The document analyzes the geographical distribution of AIDS cases in Tamil Nadu, India from 2008-2014. It finds that in 2008, Chennai had the highest number of AIDS cases at 24.78% of the total, followed by Karur at 4.92%, Namakkal at 5.88%, and Salem at 5.74%. The districts with the lowest prevalence in 2008 were Kannyakumari, Nagapattinam, Nilgiris and Pudukkottai. The total number of AIDS cases in Tamil Nadu in 2008 was 29,731, with 10,1899 male cases and 41,630 female cases. The study aims to analyze the trends in HIV epidemic across districts over time and
Geographical Analysis of Covid 19 Its Relationship with Socio Economic Condit...YogeshIJTSRD
The present paper aims to analyse the spatial variations in spread of corona cases and corona deaths and level of socio economic conditions in India. The causal relationship between corona cases and corona deaths and twenty selected socio economic variables has been taken into account. The state union territory has been taken as the smallest unit of study. The entire research work is based on secondary sources of data. The study reveals states with better socio economic conditions recorded higher corona cases and states with poor socio economic conditions recorded lesser corona cases. States such as Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with better socio economic conditions recorded a greater number of corona deaths. Gyanendra Singh Chauhan "Geographical Analysis of Covid 19: Its Relationship with Socio-Economic Conditions in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39871.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/39871/geographical-analysis-of-covid-19-its-relationship-with-socioeconomic-conditions-in-india/gyanendra-singh-chauhan
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
Mathematical Analysis of Corona Virus Diseaseijtsrd
In this paper we develop the mathematical model for awareness corona virus disease 2019. The parameter specified I, C, L and t. It has been observed that the chain of infected person depends on lockdown and social distance. Again we observed that the total suspected person depends upon infected chain person and lockdown. Dr. A. K. Yadav | Dr. Sushil Kumar | Dr. Rashmi Chaudhary "Mathematical Analysis of Corona Virus Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31027.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/statistics/31027/mathematical-analysis-of-corona-virus-disease/dr-a-k-yadav
Geographical Analysis of Covid 19 Its Relationship with Socio Economic Condit...YogeshIJTSRD
The present paper aims to analyse the spatial variations in spread of corona cases and corona deaths and level of socio economic conditions in India. The causal relationship between corona cases and corona deaths and twenty selected socio economic variables has been taken into account. The state union territory has been taken as the smallest unit of study. The entire research work is based on secondary sources of data. The study reveals states with better socio economic conditions recorded higher corona cases and states with poor socio economic conditions recorded lesser corona cases. States such as Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka with better socio economic conditions recorded a greater number of corona deaths. Gyanendra Singh Chauhan "Geographical Analysis of Covid 19: Its Relationship with Socio-Economic Conditions in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39871.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/39871/geographical-analysis-of-covid-19-its-relationship-with-socioeconomic-conditions-in-india/gyanendra-singh-chauhan
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
Mathematical Analysis of Corona Virus Diseaseijtsrd
In this paper we develop the mathematical model for awareness corona virus disease 2019. The parameter specified I, C, L and t. It has been observed that the chain of infected person depends on lockdown and social distance. Again we observed that the total suspected person depends upon infected chain person and lockdown. Dr. A. K. Yadav | Dr. Sushil Kumar | Dr. Rashmi Chaudhary "Mathematical Analysis of Corona Virus Disease" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31027.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/statistics/31027/mathematical-analysis-of-corona-virus-disease/dr-a-k-yadav
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
A Survey on the Level of 5 Dimensional Qualities of Life and Health Status in...ijtsrd
A survey on Quality of life QOL was conducted and assessed in 40 filarial lymph edema patients in the clinic unit of Vector Control Research Center VCRC , Puducherry, by administering modified, translated, and validated versions of the Euro Quality of life 5Dimensions – 3Levels EQ 5D 3L health survey scale and the EQ Visual Analogue Scale EQ VAS . The EQ VAS assesses the current rating general health status. The EQ 5D 3L measures quality of health on 5 dimensions covering mobility, self care, usual activities, pain and discomfort and anxiety and depression. By EQ 5D 3L, patients experienced poorer physical functioning mobility , more role limitations self care resulting from physical health conditions, less emotional well being anxiety and depression , poorer social functioning, and more pain. By EQ VAS, the overall general health status was significantly affected in subjects with filarial lymph edema. The significant difference in the QOL as perceived by filarial lymph edema patients reiterates the importance of morbidity control in patients affected by this disease. R. Senthil Kumar | D. Sultana "A Survey on the Level of 5 Dimensional Qualities of Life and Health Status in Subjects with Filarial Lymphedema in Puducherry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42516.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42516/a-survey-on-the-level-of-5-dimensional-qualities-of-life-and-health-status-in-subjects-with-filarial-lymphedema-in-puducherry/r-senthil-kumar
This was a prospective cross sectional hospital based study included 117 patients with a definitive history of snake bite and clinical features consistent with the pres¬ence of fang marks at the emergency department, Gadarif Hospital, Eastern Sudan from 1st January 2015 to 1st January 2016 to identify the epidemiological factors of snake bite. The majority of these 117 patients were adult (86.3%) and male gender constituted 85.4%. Most of the patients were of rural residence (65.8%) and were involved in farming related activities (68.3%). A relatively high proportion of snake bite episodes happened in the afternoon times (53.9%) and half of the cases were reported during August (18%) and November. (12.8%). Lower limbs were involved in maximum number of the cases (83.7%). The reported systemic reaction included: swelling (100%), sweating (100%), hypotension (54.7%), nausea (51.%), vomiting (47.8%), local bleeding (13.6%), hymoptysis (1.7%) and neurotoxic symptoms (0.8%). In this study, there were ten (8.5%) deaths; 7 had grade 3 and the other three patients had grade 4 envenomation. In conclusion Snake bites is a real medical threat in Eastern Sudan; thus, it is very important to educate the native people to increase awareness about the risk of snake bites in particular among male, farmers and during the period from August to November.
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid which is derived from the microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis. As well as being the most powerful antioxidant known to science, it also has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Naturalastaxanthin´s distinct advantage in comparison to other antioxidants, is its ability to span the entire lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus providing superior protection from the inside out. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of astaxanthin from the algae Haematoccus pluvialis in Astashine capsules as a natural immune booster in covid-19 infections.
Covid 19 spreading in rural india a geospatial study of villages, semi-urban ...Mohd Akhter Ali
The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the most critical global health disaster of the century and the greatest challenge that the human civilization faced since the 2nd World War.
It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the whole human population
Coronavirus: medical management in a developed country that is china versus a...Vedica Sethi
The systemic review has focused on to compare the available treatment options applied by China and India to manage the current pandemic situation, in their respective countries.
Correlation between Human Origin and the Severity of COVID19ijtsrd
It has been reported that the severity of coronavirus infectious disease COVID 19 is due to several factors such as age and the presence or absence of chronic disease. Furthermore, it has been reported that genetic factors affect the severity of COVID 19. A recently published study of the COVID 19 Host Genetics Initiative suggests that genetic manifolds in the region located on chromosome 3 may increase the risk of the severity of COVID 19. Takuma Hayashi | Ikuo Konishi "Correlation between Human Origin and the Severity of COVID19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33684.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/33684/correlation-between-human-origin-and-the-severity-of-covid19/takuma-hayashi
An Approach to Calculate Reusability in Source Code Using MetricsIJERA Editor
Reusability is an only one best direction to increase developing productivity and maintainability of application. One must first search for good tested software component and reusable. Developed Application software by one programmer can be shown useful for others also component. This is proving that code specifics to application requirements can be also reused in develop projects related with same requirements. The main aim of this paper proposed a way for reusable module. An process that takes source code as a input that will helped to take the decision approximately which particular software, reusable artefacts should be reused or not.
Definitief programma Raedelijn 2015-2016 Raedelijn
Raedelijn werkt met een programmatische meerjarenaanpak: formulering van programmalijnen met doelstellingen op de langere termijn (2 jaar).
De overalldoelstelling van het programma is:
- De toegevoegde waarde van de eerstelijnszorg versterken in partnership vanuit de eerste lijn met ziekenhuizen, gemeenten en welzijn
- Organiseren van goede, samenhangende en doelmatige zorg dichtbij de mensen thuis
- Zorg betaalbaar houden
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
A Survey on the Level of 5 Dimensional Qualities of Life and Health Status in...ijtsrd
A survey on Quality of life QOL was conducted and assessed in 40 filarial lymph edema patients in the clinic unit of Vector Control Research Center VCRC , Puducherry, by administering modified, translated, and validated versions of the Euro Quality of life 5Dimensions – 3Levels EQ 5D 3L health survey scale and the EQ Visual Analogue Scale EQ VAS . The EQ VAS assesses the current rating general health status. The EQ 5D 3L measures quality of health on 5 dimensions covering mobility, self care, usual activities, pain and discomfort and anxiety and depression. By EQ 5D 3L, patients experienced poorer physical functioning mobility , more role limitations self care resulting from physical health conditions, less emotional well being anxiety and depression , poorer social functioning, and more pain. By EQ VAS, the overall general health status was significantly affected in subjects with filarial lymph edema. The significant difference in the QOL as perceived by filarial lymph edema patients reiterates the importance of morbidity control in patients affected by this disease. R. Senthil Kumar | D. Sultana "A Survey on the Level of 5 Dimensional Qualities of Life and Health Status in Subjects with Filarial Lymphedema in Puducherry" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42516.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/42516/a-survey-on-the-level-of-5-dimensional-qualities-of-life-and-health-status-in-subjects-with-filarial-lymphedema-in-puducherry/r-senthil-kumar
This was a prospective cross sectional hospital based study included 117 patients with a definitive history of snake bite and clinical features consistent with the pres¬ence of fang marks at the emergency department, Gadarif Hospital, Eastern Sudan from 1st January 2015 to 1st January 2016 to identify the epidemiological factors of snake bite. The majority of these 117 patients were adult (86.3%) and male gender constituted 85.4%. Most of the patients were of rural residence (65.8%) and were involved in farming related activities (68.3%). A relatively high proportion of snake bite episodes happened in the afternoon times (53.9%) and half of the cases were reported during August (18%) and November. (12.8%). Lower limbs were involved in maximum number of the cases (83.7%). The reported systemic reaction included: swelling (100%), sweating (100%), hypotension (54.7%), nausea (51.%), vomiting (47.8%), local bleeding (13.6%), hymoptysis (1.7%) and neurotoxic symptoms (0.8%). In this study, there were ten (8.5%) deaths; 7 had grade 3 and the other three patients had grade 4 envenomation. In conclusion Snake bites is a real medical threat in Eastern Sudan; thus, it is very important to educate the native people to increase awareness about the risk of snake bites in particular among male, farmers and during the period from August to November.
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid which is derived from the microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis. As well as being the most powerful antioxidant known to science, it also has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Naturalastaxanthin´s distinct advantage in comparison to other antioxidants, is its ability to span the entire lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus providing superior protection from the inside out. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of astaxanthin from the algae Haematoccus pluvialis in Astashine capsules as a natural immune booster in covid-19 infections.
Covid 19 spreading in rural india a geospatial study of villages, semi-urban ...Mohd Akhter Ali
The COVID-19 pandemic is considered as the most critical global health disaster of the century and the greatest challenge that the human civilization faced since the 2nd World War.
It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the whole human population
Coronavirus: medical management in a developed country that is china versus a...Vedica Sethi
The systemic review has focused on to compare the available treatment options applied by China and India to manage the current pandemic situation, in their respective countries.
Correlation between Human Origin and the Severity of COVID19ijtsrd
It has been reported that the severity of coronavirus infectious disease COVID 19 is due to several factors such as age and the presence or absence of chronic disease. Furthermore, it has been reported that genetic factors affect the severity of COVID 19. A recently published study of the COVID 19 Host Genetics Initiative suggests that genetic manifolds in the region located on chromosome 3 may increase the risk of the severity of COVID 19. Takuma Hayashi | Ikuo Konishi "Correlation between Human Origin and the Severity of COVID19" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33684.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/33684/correlation-between-human-origin-and-the-severity-of-covid19/takuma-hayashi
An Approach to Calculate Reusability in Source Code Using MetricsIJERA Editor
Reusability is an only one best direction to increase developing productivity and maintainability of application. One must first search for good tested software component and reusable. Developed Application software by one programmer can be shown useful for others also component. This is proving that code specifics to application requirements can be also reused in develop projects related with same requirements. The main aim of this paper proposed a way for reusable module. An process that takes source code as a input that will helped to take the decision approximately which particular software, reusable artefacts should be reused or not.
Definitief programma Raedelijn 2015-2016 Raedelijn
Raedelijn werkt met een programmatische meerjarenaanpak: formulering van programmalijnen met doelstellingen op de langere termijn (2 jaar).
De overalldoelstelling van het programma is:
- De toegevoegde waarde van de eerstelijnszorg versterken in partnership vanuit de eerste lijn met ziekenhuizen, gemeenten en welzijn
- Organiseren van goede, samenhangende en doelmatige zorg dichtbij de mensen thuis
- Zorg betaalbaar houden
Discretizing of linear systems with time-delay Using method of Euler’s and Tu...IJERA Editor
Delays deteriorate the control performance and could destabilize the overall system in the theory of discretetime
signals and dynamic systems. Whenever a computer is used in measurement, signal processing or control
applications, the data as seen from the computer and systems involved are naturally discrete-time because a
computer executes program code at discrete points of time. Theory of discrete-time dynamic signals and systems
is useful in design and analysis of control systems, signal filters, state estimators and model estimation from
time-series of process data system identification. In this paper, a new approximated discretization method and
digital design for control systems with delays is proposed. System is transformed to a discrete-time model with
time delays. To implement the digital modeling, we used the z-transfer functions matrix which is a useful model
type of discrete-time systems, being analogous to the Laplace-transform for continuous-time systems. The most
important use of the z-transform is for defining z-transfer functions matrix is employed to obtain an extended
discrete-time. The proposed method can closely approximate the step response of the original continuous timedelayed
control system by choosing various of energy loss level. Illustrative example is simulated to demonstrate
the effectiveness of the developed method.\
Reliability Analysis of Slope Stability by Central Point MethodIJERA Editor
Given uncertainty and variability of the slope stability analysis parameter, the paper proceed from the perspective of probability theory and statistics based on the reliability theory. Through the central point method of reliability analysis, performance function about the reliability of slope stability analysis is established. What’s more, the central point method and conventional limit equilibrium methods do comparative analysis by calculation example. The approach’s numerical results are consistent with the traditional limit equilibrium method and meet the objective reality. The accuracy and practicality of reliability analysis is confirmed in order to provide reliability theory a scientific basis for the feasibility of slope stability analysis.
Investigation of various orthogonal wavelets for precise analysis of X-ray im...IJERA Editor
Now-a-days X-rays are playing very important role in medicine. One of the most important applications of Xray
is detecting fractures in bones. X-ray provides important information about the type and location of the
fracture. Sometimes it is not possible to detect the fractures in X-rays with naked eye. So it needs further
processing to detect the fractures even at minute levels. To detect minute fractures, in this paper various edge
feature extraction methods are analyzed which helps medical practitioners to study the bone structure, detects
the bone fracture, measurement of fracture treatment, and treatment planning prior to surgery. The classical
derivative edge detection operators such as Roberts, Prewitt, sobel, Laplacian of Gaussian can be used as edge
detectors, but a lot of false edge information will be extracted. Therefore a technique based on orthogonal
wavelet transforms like Haar, daubechies, coiflet, symlets are applied to detect the edges and are compared.
Among all the methods, Haar wavelet transform method performs well in detecting the edges with better
quality. The various performance metrics like Ratio of Edge pixels to size of image (REPS), peak signal to noise
ratio (PSNR) and computation time are compared for various wavelets.
Synchronizing Parallel Tasks Using STMIJERA Editor
The past few years have marked the start of a historic transition from sequential to parallel computation. The necessity to write parallel programs is increasing as systems are getting more complex while processor speed increases are slowing down. Current parallel programming uses low-level programming constructs like threads and explicit synchronization using locks to coordinate thread execution. Parallel programs written with these constructs are difficult to design, program and debug. Also locks have many drawbacks which make them a suboptimal solution. One such drawback is that locks should be only used to enclose the critical section of the parallel-processing code. If locks are used to enclose the entire code then the performance of the code drastically decreases. Software Transactional Memory (STM) is a promising new approach to programming shared-memory parallel processors. It is a concurrency control mechanism that is widely considered to be easier to use by programmers than locking. It allows portions of a program to execute in isolation, without regard to other, concurrently executing tasks. A programmer can reason about the correctness of code within a transaction and need not worry about complex interactions with other, concurrently executing parts of the program. If STM is used to enclose the entire code then the performance of the code is the same as that of the code in which STM is used to enclose the critical section only and is far better than code in which locks have been used to enclose the entire code. So STM is easier to use than locks as critical section does not need to be identified in case of STM. This paper shows the concept of writing code using Software Transactional Memory (STM) and the performance comparison of codes using locks with those using STM. It also shows why the use of STM in parallel-processing code is better than the use of locks.
"This paper represents the preliminary result from an ongoing research project. The purpose of the project is to map the geographical and temporal development of the 1918 flu in at a local community. In this case, the Danish provincial marked town Holbæk. By including a variety of concurrent records, the patterns of infection will be analyzed from a socioeconomic perspective by using different kinds of graph theory and methods. For example, social networks analy-sis (SNA).
The overall aim of the project is to contribute to our understanding of the preconditions for the route of pandemics and annually epidemics. In particular, provide results and methods that can be further developed and included in real time surveillance (the loop) and evaluations on wherever a seasonal epidemic has the potential to go pandemic. "
Isotherm Studies for Performance Evaluation of Functionalized Carbon Nanotube...IJERA Editor
Composite Nanofiltration membranes were fabricated by incorporating Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) membranes. A suspension was prepared by dispersing CNT (30 minutes of sonication) in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent for 0.5 mg/ml. This suspension after vacuum filtration dispersed over PVDF membrane of pore size 0.22μm. Excess DMSO was removed by washing using Ethanol followed by Deionized water. Normal and various functionalized (Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxylic (-COOH), Amine (-NH2)) SWCNTs and MWCNTs were purchased and the CNT based polymer composite nanofiltration membranes were fabricated by vacuum filtration method at a uniform loading of 10mg/cm2. The experimental results were used to evaluate the TDS removal efficiency of the fabricated membrane modules, which are normal and functionalized (4 composites in both SW and MW combinations) CNT. The TDS removal efficiency of all the 8 composite membranes were observed under varied operating conditions viz., varying flow rate (100,150,200 and 250 ml/hr) and influent TDS (2500, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/l). The flux of the membrane is varied 200 to 500 lit/m2.hr. The Isotherm studies using the experimental data on Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models validated the results of the experiment and are indicative of the role of adsorption of the functionalized CNT based polymer composite nanofiltration membranes which removing the TDS. The results showed that the amino functionalized SWCNTs based polymer composite (PVDF/SWCNTs) nanofiltration membranes can be used as an effective adsorbent for desalination due to their high adsorption capacity.
Design for Testability in Timely Testing of Vlsi CircuitsIJERA Editor
Even though a circuit is designed error-free, manufactured circuits may not function correctly. Since the manufacturing process is not perfect, some defects such as short-circuits, open-circuits, open interconnections, pin shorts, etc., may be introduced. Points out that the cost of detecting a faulty component increases ten times at each step between prepackage component test and system warranty repair. It is important to identify a faulty component as early in the manufacturing process as possible. Therefore, testing has become a very important aspect of any VLSI manufacturing system.Two main issues related to test and security domain are scan-based attacks and misuse of JTAG interface. Design for testability presents effective and timely testing of VLSI circuits. The project is to test the circuits after design and then reduce the area, power, delay and security of misuse. BIST architecture is used to test the circuits effectively compared to scan based testing. In built-in self-test (BIST), on-chip circuitry is added to generate test vectors or analyze output responses or both. BIST is usually performed using pseudorandom pattern generators (PRPGs). Among the advantages of pseudorandom BIST are: (1) the low cost compared to testing from automatic test equipment (ATE). (2) The speed of the test, which is much faster than when it is applied from ATE. (3) The applicability of the test while the circuit is in the field, and (4) the potential for high quality of test.
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A Geographical Distribution of Aids Cases in Tamilnadu District Wise (2008 – 2014)
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A Geographical Distribution of Aids Cases in Tamilnadu District
Wise (2008 – 2014)
Kalyani .V1
, Vasanthi. R2
1
Department Of Geography, Government women’s. College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam – 612001. Tamil
Nadu, India.
2
Department of Industries & Earth Sciences, Tamil University, Thanjavur- 613 010, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT
The present study was undertaken to characterize the various opportunistic pathogens (fungi and bacteria)
which are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in 25 HIV seropositive patients, either hospitalized (5
Nos) (or) coming to antiretroviral therapy centre in Government hospital, TamilNadu, were included in the
study for finding the spectrum of opportunistic pathogens. Blood serum, urine, sputum, and oral swabs were
collected and processed. A total of eight pathogens were detected.
Keywords: Opportunistic pathogens; HIV; Blood; Urine; Sputum.
I. INTRODUCTION
The application of geographical concept and the
technique to health related problem is called as
medical geography. The object of medical geography
is the systematic study of geographical distribution of
disease and of related environment phenomena.
Medical geography deals with the different disease
diffusion. It also studies about location and efficiency
of health care centers. Medical geography also
studies about, mortality, morbidity and nutritional
status. Park (1983) has defined that “medical
geography is a scientific discipline joining with
geography”. Pyle (1979) has denoted that “The
medical geography is a multi dimensional body of
knowledge but at the same time a multifaceted
approach geared towards understanding spatial of
aspects of human health problem”.
II. MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY IN INDIA
In India period extending from about 600 BC to
400 AD is considered to be creative period of Indian
Medicine. During the period Taxila and Varanasi as
great centers of medical research. Several books and
monographs were written to elaborate add and
modify the medical knowledge contained in the
Vedas. It was during this period that susrutha the
surgeon wrote this salyantra. Taxila had Atreya as
professor of Medicine whose contribution to
medicine as great as that susruta to surgery. Atreya,
the father of Indian Medicine says “All suffering
whether of the bodyor mind has for its basis
ignorance all happiness has its foundation in pure
scientific knowledge”. This indicates well the
scientific basis of medical science in ancient India.
Susruta recognized three causes of disease. Physical
(hereditary congential or due to dearrangement of
doses or humour) environmental and natural. The
modern medical geography in India laid in the
1930’s. it is still one of the most under developed
branches of geography in the country.
2.1 AIDS: AIDS, the acquired immuno deficiency
syndrome(sometimes called “Slim disease” is a
newly described usually fatal illness caused by a
retrovirus known as the Human Immuno – deficiency
Virus (HIV) which breaks down the body’s immune
system. The term AIDS refers only to the last state of
the HIV infection. AIDS was first recognized in USA
in 1981.
A) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES:
2.2.1 A) AGENT: When the virus was first identified
it was called Lymphadenopathy associated virus”
(LAV) by the French scientists. Researchers in U.S.A
called it “human T.CellLymphotrophic virus III
(HTLV – III)” In May 1986 the international
committee on the Taxonomy gave it a new name
Human Immuno-Deficiency virus (HIV). The virus is
I/10000th
of a millimeter in diameter. It is a protein
capsule containing two short stands of genetic
material (RNA) and few enzymes. The virus uses the
human cells to perpetuate itself. The virus replicates
in actively dividing 14 lymphocytes. There are two
types of HIV. The most common is HIV I and a more
recently recognized virus called HIV2 (in West
Africa).
B) RESERVOIR OF INFECTION: Once a person
is infected by HIV, the virus remains in the body life-
long. Since HIV infection take years to manifest
itself, the symptomless carrier can infect other people
for years
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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C) SOURCE OF INFECTION: The virus has been
found in greatest concentration in blood, semen, and
CSF. Lower concentrations have been detected in
tears, saliva, best milk, and urine, cervical and
vaginal secretions.
2.2.2 A) AGE: Most case has occurred among
sexually active persons 20-49 years. This group
represents the most productive members of society
and those responsible for child bearing and child
rearing.
B) SEX: About 70 Percent of cases are homosexual
or bisexual. Certain sexual practices increase the risk
of infection more than others. Eg: multiple sexual
partners, anal intercourse and homosexuality. Higher
rate of infection is found in prostitutes.
C) HIGH RISK GROUPS: Male Homosexuals and
bisexuals, heterosexual partners (including
prostitutes). Intravenous drug abusers, transfusion
recipients of blood and blood products hemophiliacs
and client of STD.
D) IMMUNOLOGY: The immune system disorders
associated with HIV infection/AIDS are considered
to occur primarily from the gradual depletion in a
specialized group of white blood cells (Lyphocytes)
called T-helper or T- 4 cells. HIV selectively infects
T-helper cells. When the virus reproduces, the
infected T-helper cells are destroyed. Consequently
people with AIDS tend to have low WBC count.
III. CAUSES OF AIDS:
A Global Epidemic more than 30 million people
around the world are currently infected with the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that
causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS). New HIV infection have leveled off or even
declined in most developed countries, but the virus is
spreading rapidly through much of the developing
world.
3.1 WORLD PROBLEM STATEMENT OF
AIDES: AIDS was first recognized in USA in 1981,
earlier cases were found to have occurred in 1978 in
USA and 1970’s in Africa, from estimated 1 million
people infected with HIV worldwide in 1981, in its
second decade its magnitude has increase at over 100
fold. In 1993, 15 million people around the world
were estimated to be infected.
3.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT OF AIDES IN
INDIA: The evidence of HIV was first documented
in Chennai in southern India in 1986. Based on
sentinel surveillance the HIV prevalence can be
broadly classified into three groups of states/UT’s of
the country.
A.HIGH PREVALENCE STATES: 45 Districts in
the high prevalence states of Maharastra, Tanil Nadu,
Manipur, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Nagaland
have been identified as high prevalence districts.
B.MODERATE PREVALENCE STATES: The
state of Gujarat, Goa and Pondicherry which share
geographical borders with the moderate prevalence
states report HIV prevalence exceeding 5 percent
among high risk groups.
C.LOW PREVALENCE STATES: Apart from the
six high prevalence states and three moderate
prevalence states the remaining states and union
territories fall into the low prevalence.
3.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT OF AIDS IN
TAMILNADU:
TamilNadu is a state with 62.2 Million
Population from 29 districts. It is estimated that there
are 5, 00,000 cases of HIV Positives in TamilNadu,
up the end of 2002.
The number of AIDS cases reported from
TamilNadu has increased enormously from 1092 in
1998 to 24667 in November 2003.As for the mode of
transmission of HIV, heterosexual transmission is the
predominant mode of transmission of HIV, and
heterosexual transmission is the Predominant mode
of transmission of HIV in the state. Commercial sex
workers, truckers, helper, men who have sex with
men, intravenous injecting drug users are the targeted
high risk groups in the state, while the group such as
migrant population workers of unorganized sectors
slum dwellers, street children, youth adolescent has
been identified as the most vulnerable groups.
Chennai is leading with 9148 AIDS cases
followed by Madurai 2043, Namakkal 1884, Salem
1810, Dindugal 1709, Vellore 1656, Tiruchirappalli
1561, Erode 1842, Cuddalore 1194, Villupuram
1105, Dharmapuri 1105, and Thiruvallur with 1079
Aids cases have been identified as high risk districts
in the state.
3.4 THE PROBLEM
Population considerably in here future in
TamilNadu, The syndrome has wide spread
prevalence and most affected region is Chennai,
Namakkal, and Salem region, followed by Madurai,
Thanjavur also. The reason is that the majority of the
truck drivers are who travel widely to the North and
acqurice the syndrome. The present study is confined
to trace Geographical distribution of AIDS and what
is the trend over the a time period from 2008-2014.
IV. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the study is to analysis of AIDS in
TamilNadu. In order to achieve the above mentioned
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aim, the following objectives are taken to
consideration.
A. To finds the Geographical Distribution of AIDS in
TamilNadu during 2008-2014. And to analyze, the
Age group wise, place of Residence, and
occupational wise affected patients.
B. Moniter the trends of HIV epidemic.
C. Provide the impact of preventive and control
activities of HIV epidemic.
V. METHODOLOGY
To study of Geographical Distribution of AIDS
in TamilNadu 2008-2014 using GIS technique. Land
use and population are identified in bar diagram, Pie
chart. The relation between population and AIDS
prevailing patients using Time series Three years
moving Average Techniques, Pie chart are using of
Identified by to analysis of AIDS in TamilNadu.
VI. STUDY AREA
The study area state covers an area of 130058
sq.km equivalent of 4% of the total area of India. It
extends latitudinal between 8º5’ North and 13º35’
North longitudinally between 70º15’ East and
80º20’East.The TamilNadu has a long coastline on
the east, stretching for nearly 1000kms from Pulicat
lake in the North to Kanyakumari in the South and
South West. The folded ranges of the Western Ghats
and the connecting broken lines of hills of the
Eastrenghats, namely Javadhu, Shervaroys, Kalayan,
Pachamalai,Kollimalai etc., The state is bordered on
the North by Karnataka and AndraPredesh, on the
East by the bay of Bengal, on the South by the Indian
Ocean and on the West by Kerala State. Figure 1.1
LOCATION MAPS OF THE STUDY AREA
FIG 1.1
VII. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF AIDS CASES IN TAMILNADU
DISTRICT WISE
7.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
AIDS CASES IN TAMILNADU DISTRICT
WISE – 2008
The following table 1.1 and figure 1.2 we looked
in the geographical distribution of AIDS cases in
TamilNadu in the year of 2008; the prevalence of
AIDS is very high in Chennai (24.78%) Karur
(4.92%) Namakkal (5.88%) Salem (5.74%) and
Vellore (5.60%) Madurai (5.07%) is also the high
percentage rate region in the year of 2008. The low
HIV/ AIDS prevalent in Coimbatore (1.75%)
Kanchipuram (2.23%) Kannyakumari (0.14%)
Nagapattinam (0.49%) Nilgiris 0.08 Pudukkottai
(1.07%) and soon. In this Chennai has 7581
HIV/AIDS Patients followed by Karur 1433. Madurai
1522 and Namakkal 1801 Male AIDS Patients in the
year of 2008. The TamilNadu during the 2008 the
total HIV/AIDS patients were in 29731. In this Male
Patients was 101899 and Female was in 41630.
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FIG 1.2
7.2 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
AIDS CASES IN TAMILNADU DISTRICT
WISE – 2014
The map shows that the geographical distribution
of arts in Tamilnadu in the year of 2014. The Aids
Prevalence as highly in Chennai (15.51%) Karur
(11.96%) Madurai (8.56%) Namakkal (8.39%).
Salem (10.49%) and Vellore (7.18%). The second
category of (3.50% to 4.50%) is in the Trichy
(4.37%) Tirunelveli (3.59%). The third category of
(2.50% to 3.50%) Prevalence in Perambalur (2.30%)
Villupuram (2.29%) Krishnagiri (2.86%) was in
Ariyalur (1.45%) Coimbatore (1.81%) Dindugal
(0.43%) Kanniyakumari (0.18%) Sivagangai (1.97%)
Tuticorin (0.49%) and soon. In this we looked in to
the geographical distribution of AIDS cases in
TamilNadu the central place of TamilNadu
concentrated high in HIV/AIDS affected patients.
The southern district of TamilNadu is very low level.
Table 1.2 and Figure 1.3
TABLE 1.2
GOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF AIDS CASES IN TAMILNDU DISTRICT WISE – 2014
S.NO DISTRICT MALE % FEMALE % TOTAL %
1 ARIYALUR 734 0.77 644 0.68 1378 1.45
2 CHENNAI 9781 10.34 4882 5.16 14663 15.51
3 COIMBATORE 974 1.03 742 0.78 1716 1.81
4 CUDDALORE 234 0.24 194 0.20 428 0.45
5 DHARMAPURI 1835 1.94 863 0.91 2698 2.85
6 DINDUGAL 249 0.26 160 0.16 409 0.43
7 ERODE 1729 1.82 643 0.68 2372 2.50
8 KANCHIPURAM 192 0.20 112 0.11 304 0.32
9 KANNIYAKUMARI 102 0.10 71 0.07 173 0.18
10 KARUR 7434 7.86 3876 4.10 11310 11.96
11 KRISHNAGIRI 1964 2.07 740 0.78 2704 2.86
12 MADURAI 5043 5.33 3050 3.22 8093 8.56
13 NAGAPATTINAM 216 0.33 134 0.14 450 0.47
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14 NAMAKKAL 6892 74.29 3910 1.09 7931 8.39
15 NILAGIRI 142 0.15 92 0.09 234 0.24
16 PERAMBALUR 1472 1.55 702 0.74 2174 2.30
17 PUDUKOTTAI 127 0.13 112 0.11 239 0.25
18 RAMANATHAPURAM 307 0.32 172 0.18 479 0.50
19 SALEM 6573 6.95 3343 3.53 9916 10.49
20 SIVAGANGAI 1172 1.23 697 0.73 1869 3.97
21 THANJAVUR 934 0.98 764 0.80 1698 1.79
22 THENI 2210 2.33 932 0.98 3142 3.32
23 THIRUNELVELI 1531 1.61 922 0.97 2453 2.59
24 THIRUVALLUR 363 0.38 206 0.21 569 0.60
25 THIRUVANNAMALAI 294 0.31 194 0.20 488 0.51
26 THIRUVARUR 296 0.31 106 0.11 402 0.42
27 TUTICORIN 294 0.30 175 0.18 467 0.49
28 TRICHY 2606 2.75 1532 1.62 4138 4.37
29 TIRUPPUR 903 0.63 685 0.51 1588 3.15
30 VELLORE 4035 4.26 2760 0.29 6795 7.18
31 VILLUPURAM 1202 1.27 964 1.01 2166 2.29
32 VIRUDHUNAGAR 932 0.98 642 0.67 1574 1.66
TOTAL 62570 31950 94520
FIG 1.3
7.3 AGE GROUP WISE CLASSIFICATION
2008-2014
In the year 2008 the proportion of AIDS
prevalence high in 15-29 year age Group followed by
30-49 years age group. The prevalence rate among
the Male in 5-49 age group in 33.18% was
considerably high compared the Female. The
following table 1.3 and 1.4.
In 2014 the proportion of AIDS prevalence high
in 30-49 years age Group 37.82 followed by 15-29
years age group 32.45, 10.67% AIDS prevalence in
0-14 category of age group. The proportion of AIDS
prevailing high in the year to year in 2008-2014 the
30-49 years age Group was very highly affected in
HIV infection. The following table 1.4 and 1.5.
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TABLE 1.3 AGE GROUP CLASSIFICATION IN AIDS – 2008
Age Group Male % Female % Total %
0-14 3645 8.75 2375 5.70 6020 1.44
15-29 10334 24.82 3482 8.36 13816 33.18
30-49 12422 29.83 3350 8.04 15776 37.88
Above 50 3330 7.99 2692 6.46 6022 14.46
Total 29731 11899 41630
FIG 1.4
TABLE 1.4 AGE GROUP CLASSIFICATION IN AIDS – 2014
Age Group Male % Female % Total %
0-14 2775 2.93 5747 6.08 8522 9.01
15-29 25367 26.83 9575 9.38 34942 36.92
30-49 26883 28.44 8873 9.38 35756 37.82
Above 50 7545 7.89 7755 8.20 15300 16.18
Total 62570 31950 94520
FIG 1.5
7.4 PLACE OF RESIDENCE
0
10
20
30
40
0-14 15-29 30-49 Above 50
PERCENTAGE
AGE GROUP
AGE GROUP CLASSIFICATION IN AIDS - 2008
MALE FEMALE TOTAL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0-14 15-29 30-49 Above 50
AxisTitle
Axis Title
AGE GROUP CLASSIFICATION IN AIDS - 2014
MALE
FEMALE
TOTAL
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The proportion of positive STD clients was
high among rural population compared to urban
population. People residing in rural areas (57%) has
higher positivity compared with urban population
(43%) for the year 2014.table 1.5 and Figure 1.6.
TABLE 1.5
PLACE OF RESIDENCE
Place of Residence %
Urban 43%
Rural 57%
FIG 1.6
7.5 EDUCATIONAL STATUS WISE AIDS
PATIENTS
The HIV prevalence was high among illiterate
population i.e.37.21 percent of the illiterate23.26%
was in 5th
standard. Table (1.6) and figure (1.7). The
Graduates and above percentage level is 8.89%. In
this observed to illiterate mostly affected the AIDS.
The HIV infection is more among illiterate compared
with educated people. So the difference is not
statistically significant monitoring the trend over the
years provide important clue regarding influence of
education in prevention of transmission of HIV
infection.
TABLE 1.6 EDUCATIONAL STATUS WISE
AIDS PATIENTS
Education Prevalence %
Illiterate 37.21
5th
std 23.26
12th
15.34
Graduate & Above 8.89
FIG 1.7
7.6 OCCUPATIONAL WISE AIDS PATIENTS
In this below diagram that the occupational
distribution of Hiv prevalence in the year 2014.
Unskilled workers, Drivers and unemployed groups
had higher prevalence of HIV infection compared
with other groups. 48.72% has observe that the
drivers concentrated is highly in industrial oriented
level of 47.06% Hotel staff and people inbred in
business also having positivity rate. Table 1.7 and
figure 1.8.
TABLE 1.7 OCCUPATIONAL WISE AIDS
PATIENTS
Occupational of spouse % Positive
Agriculture 48.72
Driver 44.68
Industrial worker 17.39
Hotel staff 20
Services 7.14
Un employed 47.06
FIG 1.8
43%
57%
PLACE OF RESIDENCE
Urban
Rural
0
10
20
30
40
EDUCATIONALSTATUS
PREVALENCE %
EDUCATIONAL STATUS WISE AIDS
PATIENTS
Prevalence %
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%POSITIVE
OCCUPATION
OCCUPATIONAL WISE AIDS
PATIENTS
% Positive
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7.7 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS: Three yearly
moving Average Trend With the help of Analysis 3
yearly moving average curve we have to concluded
that AIDS patients in Tamil Nadu during the period
of 2008- 2014. The maximum patients are shown in
48307 in 2005. Gradually, AIDS patients are
increasing year by year. Table 1.8 and figure 1.9.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS: Three yearly moving
Average Trend
TABLE 1.8
s.no years AIDS
Patient
in Tamil
Nadu
3 Yearly
total
3Yearly
moving
average
1 2008 41081 - -
2 2009 57151 148391 49463.66
3 2010 50160 181671 60557
4 2011 74360 219040 73013.33
5 2014 94520 -
FIG 1.9
CHANGING PATTERN TAMILNADU AIDS
PATIENTS 2008- 2014
Changing pattern like increase or decrease in the
year 2008- 2014 also be discussed. .Here, changing
pattern weather increase or decrease also calculated
in between the year of 2008-2014. The increasing
pattern is very high compare than the other criteria
like decrease, showing the table 1.9.
TABLE 1.9
VIII. CONCLUSION
Until a vaccine or curve for AIDS is found the
only means at present available is health education to
enable people to make life saving choices. Awareness
creation of all levels is the key to the prevention and
control of HIV/AIDS. The predominant objectives of
mass awareness campaigns are to inform the public
above the epidemic and its implications to create
awareness about mode of transmission of the
epidemic, and the ways to protect oneself, to
mobilize support to intervention programmers and to
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
3YEARLYMOVINGAVERAGE
YEARS
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS THREE YEARLY
MOVING AVERAGE TREND
AIDS
Patient in
Tamil
Nadu
41081
3 Yearly
total -
S.NO DISTRICT
2008
TOTA
L
2014
TOTAL
1 ARIYALUR 1136 1378
2 CHENNAI 10318 14663
3 COIMBATORE 731 1716
4 CUDDALORE 431 428
5 DHARMAPURI 1432 2698
6 DINDUGAL 1045 409
7 ERODE 2141 2372
8 KANCHIPURAM 931 304
9 KANNIYAKUMARI 61 173
10 KARUR 2051 11310
11 KRISHNAGIRI 112 2704
12 MADURAI 2111 8093
13 NAGAPATTINAM 206 450
14 NAMAKKAL 2451 7931
15 NILAGIRI 34 234
16 PERAMBALUR 1029 2174
17 PUDUKOTTAI 446 239
18
RAMANATHAPUR
AM
121 479
19 SALEM 2392 9916
20 SIVAGANGAI 2168 1869
21 THANJAVUR 1029 1698
22 THENI 1817 3142
23 THIRUNELVELI 450 2453
24 THIRUVALLUR 1361 569
25
THIRUVANNAMAL
AI
1274 488
26 THIRUVARUR 198 402
27 TUTICORIN 397 467
28 TRICHY 2141 4138
29 TIRUPPUR 3918 1588
30 VELLORE 2332 6795
31 VILLUPURAM 431 2166
32 VIRUDHUNAGAR 185 1574
TOTAL 41630 94520
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create an enabling environment to enhance the
efficiency of intervention program. People in High
risk groups should be urged to refrain from donating
blood, body organs, sperm or other tissues. The
instruments used by the HIV positive persons, for
injections, ear piercing, acupuncture or scarification
should not be by others. Not all the children born to
HIV/AIDS infected mothers develop the infection.
The rate of vertical transmission is in the range of 20-
30% without treatment. With antiretroviral treatment,
the risk of transmission lowers to around3% . Mother
to child transmission of HIV/AIDS infection can be
prevented during antenatal period and during child
birth. Breast feeding should be avoided.
At the present there is no vaccine or cure for
treatment of HIV/AIDS infection. The development
of drugs that suppress that suppress the HIV infection
itself rather than its complication has been important
development. This antiviral chemotherapy, while not
curves have proved to be useful in prolonging the life
of severely ill patients. Post exposure prophylactic
(PEP) for HIV refers to antiretroviral drug treatment
started within hours following accidental exposure to
the virus. Four weeks of treatment after accidental
needle stick exposure to HIV among health care
workers decreases the chance of their becoming
infected. By 79% according to a recent study done by
US government. It is important to know and tell
others how HIV infection not spread through social
contact, so that those who are HIV Positive or not
discriminated.
MANAGEMENT OF HIV/ AIDS PATIENTS:
1. Counseling forms a very essential part of care
and support for ST/HIV/AIDS Patients.
2. We should respect and accept the patient in
whatever situation he or she may be.
3. We should create an atmosphere for sharing
4. We should listen attentively to patients problems
and situations
5. Care and Psychological support for the patients
should be given by their family and society
REFERENCE
[1] Park ( 1983) : Preventive and Social
Medicine 1993-2002
[2] Pyle ( 1979) : Applied Medical Geography
[3] www.nacoindia.org
[4] www.Tansacs.org
[5] www.apacvhs.org