital warts. Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Apr;38(4):273-6. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20293. PMID: 16470844.
A–F: Genital warts located on penis before treatment (A, C, E),
crust 1 week after FPDL (B), clearance 3 weeks after FPDL (D),
erosive wound 1 week after FPDL (F).
48. Perianal wart, before laser treatment.
Perianal wart, 2 weeks after laser treatment.
Perianal wart, 1 year after laser treatment.
Tuncel A, Görgü M, Ayhan M, Deren O, Erdogan B. Treatment of anogenital warts by pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg. 2002 Apr;28(4):350-2. doi:
10.1046/j.1524-4725.2002.01172.x. PMID: 11966796.
49. • The Thulium laser has a stable
controllability of the tissue effect
because of the high absorbance of
energy in water.
• The light is generated as a continuous
wave
• The Thulium laser has a wavelength of
2.0 um, allowing the wavelength to
match the 1.92 um water absorption
peak in tissue.
• The high density of absorbed energy at
the tissue surface leads to instant
vaporization and limits the penetration
depth to 500-2,000 mm, depending on
the power settings, which is a
reasonable depth for sufficient
hemostasis with minimal thermal injury
to surrounding tissue.
Thulium Laser
Blokker RS, Lock TM, de Boorder T. Comparing thulium laser and Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of genital and urethral condylomata acuminata in male patients. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Nov;45(9):582-8. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22181. Epub 2013 Sep 30. PMID: 24114691.
50. Thulium laser treatment of condyloma acuminata on the male
genital.
A. Condylomata Acuminata of the glance of penis
B. Inspection of the meatus with a small nasal speculum shows distal
urethral condylomata acuminata
C. Coagulation of the condylomata acuminata with the thuliym laser
showing the white blanching of the lession
Blokker RS, Lock TM, de Boorder T. Comparing thulium laser and Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of genital and urethral condylomata acuminata in male patients. Lasers Surg Med. 2013 Nov;45(9):582-8. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22181. Epub 2013 Sep 30. PMID: 24114691.
51. Komericki P, Akkilic M, Kopera D. Pulsed dye laser treatment of genital warts. Lasers Surg Med. 2006 Apr;38(4):273-6. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20293. PMID: 16470844.
53. Type of laser Reported reccurrence rates (%)
CO2
19-33
Argon
35
Pulsed dye
5-23
Holmium Unknown?
Nd:YAG 0-60
Thulium 33
Blokker, Rudy & Lock, Tycho & Boorder, Tjeerd. (2013). Comparing Thulium Laser and Nd:YAG Laser in the Treatment of Genital and Urethral Condylomata Acuminata in Male Patients. Lasers in
surgery and medicine. 45. 10.1002/lsm.22181.
Reccurence Rates for Treatment of Condyloma Acuminata
54. Yang CJ, Liu SX, Liu JB, Wang ZY, Luo DF, Zhang GL, Zhang XJ, Yang S. Holmium laser treatment of genital warts: an observational study of 1500 cases. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(2):136-8. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0354. PMID: 18311440.
Laser Therapy Data on Genital Warts Treatment in Literature
55. Take Home Messages
Despite the range of treatment options available, energy based device has been able to achieve satisfactory
results in STDs
Further study should be conducted to identify the best therapeutic strategy in STDs.
Therefore energy based device can be considered as an alternative method for treating genital lesions in STDs,
with satisfactory results in terms of pain, aesthetic and minimal recurrence
It can be done in outpatient clinic with local anesthesia so can get ride from side effect of general anesthesia and postoperative pain. Good
dermatological outcomes aid to further improve patient satisfaction