Byzantine art is the artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire and other Eastern Orthodox states that culturally inherited from the empire. Several states, while not part of the Byzantine Empire, were still culturally influenced by it, including Bulgaria, Serbia, and Kievan Rus. Certain artistic traditions originating in the Byzantine Empire in icon painting and church architecture have been maintained in Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.
2014 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2014.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
2014 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2014.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
GUIDE 8 UNIT 2 Name:
Date:
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
BYAZANTINE ARTCathedral of the Holy Wisdom in Kiev (Ukraine) preserves much of its original Byzantine interior. 1037.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Kiev CHRISTIAN ART FROM CATACOMBS TO CATHEDRALS
We are entering another thousand-year period in the history of humanity and art.
Before you start reading this section, we need to touch the historical aspect of what happened with the powerful Roman Empire and Classical art (or Greco-Roman art).
In the 4th century the Roman Empire was divided into two parts: Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). These parts would have very different historical fates. They will also provide two major branches for the Christian Church –Catholic (in the West) and Orthodox (in the East).
WEST
EAST
Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire
Capital: Rome
Eastern Roman Empire
Or Byzantine Empire
Capital: Constantinople
Christian Church
Catholic Church
Head of Church: Pope
Orthodox Church
Head of Church: Patriarch
The Latin-speaking Western Empire with its centre in Rome, would face the barbarian invasions, undergo a slow decline for 200 years and eventually fell under the barbarians. The Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire, centred in Constantinople, would grow to a powerful state. I would offer you to stick with the following simple timeline.
CHRISTIAN ART
1000 years
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART BYZANTINE ART
First 3 centuries A.D.4th - 14th centuries
Period of Persecution Period of Recognition
Since the very beginning of human history, art and religion have been closely connected. In the first unit you have learned that art played a central role in prehistoric magic rituals, as well as in Egyptian religious ceremonies to ensure the afterlife. Why so? Have you ever heard music –a church choir or organ -in the cathedral with beautiful stained glass windows? Yes, this is the answer – art has an ability to deliver a strong emotional message to the human soul.
Early Christian Art
Western Empire
Rome
Let us follow the events happening in the both parts of crumbling Roman Empire.
Name two key events that took place in the 3rd century.
* ...
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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1. Byzantine art is the name for the artistic products of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire.
Though the empire itself emerged from Rome's decline and lasted until the Fall of
Constantinople in 1453, many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well
as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved
many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward.
A number of states contemporary with the Byzantine Empire were culturally
influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the "Byzantine commonwealth").
These included Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Rus, as well as some non-Orthodox
states like theRepublic of Venice and the Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties
to the Byzantine Empire despite being in other respects part of western European
culture. Art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman
Empire is often called "post-Byzantine." Certain artistic traditions that originated in
the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church
architecture, are maintained in Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Russia and
other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.
7JULY 2014