The document summarizes a study that investigated stabilizing clay soil with lime and melon husk ash. Key findings include:
1) The natural clay soil was classified as highly plastic (CH) and had low strength, making it unsuitable for construction without treatment.
2) Chemical analysis found the melon husk ash met requirements to be a pozzolanic material, with high concentrations of aluminum, iron, and silicon oxides.
3) Testing showed that adding both lime and melon husk ash to the clay soil increased its unconfined compressive strength and decreased its permeability compared to the untreated soil. The highest strength was achieved with 6% melon husk ash and 8% lime
An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymerijtsrd
The aim of the study was to determine the value of Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values of Soil after stabilizing it with Cement and Polymer. Soil stabilization has been widely used as an alternative to substitute the lack of suitable material on site. The utilization of nontraditional compound stabilizers in soil improvement is developing every day. In this investigation a lab try was led to assess the impacts of waterborne polymer on unconfined pressure quality on sandy soil and CBR Test on clayey soil .The lab tests were performed including grain size of sandy soil, unit weight, and unconfined compressive quality test. The sand and different measures of polymer 2 , 3 , and 4 and concrete 20 , 30 , and 40 were blended in with every one of them into mixture utilizing hand blending in research center conditions. The examples were exposed to unconfined pressure tests to decide their quality following 7 days of restoring. The consequences of the tests showed that the waterborne polymer fundamentally improved the unconfined pressure quality of sandy soils which have weakness of liquefaction. Polymer altered the building properties of soil through physical holding. The amount of polymer required to modify the engineering properties was directly related to specific surface and soil particle coating thickness. Polymer amended soils displayed a reduced performance compared to cement amended soils. Sankalp Jain | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47711.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47711/an-experimental-study-of-soil-stabilization-with-cement-and-polymer/sankalp-jain
The present study provides an effective technique of ground improvement using bio-enzyme. In this study a bio-enzyme named terrazyme is used for improving the California bearing ratio (CBR) value in road construction. Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic and liquid enzyme. It is made from fermentation of plants, vegetable extract and fruit extract. Terrazyme can be used as soil stabilizer and also it can improve the CBR value in road construction. The dosage of terrazyme are taken as 500ml/m3, 700ml/m3, 900ml/m3 and 1000ml/m3in the soil sample and result is analyzed. A significant increase is found in CBR value of the soil sample as the dosage of terrazyme has been increased.
Effect of Resin on the Strength Characteristics of Thonnakkal ClayIJERA Editor
Improving the properties of soil by stabilization is considered as a means of fulfilling design criteria.
Stabilization is usually performed to improve material properties of soil such as strength, stiffness, and
permeability. The use of new materials for soil strengthening is crucial for geotechnical engineering, especially
in foundation construction. Experiments were conducted using resins with different epoxy resin-to-water
(ER/W) ratios. . The results show that by increasing the resin in the soil, the maximum dry density increases,
and the optimum water content decreases in the compaction tests.The results indicate that the epoxy resins
improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil significantly, and if successfully grouted into a
formation, the resins could provide a suitable solution for the stabilization of foundation material.
To Study the Effect of Use of Geosynthetics Fibres in Sub grade Soilijtsrd
Reinforcements and separation are the two functions of Geosynthetics in which pavement system is used in geogrids. The apertures are used in the products of geogrids.These products are mostly in large size and due to this,they are not used for getting separation of different materials. Gradation has main function to separate two different materials. Still, in theoretically geogrids can also give some separation mathods, but in a limited amount. In pavements, geogrids used separation method which is a secondary function or we can say it is use for some sepration of different materials and in reinforcement, geogrids used the primary function in pavements and geogrid used to improve the mechanically properties of engineering like M25 Grade Concrete. The reinforcement mechanisms associated withgeogrids. Er. Kapil Soni | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram "To Study the Effect of Use of Geosynthetics Fibres in Sub grade Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26479.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26479/to-study-the-effect-of-use-of-geosynthetics-fibres-in-sub-grade-soil/er-kapil-soni
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL JUTE FIBRES A CASE STUDYIAEME Publication
Soil reinforcement technique is one of the most popular techniques used for improvement of poor soils. Metal strips, synthetic geotextiles, geogrid sheets, natural geotextiles, randomly distributed, synthetic and natural fibres are being used as reinforcing materials to soil. Further, the soil reinforcement causes significant improvement in tensile strength, shear strength, other properties, bearing capacity as well as economy. Use of natural fibre in civil engineering for improving soil properties is advantageous because they are cheap, locally available, biodegradable and environmental friendly. India has large tracks resting on expansive soil covering an area of 0.8million square meters which is about 20% of total area of India .These expansive soils undergo causes volumetric changes with change in moisture contents, swelling and shrinkage of these soil causes severe damage to the foundations, buildings, roads, retaining structures etc.In this project an attempt is made to study the influence of jute fibre reinforcement on cbr properties of expansive soil with increasing percentages 1%, 2% &3%.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
Cohesive soils are well known for their low strength properties. Thus, they are inappropriate for geotechnical works. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability. Stabilization with cement is a common treatment technology. The present study examines the strength of cement stabilized soil. The laboratory tests were carried out in order to study the strength of california bearing ratio (CBR). Nine clayey soils with different properties were mixed with various amounts of cement content (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Soaked or unsoaked condition of soil affects the CBR value. The test results show that unsoaked CBR before stabilization ranges between 2.78% and 10.22% which that of its corresponding soaked samples range between 1.01% and 9.5%. After stabilization, the values of unsoaked CBR range between 3.08% and 47%. The maximum values of unsoaked CBR are within 10.8% to 47%. So it can be used as sub-base condition. The conventional CBR testing method is expensive and time consuming. The laboratory test results were used for the development of regression based model to predict unsoaked and soaked CBR values for natural and cement stabilized soil. Aye Aye Myat | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Htay Win"Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12819.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12819/prediction-models-for-estimation-of-california-bearing-ratio-for-cohesive-soil/aye-aye-myat
Effect of bio enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymerijtsrd
The aim of the study was to determine the value of Unconfined compressive strength and CBR values of Soil after stabilizing it with Cement and Polymer. Soil stabilization has been widely used as an alternative to substitute the lack of suitable material on site. The utilization of nontraditional compound stabilizers in soil improvement is developing every day. In this investigation a lab try was led to assess the impacts of waterborne polymer on unconfined pressure quality on sandy soil and CBR Test on clayey soil .The lab tests were performed including grain size of sandy soil, unit weight, and unconfined compressive quality test. The sand and different measures of polymer 2 , 3 , and 4 and concrete 20 , 30 , and 40 were blended in with every one of them into mixture utilizing hand blending in research center conditions. The examples were exposed to unconfined pressure tests to decide their quality following 7 days of restoring. The consequences of the tests showed that the waterborne polymer fundamentally improved the unconfined pressure quality of sandy soils which have weakness of liquefaction. Polymer altered the building properties of soil through physical holding. The amount of polymer required to modify the engineering properties was directly related to specific surface and soil particle coating thickness. Polymer amended soils displayed a reduced performance compared to cement amended soils. Sankalp Jain | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari | Abhay Kumar Jha "An Experimental Study of Soil Stabilization with Cement and Polymer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47711.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47711/an-experimental-study-of-soil-stabilization-with-cement-and-polymer/sankalp-jain
The present study provides an effective technique of ground improvement using bio-enzyme. In this study a bio-enzyme named terrazyme is used for improving the California bearing ratio (CBR) value in road construction. Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic and liquid enzyme. It is made from fermentation of plants, vegetable extract and fruit extract. Terrazyme can be used as soil stabilizer and also it can improve the CBR value in road construction. The dosage of terrazyme are taken as 500ml/m3, 700ml/m3, 900ml/m3 and 1000ml/m3in the soil sample and result is analyzed. A significant increase is found in CBR value of the soil sample as the dosage of terrazyme has been increased.
Effect of Resin on the Strength Characteristics of Thonnakkal ClayIJERA Editor
Improving the properties of soil by stabilization is considered as a means of fulfilling design criteria.
Stabilization is usually performed to improve material properties of soil such as strength, stiffness, and
permeability. The use of new materials for soil strengthening is crucial for geotechnical engineering, especially
in foundation construction. Experiments were conducted using resins with different epoxy resin-to-water
(ER/W) ratios. . The results show that by increasing the resin in the soil, the maximum dry density increases,
and the optimum water content decreases in the compaction tests.The results indicate that the epoxy resins
improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil significantly, and if successfully grouted into a
formation, the resins could provide a suitable solution for the stabilization of foundation material.
To Study the Effect of Use of Geosynthetics Fibres in Sub grade Soilijtsrd
Reinforcements and separation are the two functions of Geosynthetics in which pavement system is used in geogrids. The apertures are used in the products of geogrids.These products are mostly in large size and due to this,they are not used for getting separation of different materials. Gradation has main function to separate two different materials. Still, in theoretically geogrids can also give some separation mathods, but in a limited amount. In pavements, geogrids used separation method which is a secondary function or we can say it is use for some sepration of different materials and in reinforcement, geogrids used the primary function in pavements and geogrid used to improve the mechanically properties of engineering like M25 Grade Concrete. The reinforcement mechanisms associated withgeogrids. Er. Kapil Soni | Er. Sunil Kumar | Er. Vikram "To Study the Effect of Use of Geosynthetics Fibres in Sub grade Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26479.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26479/to-study-the-effect-of-use-of-geosynthetics-fibres-in-sub-grade-soil/er-kapil-soni
A CRITICAL REVIEW ON APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL JUTE FIBRES A CASE STUDYIAEME Publication
Soil reinforcement technique is one of the most popular techniques used for improvement of poor soils. Metal strips, synthetic geotextiles, geogrid sheets, natural geotextiles, randomly distributed, synthetic and natural fibres are being used as reinforcing materials to soil. Further, the soil reinforcement causes significant improvement in tensile strength, shear strength, other properties, bearing capacity as well as economy. Use of natural fibre in civil engineering for improving soil properties is advantageous because they are cheap, locally available, biodegradable and environmental friendly. India has large tracks resting on expansive soil covering an area of 0.8million square meters which is about 20% of total area of India .These expansive soils undergo causes volumetric changes with change in moisture contents, swelling and shrinkage of these soil causes severe damage to the foundations, buildings, roads, retaining structures etc.In this project an attempt is made to study the influence of jute fibre reinforcement on cbr properties of expansive soil with increasing percentages 1%, 2% &3%.
Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soilijtsrd
Cohesive soils are well known for their low strength properties. Thus, they are inappropriate for geotechnical works. Soils may be stabilized to increase strength and durability. Stabilization with cement is a common treatment technology. The present study examines the strength of cement stabilized soil. The laboratory tests were carried out in order to study the strength of california bearing ratio (CBR). Nine clayey soils with different properties were mixed with various amounts of cement content (3, 6, 9 and 12%) and compacted at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Soaked or unsoaked condition of soil affects the CBR value. The test results show that unsoaked CBR before stabilization ranges between 2.78% and 10.22% which that of its corresponding soaked samples range between 1.01% and 9.5%. After stabilization, the values of unsoaked CBR range between 3.08% and 47%. The maximum values of unsoaked CBR are within 10.8% to 47%. So it can be used as sub-base condition. The conventional CBR testing method is expensive and time consuming. The laboratory test results were used for the development of regression based model to predict unsoaked and soaked CBR values for natural and cement stabilized soil. Aye Aye Myat | Nyan Myint Kyaw | Htay Win"Prediction Models for Estimation of California Bearing Ratio for Cohesive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12819.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12819/prediction-models-for-estimation-of-california-bearing-ratio-for-cohesive-soil/aye-aye-myat
Effect of bio enzyme stabilization on unconfined compressive strength of expa...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of Jute Fiber in the Improvement of Subgrade CharacteristicsIDES Editor
For the development of any country, a satisfactory
mode of transport and communication is indispensable. This
can be achieved through a transportation system, which is
economically viable. Economy in road network can be achieved
through economical pavement design. The entire load coming
over the infrastructure is ultimately transmitted to the
subgrade. Load carrying and dispersion capacity of subgrade
soil play a vital role in civil engineering. In case of highway a
weak subgrade results in greater thickness of pavement layer,
so that the stresses on the subgrade are inconsonant with
their load carrying capacity. Empirically flexible pavements
are designed on the basis of CBR value of the subgrade and
traffic on the proposed road. As per IRC recommendation
increase in CBR value from 2.0% to 5.0% reduces the thickness
requirement by 35% for 1.0 msa of traffic. Therefore
improvement in subgrade has always been an area of concern
to highway and geotechnical engineers. In the present study
a series of Proctor Compaction tests and California Bearing
Ratio tests have been carried out on soil mixed with jute fiber.
Jute fibers of different diameters (2 to 8mm) and lengths (0.5
to 2.0 mm) are mixed in the subgrade in different percentage
(0.2 to 1.0%) to find out the optimal quantity. Proctor and
CBR test results are presented in the paper.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
Soil is basic and important element in Civil Engineering field. Stability of every structure depends on the type and characteristics of foundation which in turn depends on the type of soil. Many problems irrupt if expansive soil, Natural soil is to be used in foundation, because of its shrinkage and swelling properties. There are many methods to make natural soil stable for various constructions. Natural soil is comfortable for road work, compared to other types of soil. There are two ways to enhance the quality of sub grade soil “Replacement of soil†or “Soil stabilizationâ€. Soil stabilization can be done chemically or mechanically. Chemical stabilization is carried out by adding different chemicals in suitable proportion, while Mechanical stabilization is achieved by addition of admixtures which helps to improve the properties of soil. Wankhade Ashutosh Purushottam | Pratiksha Malviya "Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and Sisal Fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23537.pdf
Stabilization of Natural Soil with Sand and CementIJSRD
In western Madhya Pradesh generally black cotton soil is found, Black cotton soil is exceptionally feeble and does not have enough steadiness for a development work. On pavement, subgrade layer is the base most layer basic the base form or surface form. To prepare the subgrade soil stable, by enhancing its building properties is extremely rudimentary. In the present study, an adjustment of subgrade soil by using sand and cement i.e. varying the rate of sand and consistent rate of cement by weight of soil is applied to improve the strength of subgrade soil. The grounds for this field is to determine the ideal measurement of the stabilizer, which heightens the effectiveness of soil. Which will be suited for pavement construction. To assess the strength of soil, different test has been performed on the soil. It has been noticed that sand and cement increases the effectiveness of the land.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stabilization of pavement subgrade by using fly ash reinforced with geotextileeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Modern and Experimental Study on stabilization of Marine Clay by using coir...ijtsrd
Here, in this project, marine soil stabilization has been done with the help of randomly distributed polypropylene fibres obtained from waste materials. The improvement in the shear strength parameters has been stressed upon and comparative studies have been carried out using different methods of shear resistance measurement. Reinforcement of soils with natural coir is potentially an effective technique for increasing soil strength. Coir fibre is a degradable material. coir fibre is mixing where coir fibre is not degradable. The marine clay stabilization mostly used chemicals and other types of ashes, this study have been carried out using with coir fibre material. The present investigation aims to explore the performance of different percentages coir fibre material reinforced with marine clay. Harish Parimi | Lavanya Punnam | Haragopal Peddinti"A Modern and Experimental Study on stabilization of Marine Clay by using coir fibre for Foundation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12706.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12706/a-modern-and-experimental-study-on-stabilization-of-marine-clay-by-using-coir-fibre-for-foundation/harish-parimi
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
Application of Jute Fiber in the Improvement of Subgrade CharacteristicsIDES Editor
For the development of any country, a satisfactory
mode of transport and communication is indispensable. This
can be achieved through a transportation system, which is
economically viable. Economy in road network can be achieved
through economical pavement design. The entire load coming
over the infrastructure is ultimately transmitted to the
subgrade. Load carrying and dispersion capacity of subgrade
soil play a vital role in civil engineering. In case of highway a
weak subgrade results in greater thickness of pavement layer,
so that the stresses on the subgrade are inconsonant with
their load carrying capacity. Empirically flexible pavements
are designed on the basis of CBR value of the subgrade and
traffic on the proposed road. As per IRC recommendation
increase in CBR value from 2.0% to 5.0% reduces the thickness
requirement by 35% for 1.0 msa of traffic. Therefore
improvement in subgrade has always been an area of concern
to highway and geotechnical engineers. In the present study
a series of Proctor Compaction tests and California Bearing
Ratio tests have been carried out on soil mixed with jute fiber.
Jute fibers of different diameters (2 to 8mm) and lengths (0.5
to 2.0 mm) are mixed in the subgrade in different percentage
(0.2 to 1.0%) to find out the optimal quantity. Proctor and
CBR test results are presented in the paper.
Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and...ijtsrd
Soil is basic and important element in Civil Engineering field. Stability of every structure depends on the type and characteristics of foundation which in turn depends on the type of soil. Many problems irrupt if expansive soil, Natural soil is to be used in foundation, because of its shrinkage and swelling properties. There are many methods to make natural soil stable for various constructions. Natural soil is comfortable for road work, compared to other types of soil. There are two ways to enhance the quality of sub grade soil “Replacement of soil†or “Soil stabilizationâ€. Soil stabilization can be done chemically or mechanically. Chemical stabilization is carried out by adding different chemicals in suitable proportion, while Mechanical stabilization is achieved by addition of admixtures which helps to improve the properties of soil. Wankhade Ashutosh Purushottam | Pratiksha Malviya "Review Paper on Study on Properties of Black Cotton Soil using Stone Dust and Sisal Fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23537.pdf
Stabilization of Natural Soil with Sand and CementIJSRD
In western Madhya Pradesh generally black cotton soil is found, Black cotton soil is exceptionally feeble and does not have enough steadiness for a development work. On pavement, subgrade layer is the base most layer basic the base form or surface form. To prepare the subgrade soil stable, by enhancing its building properties is extremely rudimentary. In the present study, an adjustment of subgrade soil by using sand and cement i.e. varying the rate of sand and consistent rate of cement by weight of soil is applied to improve the strength of subgrade soil. The grounds for this field is to determine the ideal measurement of the stabilizer, which heightens the effectiveness of soil. Which will be suited for pavement construction. To assess the strength of soil, different test has been performed on the soil. It has been noticed that sand and cement increases the effectiveness of the land.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stabilization of pavement subgrade by using fly ash reinforced with geotextileeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Modern and Experimental Study on stabilization of Marine Clay by using coir...ijtsrd
Here, in this project, marine soil stabilization has been done with the help of randomly distributed polypropylene fibres obtained from waste materials. The improvement in the shear strength parameters has been stressed upon and comparative studies have been carried out using different methods of shear resistance measurement. Reinforcement of soils with natural coir is potentially an effective technique for increasing soil strength. Coir fibre is a degradable material. coir fibre is mixing where coir fibre is not degradable. The marine clay stabilization mostly used chemicals and other types of ashes, this study have been carried out using with coir fibre material. The present investigation aims to explore the performance of different percentages coir fibre material reinforced with marine clay. Harish Parimi | Lavanya Punnam | Haragopal Peddinti"A Modern and Experimental Study on stabilization of Marine Clay by using coir fibre for Foundation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12706.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/12706/a-modern-and-experimental-study-on-stabilization-of-marine-clay-by-using-coir-fibre-for-foundation/harish-parimi
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
As a project in undergraduate college, we decided to explore soil and ways to reinforce using plastic fibers. Our study included Geo synthetic meshes as well as chemical stabilizers. Our scope of study study was finalized to be Waste Plastic Fiber Reinforced soil, as plastic was being used experimentally in small projects while waste plastic is easily available.
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
Stabilization is the process of blending and mixing materials with a soil to improve certain properties of the soil. The process may include the blending of soils to achieve a desired gradation or the mixing of commercially available additives that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for cementation of the soil.
Stabilization in a broad sense incorporates the various methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally available materials.
Investigation of Physicochemical Changes of Soft Clay around Deep Geopolymer ...AltinKaradagli
This study investigates the improvement of soft clay through the deep mixing method with an alkaline substance and the production of geopolymer materials through the reaction between clay and alkaline substance.
Utilisation of Waste Materials in the Construction Of RoadsIJERD Editor
Expansive soils are so widely spread that it becomes impossible to avoid them for highway construction to keep the network structure for mobility and accessibility. These soils are prevalent as large tracts in many parts of the world. Many highway agencies, private organizations and researchers are doing extensive studies on waste materials and research projects concerning the feasibility and environmental suitability. It is necessary to utilize the waste affectively with technical development in each field. Cyclic plate load tests were carried out on the tracks with optimum percentage of reinforcement materials like waste plastics and waste tyre rubber in gravel/flyash subbase laid on expansive subgrade. Test results show that maximum load carrying capacity associated with less value of rebound deflection is obtained for gravel/flyash reinforced subbase compared to unreinforced subbase.
Improvement of the Index and Compaction Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The expansive soil obtained from Baure in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area was rich in clay mineral (montmorillonite), unstable and difficult to use for construction purposes. The soil treated with up to 12% palm kernel shell ash (PKSA an agro – waste) by weight of dry soil to improve index properties and compaction characteristics of the soil using PKSA. Index tests were carried out to classify the natural soil, while the moisture-density relationships were determined by compaction tests on the natural and treated soils using three energy levels viz, British Standard light (BSL), West African Standard (WAS) and British Standard heavy (BSH). BCS used in the study was classified as A-7-5 (20) using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and CH group in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). Tests results show that specific gravity of the soil increased from 2.29 for the natural to 2.34 at 12% treatment. Liquid limit decreased from 76.2% for natural to 73.4% at 10% PKSA content. Plastic limit increased from 40% for the natural soil to 47.1% at 12% PKSA content treatment. Maximum dry density (MDD) values decreased from 1.44Mg/m3, 1.5Mg/m3 and 1.65Mg/m3 for the natural soil to 1.38Mg/m3 at 10%, 1.45Mg/m3 at 10% and 1.56Mg/m3 at 6% PKSA content for BSL, WAS and BSH compaction energy levels respectively. On the other hand, optimum moisture content (OMC) value decreased from 28.5% and 22.4% for the natural soil to 22.4% and 21.0% at 12% PKSA content for BSL and WAS energies respectively while the value for BSH energy increased from 18.2% to 19.0% at 8% PKSA content. Results show that PKSA is suitable for the improvement of the index properties and compaction characteristics of BCS; and its beneficial use will reduce the attendant disposal problem on the environment.
This is a project work to compare the geotechnical properties of termite soil and its surrounding parent soil. This paper is presented in National Conference: Advanced Research In Civil Engineering 2016
Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Adobe Bricks Stabilized With Recycled Su...IJERA Editor
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
2. Mohammed et al: Stabilisation of clay soil with lime and melon husk ash for use in farm structures.
AZOJETE, 10: 63-74
64
create cracks and damage on the pavements, railways, highway embankments, roadways,
building foundations, channel and reservoir linings, irrigation systems, water lines and sewer
lines (Grytan et al., 2012). So, highly plastic soil exhibits undesirable engineering properties
under load. They have low shear strengths and tend to lose shear strength further upon wetting or
other physical disturbances. Therefore, these plastic soils are very prone to shear failure due to
the constant load over time and are considered poor material for foundations (Liu and Evett,
2008).
Soft soil environment are characterized by low strength and show a large deformation upon
loading so that they do not suit the designed engineering properties, hence require reinforcement
treatments. One of the indications for soft soil is undrained shear strength smaller than 40kPa.
According to the classification in Nederlander norm (NEN) 6740 standard the soil types which
suit this indication and considered to be weak are primarily peat and clay (NEN, 2006). The
ground improvement methods for the soft soil can be categorised according to the mode of
treating the soil. Mass improvement is the method that is capable of improving the soil by
modifying either its physical or chemical properties or both in such a way that the soil becomes
reliable hence increasing the strength and reducing deformability and permeability. This can be
done by compaction or consolidation acceleration methods or by stabilising reagents. The most
accepted chemical binders are lime and cement and their task is to bind the particles and
aggregate together thus improving the soil structure and properties, While the compactions and
consolidation methods take rather a long time for the soil to consolidate (months to years)
especially with the cohesive soil, the stabilising reagents effect can be seen immediately and
after one week the site could be ready for construction (Barends, 2011).
Numerous researchers have concluded that the severity and extent of damage inflicted by soil
deposits of swelling nature, to various structures, throughout the world (Ganapathy, 2000;
Agarwala and Khanna, 2005; Abduljauwad, 2003). Improving the strength of soil by stabilisation
technique was performed by PrasadaRaju (2004) and Bansal et al., (2011). The loss caused due
to damaged structures proved the need for more reliable investigation, of such soils and
necessary methods to eliminate or reduce the effect of soil volume change. Over the time, there
are two main materials used for soil stabilisation, these are cement and lime. The prices of these
materials keep increasing due to the high increase in energy cost since 1970s (Neville, 2000).
This situation motivated researches aimed at finding alternative soil stabilising materials
especially those that are locally available and less costly (Mustapha 2005; Alhassan, 2005;
Oyetola and Abdullahi 2006). This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of melon husk ash
and lime on stabilized clay soil.
2. Materials and Test Procedure
2.1 Materials Used
The soil samples used in this investigation were collected from a borrow pit located at kuyi
village 3km from Maikunkele (latitude 90 37’N and 60 33’E) along Minna- Zungeru road, using
the method of disturbed sampling at a depth of 1.5 to 2.0 meters. A study of the geological and
soil maps of Nigeria by Akintola (1982) showed that the samples taken belonged to the group of
3. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2014; Vol. 10: 63-74
65
ferruginous tropical soils derived from acid metamorphic and igneous rocks. Industrial hydrated lime
was used in this study, which has high content of calcium and < 5 % magnesium oxides in
accordance with O’Flaherty (1974). The melon husk used in this study was sourced locally from
melon millers at Kpakungu Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. The melon husk was burnt at a
temperature of 500 0
C to 700 0
C in a furnace to obtain its ash. The ash was sieved through
75µmm British Standard (BS) sieve after grinding in line with Murat (2013). The ash was
subjected to further analysis and its resultant oxide composition was confirmed.
2.2 Preparation of Specimens and Test Procedure
The soil-lime-Melon Husk Ash (MHA) mixtures used for permeability test specimens were
obtained by first thoroughly mixing dry predetermined quantities of pulverized soil, lime and
MHA to obtain a uniform mix. The required quantity of water which is determined from the
moisture-density relation for the soil-lime-MHA mixtures was then added and the mixing
continued. After compaction, the specimens and molds were placed in transparent cellophane
bags which were sealed and then cured for 28 days at 21 °C temperature. After the curing, the
specimens and the molds were removed from the sealed cellophane bags for permeability test in
accordance with Alhassan (2008). According to the requirements of ASTM D5102 (2009)
cylindrical specimens with 38 mm diameter and 80 mm height were used for the unconfined
compressive strength (UCS) test. Then, clay, lime and MHA were thoroughly mixed in dry
conditions for every combination. Water was added to the mixture according to the optimum
moisture content value for each mix. This mixture was divided into five portions and each
portion was compacted in a 16 mm layer in a mold of 38 mm inner diameter and 80 mm length
with additional detachable collars at both ends. After removal of the compacted specimen from
the mold, the sample was then wrapped with a plastic membrane in a curing box for 7, 14 and 28
days at 21 °C temperature (Murat, 2013).
The compaction mold with the specimen in it was used as part of the permeameter in order to
eliminate disturbance of the specimens on extrusion from the molds. The falling head test was
used for the analysis. In order to carry out the permeability tests, the specimens were first
saturated in the molds. The saturation process involved placing the permeameter in a small water
container. The permeability tests were performed in accordance with Anon, (1990) and the
coefficient of permeability reported are the average of ten tests per specimen performed on three
specimens for any given soil-lime-MHA mixtures. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests
were conducted under strain-controlled condition at constant loading rate of 1.0 mm per min, in
accordance with ASTM D2166 (2006). The loading was continued until the axial strain (ε) value
of lime-melon husk ash additive samples was 15% or when the samples fail.
2.3 Statistical Analysis
The results obtained from the unconfined compressive strength and permeability test were
subjected to statistical analysis. The analysis took into consideration the effects of variation in
proportion of the melon husk ash and lime on the unconfined compressive strength and
4. Mohammed et al: Stabilisation of clay soil with lime and melon husk ash for use in farm structures.
AZOJETE, 10: 63-74
66
permeability of the stabilized clay soil; two – way Anova (analysis of variance) was used to
establish the presence or absence of significance in proportion of the variables at 5 % level of
significance.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Soil Identification
The index properties of the natural soil are presented in Table 1. The overall index properties of
the soil show that it can be classified under the A-7-6 subgroup of the AASHTO (1986) soil
classification system and CH (Clay of High Plasticity) in the Unified Soil Classification System.
It is a dark grey, well graded soil with liquid limit and plasticity index values of 65.9 % and
43.11 % respectively, suggesting that the soil is highly plastic. Thus, the soil falls below the
standard recommended for most geotechnical works (Butcher and Sailie, 1984). It therefore,
needs to be stabilised.
Table 1: Properties of the Natural Clay Soil before Treatment
Properties Quantity
Natural Moisture Content (%) 14.41
Specific Gravity 2.48
Plastic Limit (%) 25.64
Liquid Limit (%) 65.9
Plasticity Index (%) 43.11
AASHTO Classification A-7-6
USCS CH
Percentage passing BS No 200 sieve 60.40
Coefficient of Permeability (cm/s) 1.45x10-5
Unconfined Compressive Strength (KN/m2
) 285
Maximum Dry Density (Kg/m3
) 1544
Optimum Moisture Content (%) 17.62
colour Dark Grey
3.2 Chemical Analysis of Melon Husk Ash
Table 2 shows the results of the chemical analysis of melon husk ash. The total percentage
composition of aluminum oxide (Al2O3 = 18.5 %), Iron oxide (Fe2O3 = 2.82 %) and silicon
dioxide (SiO2 = 51.24 %) was found to be 72.56 %. This is more than the minimum requirement
for pozzolana (ASTM C 618-94, 1994). The loss on ignition obtained was 5.67 % which is less
than the 10.0 % maximum as required for pozzolana (ASTM C 618-94, 1994). This means that it
does not contained un-burnt carbon which can reduce its pozzolana activity.
5. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2014; Vol. 10: 63-74
67
Table 2: Chemical Composition of Melon Husk Ash
L.O.I: Loss on ignition
3.3. Compaction Characteristics
3.3.1 Maximum Dry Density
The effects of lime and melon husk ash content on the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of the clay
soil are illustrated in Figure 1. The MDD decrease with increase in lime content conforms to the
normal trend which is in agreement with earlier findings by (Alhassan, 2008). This decrease
resulted from the flocculation and agglomeration of clay particles, caused by the cation exchange
reaction, leading to corresponding decrease in dry density as reported by (Lees et al., 1982). The
(MDD) further decreases with the introduction and subsequent increase of melon husk ash
(MHA) at specified lime contents. This decrease is due to the presence of large, low density
aggregate of particles which is in line with Osula (1991) findings.
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Melon Husk Ash (%)
MaximumDryDensity(kN/m3)
2% Lime
4% Lime
6% Lime
8% Lime
Figure 1: Variation of maximum dry density with melon husk ash and lime content
Constituent Oxide Composition %
SiO2 51.24
Al2O3 18.5
Fe2O3 2.82
CaO 15.3
MgO 6.8
K2O 11.43
NaO 3.4
L.O.I 5.67
6. Mohammed et al: Stabilisation of clay soil with lime and melon husk ash for use in farm structures.
AZOJETE, 10: 63-74
68
3.3.2 Optimum Moisture Content
Figure 2 shows the optimum moisture content as a function of the melon husk ash and lime
content. There is an increase in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) with increasing lime content.
This is in agreement with Osula, (1991) but not in agreement with the work of Osinubi (1998).
The reason advanced is that the increased desire for water is somewhat commensurate to the
increasing amount of lime as more water is needed for the dissociation of lime into Ca and OH
ions to supply more Ca ions for the cation exchange reaction. The OMC increase with the
introduction of melon husk ash, this increment could be attributed as a result of increasing
demand for water by various cations and the clay mineral particles to undergo hydration reaction
(Moses, 2008).
0 2 4 6 8
0
5
10
15
20
25
Melon Husk Ash(%)
OptimumMoistureContent(%)
2% Lime
4% Lime
6% Lime
8% Lime
Figure 2: Variation of optimum moisture content with melon husk ash and lime content
3.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength
The effects of each parameter on the results (Unconfined Compressive Strength) of the stabilized
clay samples are shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5. There was a tremendous development in the
unconfined compressive strength (UCS) with addition of lime and melon husk ash to the natural
clay soil when compared with the low UCS value of 285KN/m2
for the natural clay soil. The
improvement in strength of the lime and clay soil at 0% melon husk ash contents is in agreement
with the earlier findings of Osinubi (1998). This is attributed to soil-lime reaction, which results
in the formation of cementitious compounds that binds soil aggregates (Alhassan, 2008).
7. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2014; Vol. 10: 63-74
69
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Lime (%)Melon Husk Ash (%)
UnconfinedCompressiveStrengthKN/M2
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Figure 3: 3D Response surface of variation in 7 days unconfined compressive strength with
melon husk ash and lime content
2
4
6
8
0
5
10
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Lime(%)Melon Husk Ash(%)
UnconfinedCompressiveStrength(kN/m2)
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Figure 4: 3D Response surface of variation of 14 days unconfined compressive strength with
melon husk ash and lime content
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Lime (%)Melon Husk Ash (%)
UnconfinedCompressiveStrengthKN/M2
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
Figure 5: 3D Response surface of variation of 28 days unconfined compressive strength with
melon husk ash and lime content
8. Mohammed et al: Stabilisation of clay soil with lime and melon husk ash for use in farm structures.
AZOJETE, 10: 63-74
70
The curing period was fixed and the effect of the melon husk ash and lime were shown. The
addition of both lime and MHA was significantly at p < 0.05 important on the UCS change (Figs
3 to 4). Using increased lime content without MHA produced high strength at 8% which is 960
KN/m2
, while increased MHA content without the lime produced high strength at 6% which is
850 KN/m2
and reduced to 748 KN/m2
at 8%. However, using these two additives together the
UCS value increases to 1200 KN/m2
at 6% and then dropped to 1080 KN/m2
at 8%. Considering
Figures 4 and 5 the trend are the same with that of Figure 3 but unconfined compressive strength
keep on increasing, This increment of strength could be attributed to curing age and utilization of
readily available silica and alumina from melon husk ash by the Calcium from the lime to form
cementitious compounds which binds the soil aggregates. The decrease in strength after 6%
melon husk ash could be attributed to the excess melon husk ash that could not be utilized for the
cementation reaction. ASTM D 4609 (2008) states that if the UCS value reaches 345.0 kPa in
any soil, the stabilisation procedure can be considered to be effective. When the limit value was
considered, even if the lime content is at minimum percentage of 2 %, the UCS value obtained
was more than 760 kN/m2
with increased melon husk ash (8 %).
The ANOVA results of the additives for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) are depicted
in Table 3: The p – value for the lime effect is 0.00025. This is a strong indication that the
Unconfined Compressive Strength varies from one level of lime to the other level.
Table 3: ANOVA of the Additives (Melon Husk Ash and Lime) for Unconfined Compressive
StrengthSource SS df MS F
Prob>F
Lime 2034598.5 3 678199.5 62.21 0.00025
MHA 432466.6 4 108116.6 9.92 0.0039
Lime*MHA 31173.3 12 2597.8 0.24 0.9948
Error 436036.7 40 10900.9
Total 2934275 59
The p – value for the melon husk ash effects is 0.0039 which is also highly significant. This
indicate that one level of the melon husk ash is out – performing than the other in the Unconfined
Compressive Strength of the stabilized clay soil.
3.5 Permeability
The variation of coefficient of permeability with melon husk ash and lime content are shown in
Figure 6. There was a decrease in the coefficient of permeability with increase in lime content at
0% melon husk ash content.
9. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2014; Vol. 10: 63-74
71
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
x 10
-6
Melon Husk Ash (%)
CoefficientofPermeability(cm/s)
2% Lime
4% Lime
6% Lime
8% Lime
Figure 6: Variation of 28 day permeability with melon husk ash and lime content
This is due to the increase in the pH value of the molding water as a result of the partial
dissociation of the calcium hydroxide. The calcium ions in turn combined with the reactive silica
or alumina, or both, which obstructed flow through the soil voids (Osinubi, 1998). As melon
husk ash was introduced into the soil-lime specimens, there was a decrease in coefficient of
permeability. This decrease was rapid at specified lime contents from 0 to 6% melon husk ash
after which the decrease reduces in rate. This decrease was as a result of the formation of
cementitious compounds by calcium from lime and the readily available silica and/or alumina
from both the soil and melon husk ash, which fills the soil voids thereby obstructing the flow of
water.
4. Conclusion
The clay soil was identified to be A – 7 – 6 soil on American Association of State Highway
Transportation Official, (1986) classification system. It is also a Clay of High Plasticity (CH)
according to Unified System of classification (USC). Chemical compositions of the melon husk
ash meet up with the standard for pozzolana. The unconfined compressive strength of the
stabilised clay soil with maximum melon husk ash content of 6% increases appreciably at 28
days of curing.
The peak values of the unconfined compressive strength of the stabilized clay soil for 7, 14 and
28 days of curing are obtained to be 1200 kN/m2
at 6% melon husk ash admixed with 8% lime,
1598 kN/m2
at 6% melon husk ash admixed with 8% lime and 1695 kN/m2
melon husk ash
admixed with 8% lime. These values are greater than the conventional 1034.25 kN/m2
for
adequate lime stabilisation specified by Alhassan, (2008).
The permeability of the stabilized clay soil increase with curing period when compared with the
natural clay soil, At the curing period, permeability decrease to a corresponding minimum at 6%
10. Mohammed et al: Stabilisation of clay soil with lime and melon husk ash for use in farm structures.
AZOJETE, 10: 63-74
72
melon husk ash content at specified lime content, further increase in melon husk ash show a
gradual rise in the coefficient of permeability. These studies show that melon husk ash of 6% can
be effectively used to stabilize clay soil in order to increase its strength and reduce permeability.
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