This document summarizes bone formation and resorption. It classifies bones based on shape, development, and microscopic structure. It describes the composition of bone including bone cells like osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Bone formation is influenced by growth factors and hormones. Bone resorption involves osteoclasts acidifying the bone surface and releasing enzymes to degrade the organic matrix. Bone remodeling maintains bone strength through coupled bone resorption and formation mediated by hormones and growth factors.
The periodontium connects teeth to the jaws and includes the periodontal ligament, lamina propria, cementum, and alveolar bone. Cementum covers tooth roots and provides attachment for collagen fibers binding the tooth. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers connecting cementum to bone, along with blood vessels and cells that form and resorb bone and cementum. Alveolar bone has outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Bone is composed of mineralized hydroxyapatite and collagen matrix, along with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that form and resorb bone. The document discusses bone cell types and functions, bone development, remodeling, and disorders relevant to orthodontics such
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a soft connective tissue that surrounds tooth roots and attaches them to the alveolar bone in the jaw. It ranges from 0.15-0.38mm in width and is narrowest at the mid-root level. The PDL contains principal collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves and cells that allow it to absorb forces and remodel throughout life. Diseases can widen the PDL space and disrupt its fibers. The document discusses the development, structure, functions and clinical implications of the PDL.
The document discusses distraction osteogenesis, which is a technique for regenerating bone and soft tissue by gradually separating bone segments that have been surgically cut. It describes the history, biological process, phases involving surgery, latency period and distraction period, factors to consider like rate and rhythm of distraction, applications for maxillofacial deficiencies and reconstruction, and techniques involved. Distraction osteogenesis is an alternative to orthognathic surgery that allows for gradual adjustment of bony and soft tissues.
Development of bone
Microstructure of bone
Composition of bone
Formation of osteoblasts
Mineralisation of bone
Formation of osteoclasts
Resorption of bone
Macrostructure of bone
Volume changes in bone
Bone healing
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone. It discusses the development, anatomy, histology, radiographic features, and pathologies of alveolar bone. Alveolar bone forms the bony housing for teeth and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It develops during fetal growth via intramembranous ossification. Anatomically, it consists of cortical plates and inner cancellous bone with trabeculae. Histologically, it is composed of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Common pathologies involving alveolar bone loss include periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, and systemic factors like osteoporosis.
Academic presentation on osseointegration of dental implants. A brief outline on surface modification, alveolar bone biology and phases of osseointegration
Osseointegration, definition, history, process of osseointegration, factors influencing osseointegration, methods for evaluation of osseointegration, failure of osseointegration
The periodontium connects teeth to the jaws and includes the periodontal ligament, lamina propria, cementum, and alveolar bone. Cementum covers tooth roots and provides attachment for collagen fibers binding the tooth. The periodontal ligament contains collagen fibers connecting cementum to bone, along with blood vessels and cells that form and resorb bone and cementum. Alveolar bone has outer cortical and inner cancellous bone. Bone is composed of mineralized hydroxyapatite and collagen matrix, along with osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes that form and resorb bone. The document discusses bone cell types and functions, bone development, remodeling, and disorders relevant to orthodontics such
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a soft connective tissue that surrounds tooth roots and attaches them to the alveolar bone in the jaw. It ranges from 0.15-0.38mm in width and is narrowest at the mid-root level. The PDL contains principal collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves and cells that allow it to absorb forces and remodel throughout life. Diseases can widen the PDL space and disrupt its fibers. The document discusses the development, structure, functions and clinical implications of the PDL.
The document discusses distraction osteogenesis, which is a technique for regenerating bone and soft tissue by gradually separating bone segments that have been surgically cut. It describes the history, biological process, phases involving surgery, latency period and distraction period, factors to consider like rate and rhythm of distraction, applications for maxillofacial deficiencies and reconstruction, and techniques involved. Distraction osteogenesis is an alternative to orthognathic surgery that allows for gradual adjustment of bony and soft tissues.
Development of bone
Microstructure of bone
Composition of bone
Formation of osteoblasts
Mineralisation of bone
Formation of osteoclasts
Resorption of bone
Macrostructure of bone
Volume changes in bone
Bone healing
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone. It discusses the development, anatomy, histology, radiographic features, and pathologies of alveolar bone. Alveolar bone forms the bony housing for teeth and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It develops during fetal growth via intramembranous ossification. Anatomically, it consists of cortical plates and inner cancellous bone with trabeculae. Histologically, it is composed of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Common pathologies involving alveolar bone loss include periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, and systemic factors like osteoporosis.
Academic presentation on osseointegration of dental implants. A brief outline on surface modification, alveolar bone biology and phases of osseointegration
Osseointegration, definition, history, process of osseointegration, factors influencing osseointegration, methods for evaluation of osseointegration, failure of osseointegration
Regenerative techniques for periodontal therapyEnas Elgendy
This document discusses graft materials and procedures for restoring periodontal osseous defects, as well as the principles of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It describes the potential of autografts, allografts, and xenografts to promote osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. The challenges of transplanting materials into periodontal defects are outlined. Techniques for GTR involve placing barriers to exclude epithelium and favor regeneration. Membranes can be non-resorbable like ePTFE or resorbable like collagen, polyglycolic acid, or polylactic acid polymers. Proper technique and postoperative care are important for successful regeneration.
This document discusses osseointegration, which is the direct connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing dental implant. It provides a historical overview of osseointegration research from ancient times to modern developments. The key aspects covered are the definition of osseointegration, the mechanism and biology behind it, factors that influence successful osseointegration like implant material and design, and stages of the osseointegration process.
This document provides an overview of bone formation, resorption, and remodeling. It discusses the classification of bones based on shape and development. It describes the composition of bone including cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bone formation is mediated by growth factors while resorption involves acid secretion and enzyme activity by osteoclasts. Remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is replaced, maintaining bone strength through the coupled activities of formation and resorption. Markers of bone turnover provide information about these dynamic processes.
this gives a detailed description for the bone density consideration during implant placement.
The presentation is available upon request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Changes in periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement /certified ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of osseointegration in dental implants over the past few decades. It defines osseointegration as the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing dental implant. This is in contrast to earlier theories of fibro-osseous integration which proposed integration through fibrous tissue rather than direct bone contact. The document also examines the cellular processes of bone healing and remodeling around implants, as well as theories on the mechanism of osseointegration including distance osteogenesis, contact osteogenesis, and osteoconduction.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, components, development, structure, clinical applications, and appearance on x-rays. It notes that the alveolar bone contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. The alveolar bone proper surrounds the tooth root and is perforated by Volkmann's canals. The supporting alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates and alveolar bone proper. The alveolar bone undergoes remodeling and modeling during tooth movement and in response to functional forces.
Distraction osteogenesis in orthodontics -Dr.G V SHETTYDr.G.V SHETTY
DISTRACTION IN ORTHODONTICS IMPLICATIONS
ROLE OF ORTHODONTIST IN MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MAXILLOMANDIBULAR OR OROFACIAL DISCREPANCY
SCOPE OF DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS
This document discusses various surgical techniques used in orthodontics, including minor procedures like frenectomies and circumferential supracrestal fibrotomies. It also covers orthognathic surgery and distraction osteogenesis. Distraction osteogenesis involves gradually separating osteotomized bone segments to stimulate new bone formation. The document outlines the biology and historical development of distraction techniques, and provides examples like symphysial distraction of the mandible. Finally, it briefly mentions several cosmetic orthodontic surgeries.
This document discusses the development and histology of the periodontal ligament (PDL). It begins with an introduction to the PDL, describing it as the connective tissue that attaches cementum to alveolar bone. It then discusses the development of the PDL, describing how mesenchymal cells in the dental follicle differentiate into fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and osteoblasts. Finally, it describes the histology of the PDL, noting it contains principal fibers, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves embedded in a ground substance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document discusses various alloplastic materials used in plastic surgery, including their properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Some key alloplastic materials mentioned include silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, polyesters, acrylic, metals like titanium, calcium phosphate, and fibrin tissue adhesives. The ideal properties of alloplastic implants discussed are biocompatibility, mechanical reliability, and resistance to infection. Factors in selecting implants and ensuring successful incorporation are also reviewed.
The document summarizes key information about alveolar bone:
1) Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle and forms the sockets that hold teeth. It is composed of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates.
2) The alveolar bone provides protection, attachment, and support for teeth. It also helps absorb forces placed on teeth.
3) Key structures of alveolar bone include the lamina dura lining sockets, interdental septa separating sockets, and Sharpey's fibers that attach the bone to ligaments. Periodontal disease can affect the bone and other supporting tissues.
Bone grafts are materials used to replace or augment bone. They work through osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteogenesis. Common graft materials used for periodontal defects include autografts obtained from the patient, allografts from other humans, xenografts from other species, and alloplasts which are synthetic grafts. Demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft is often used as it promotes bone formation through osteoinduction without the morbidity of harvesting autografts. The procedure involves graft placement in the defect followed by flap closure and post-operative care including plaque control to support healing.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of distraction osteogenesis. It discusses the history of distraction techniques dating back to the early 1900s. It then covers the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of distraction osteogenesis. The document explains the biology and phases of distraction osteogenesis including osteotomy, latency, distraction, consolidation, and remodeling. It discusses variables in the distraction phase such as rate and rhythm. Overall, the document provides a high-level summary of distraction osteogenesis techniques and processes.
The document discusses alveolar bone, which forms the primary support structure for teeth. It defines alveolar bone and discusses its classification, composition, function, histology, cells, development, remodeling, and age-related changes. Alveolar bone holds teeth firmly in position, supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum, and houses developing permanent teeth. It is a specialized part of the maxilla and mandible composed of lamellar and bundle bone that surrounds tooth roots and provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers. Alveolar bone is constantly remodeled through formation and resorption to adapt to functional forces.
This document provides an overview of maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. It begins with introducing the procedure and anatomy of the maxillary sinus. Reasons for decreased bone height in the posterior maxilla are discussed. The indications, contraindications, benefits, and techniques - including indirect and direct sinus lift - are described. Potential complications are also outlined. In summary, maxillary sinus augmentation allows for increased bone in the upper jaw to facilitate dental implant placement and improved oral rehabilitation.
This document discusses distraction osteogenesis, a technique where new bone is formed between vascular bone surfaces that are gradually pulled apart. It involves three phases: a latency period, distraction period where the bone surfaces are distracted 1mm per day, and consolidation period. Histologically, a fibrous interzone forms between the bone surfaces that takes on the role of a growth plate, with intramembranous ossification forming new bone columns across the gap. Key factors for successful new bone formation include stability of fixation, atraumatic corticotomy, and appropriate distraction rate and rhythm.
6. alveolar bone in health part b dr-ibrahim_shaikhDrIbrahim Shaikh
This document discusses the cells and components that make up healthy alveolar bone. It describes the main cell types, including osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and regulate mineralization, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. The bone matrix contains collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals, along with noncollagenous proteins. Alveolar bone undergoes physiological remodeling through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing adaptation to tooth movement and replacement over time.
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone structure and function. It begins with introductions to bone composition, development, and cell types. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which form bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. The document then discusses alveolar bone morphology, blood supply, and functions. Importantly, alveolar bone is in a constant state of flux, undergoing remodeling as bone is broken down and rebuilt through the coupled actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Healing of alveolar bone after tooth extraction and age-related changes are also covered.
Regenerative techniques for periodontal therapyEnas Elgendy
This document discusses graft materials and procedures for restoring periodontal osseous defects, as well as the principles of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It describes the potential of autografts, allografts, and xenografts to promote osteogenesis, osteoinduction, and osteoconduction. The challenges of transplanting materials into periodontal defects are outlined. Techniques for GTR involve placing barriers to exclude epithelium and favor regeneration. Membranes can be non-resorbable like ePTFE or resorbable like collagen, polyglycolic acid, or polylactic acid polymers. Proper technique and postoperative care are important for successful regeneration.
This document discusses osseointegration, which is the direct connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing dental implant. It provides a historical overview of osseointegration research from ancient times to modern developments. The key aspects covered are the definition of osseointegration, the mechanism and biology behind it, factors that influence successful osseointegration like implant material and design, and stages of the osseointegration process.
This document provides an overview of bone formation, resorption, and remodeling. It discusses the classification of bones based on shape and development. It describes the composition of bone including cells like osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Bone formation is mediated by growth factors while resorption involves acid secretion and enzyme activity by osteoclasts. Remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is replaced, maintaining bone strength through the coupled activities of formation and resorption. Markers of bone turnover provide information about these dynamic processes.
this gives a detailed description for the bone density consideration during implant placement.
The presentation is available upon request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Changes in periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement /certified ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of osseointegration in dental implants over the past few decades. It defines osseointegration as the direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of a load-bearing dental implant. This is in contrast to earlier theories of fibro-osseous integration which proposed integration through fibrous tissue rather than direct bone contact. The document also examines the cellular processes of bone healing and remodeling around implants, as well as theories on the mechanism of osseointegration including distance osteogenesis, contact osteogenesis, and osteoconduction.
The document discusses the alveolar bone, including its definition, components, development, structure, clinical applications, and appearance on x-rays. It notes that the alveolar bone contains the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. The alveolar bone proper surrounds the tooth root and is perforated by Volkmann's canals. The supporting alveolar bone consists of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates and alveolar bone proper. The alveolar bone undergoes remodeling and modeling during tooth movement and in response to functional forces.
Distraction osteogenesis in orthodontics -Dr.G V SHETTYDr.G.V SHETTY
DISTRACTION IN ORTHODONTICS IMPLICATIONS
ROLE OF ORTHODONTIST IN MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE MAXILLOMANDIBULAR OR OROFACIAL DISCREPANCY
SCOPE OF DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS
This document discusses various surgical techniques used in orthodontics, including minor procedures like frenectomies and circumferential supracrestal fibrotomies. It also covers orthognathic surgery and distraction osteogenesis. Distraction osteogenesis involves gradually separating osteotomized bone segments to stimulate new bone formation. The document outlines the biology and historical development of distraction techniques, and provides examples like symphysial distraction of the mandible. Finally, it briefly mentions several cosmetic orthodontic surgeries.
This document discusses the development and histology of the periodontal ligament (PDL). It begins with an introduction to the PDL, describing it as the connective tissue that attaches cementum to alveolar bone. It then discusses the development of the PDL, describing how mesenchymal cells in the dental follicle differentiate into fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and osteoblasts. Finally, it describes the histology of the PDL, noting it contains principal fibers, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, blood vessels and nerves embedded in a ground substance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
This document discusses various alloplastic materials used in plastic surgery, including their properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Some key alloplastic materials mentioned include silicone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene, polyesters, acrylic, metals like titanium, calcium phosphate, and fibrin tissue adhesives. The ideal properties of alloplastic implants discussed are biocompatibility, mechanical reliability, and resistance to infection. Factors in selecting implants and ensuring successful incorporation are also reviewed.
The document summarizes key information about alveolar bone:
1) Alveolar bone develops from the dental follicle and forms the sockets that hold teeth. It is composed of cortical plates and spongy bone between the plates.
2) The alveolar bone provides protection, attachment, and support for teeth. It also helps absorb forces placed on teeth.
3) Key structures of alveolar bone include the lamina dura lining sockets, interdental septa separating sockets, and Sharpey's fibers that attach the bone to ligaments. Periodontal disease can affect the bone and other supporting tissues.
Bone grafts are materials used to replace or augment bone. They work through osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteogenesis. Common graft materials used for periodontal defects include autografts obtained from the patient, allografts from other humans, xenografts from other species, and alloplasts which are synthetic grafts. Demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft is often used as it promotes bone formation through osteoinduction without the morbidity of harvesting autografts. The procedure involves graft placement in the defect followed by flap closure and post-operative care including plaque control to support healing.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of distraction osteogenesis. It discusses the history of distraction techniques dating back to the early 1900s. It then covers the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of distraction osteogenesis. The document explains the biology and phases of distraction osteogenesis including osteotomy, latency, distraction, consolidation, and remodeling. It discusses variables in the distraction phase such as rate and rhythm. Overall, the document provides a high-level summary of distraction osteogenesis techniques and processes.
The document discusses alveolar bone, which forms the primary support structure for teeth. It defines alveolar bone and discusses its classification, composition, function, histology, cells, development, remodeling, and age-related changes. Alveolar bone holds teeth firmly in position, supplies vessels to periodontal ligaments and cementum, and houses developing permanent teeth. It is a specialized part of the maxilla and mandible composed of lamellar and bundle bone that surrounds tooth roots and provides attachment for periodontal ligament fibers. Alveolar bone is constantly remodeled through formation and resorption to adapt to functional forces.
This document provides an overview of maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. It begins with introducing the procedure and anatomy of the maxillary sinus. Reasons for decreased bone height in the posterior maxilla are discussed. The indications, contraindications, benefits, and techniques - including indirect and direct sinus lift - are described. Potential complications are also outlined. In summary, maxillary sinus augmentation allows for increased bone in the upper jaw to facilitate dental implant placement and improved oral rehabilitation.
This document discusses distraction osteogenesis, a technique where new bone is formed between vascular bone surfaces that are gradually pulled apart. It involves three phases: a latency period, distraction period where the bone surfaces are distracted 1mm per day, and consolidation period. Histologically, a fibrous interzone forms between the bone surfaces that takes on the role of a growth plate, with intramembranous ossification forming new bone columns across the gap. Key factors for successful new bone formation include stability of fixation, atraumatic corticotomy, and appropriate distraction rate and rhythm.
6. alveolar bone in health part b dr-ibrahim_shaikhDrIbrahim Shaikh
This document discusses the cells and components that make up healthy alveolar bone. It describes the main cell types, including osteoprogenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid and regulate mineralization, while osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption. The bone matrix contains collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite crystals, along with noncollagenous proteins. Alveolar bone undergoes physiological remodeling through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, allowing adaptation to tooth movement and replacement over time.
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone structure and function. It begins with introductions to bone composition, development, and cell types. Key bone cells include osteoblasts, which form bone, and osteoclasts, which resorb bone. The document then discusses alveolar bone morphology, blood supply, and functions. Importantly, alveolar bone is in a constant state of flux, undergoing remodeling as bone is broken down and rebuilt through the coupled actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Healing of alveolar bone after tooth extraction and age-related changes are also covered.
This document provides an overview of bone structure and function. It begins with an introduction to bone and classifications of bone. It then discusses the composition of bone, including its inorganic and organic components. Various bone cells are described, such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The document reviews bone development processes including endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. Bone remodeling and regulation of bone cells are also summarized.
Metabolic bone disease remodeling sequencesvinod naneria
1. The bone remodeling process involves over 25 steps across resorption and formation phases that can take up to 3 years to complete.
2. Osteoclasts resorb bone over 2-3 weeks under the direction of osteoblasts, precisely replacing the resorbed bone through new bone formation.
3. Microcracks detected by osteocytes trigger signaling that activates stem cells to mature into pre-osteoblasts and pre-osteoclasts, initiating the remodeling cycle through RANK-L secretion and osteoclast maturation.
This document provides information on the anatomy, histology, development and clinical implications of alveolar bone. It describes the components and cellular makeup of bone, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. It explains that the alveolar process develops with tooth eruption and is tooth-dependent. Factors that regulate bone formation and resorption are also discussed. The document outlines how alveolar bone is affected by tooth loss, orthodontic forces and non-functioning teeth.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, development and clinical implications of alveolar bone. It describes the components and cellular makeup of bone, including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. It explains that the alveolar process develops with tooth eruption and is resorbed after tooth loss. Factors that regulate bone formation and resorption are discussed. The document also outlines how alveolar bone is affected by tooth loss, orthodontic forces and non-functioning teeth.
Metabolic Bone Disease Molecular Biologyvinod naneria
The discovery of RANKL, RANK, and OPG led to a new understanding of bone and calcium metabolism and the pathogenesis of metabolic bone diseases. These molecules orchestrate physiological bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast differentiation and function. Specifically, the interaction between RANKL and its receptor RANK is required for osteoclastogenesis, while OPG acts as a soluble receptor to inhibit this interaction and prevent osteoclast activation. Osteocytes play a key role in bone remodeling by sensing mechanical loads and signaling other cells to initiate resorption or formation.
This document provides an overview of bone anatomy, physiology, and pathology. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- Bone is composed of inorganic minerals (hydroxyapatite crystals) and organic collagen fibers, which provide strength and allow bone to withstand compression and tension. Bone develops through two processes: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Bone remodeling is a continuous process where old bone is resorbed and new bone is formed, enabling calcium homeostasis and repair of microdamage.
Bone undergoes changes during orthodontic tooth movement. Bone is made up of an organic collagen matrix embedded in an inorganic mineral substance. When teeth are moved with orthodontic forces, bone remodeling occurs as the piezoelectric effect generates electric currents that signal bone cells. Woven bone is initially formed, followed by remodeling into mature lamellar bone through the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Metabolic bone disorders can result from disruptions to the complex system regulating bone mineralization and turnover. Rickets and osteomalacia are conditions of poor bone mineralization that present with skeletal abnormalities and deformities. They are caused by vitamin D deficiency or disorders of vitamin D metabolism, resulting in failure of bone matrix to properly mineralize. Diagnosis involves x-rays showing characteristic changes and biochemical testing demonstrating abnormalities in markers of bone formation and mineralization. Treatment focuses on correcting the underlying metabolic disorder through vitamin D supplementation or other medical management.
Bone physiology and calcium homeostasisAbdulla Kamal
Bone is a highly specialized supporting framework of the body, characterized by its rigidity, hardness, and power of regeneration and repair.
It protects the vital organs, provides an environment for marrow ,acts as a mineral reservoir for calcium homeostasis and a reservoir of growth factors and cytokines, and also takes part in acid–base balance.
Bone constantly undergoes modeling (reshaping) during life to help it adapt to changing biomechanical forces, as well as remodeling to remove old, micro-damaged bone and replace it with new, mechanically stronger bone to help preserve bone strength.
Bone changes during ortho. tooth movement dr.anusha /certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Osteoprogenitor cells: pre-osteoblast, are bone stem cells derived from mesenchymal cells that eventually differentiate into mature osteoblast and osteocyte.
Osteoblast: large metabolically active cell with increased endoplasmic reticulum(ER)
1- Produce high level of alkaline phosphatase.
2- Produce type I collagen which is necessary for calcification.
3- Produce osteocalcine, produce signal to activate osteoclast.
= osteoblast has receptors for hormones such as parathyroid hormone, Vit. D, osteogen, cytokines and growth factors
= after osteoblast have secrete un-mineralized bone they usually become inactive, a few osteoblasts remain in the mineralized osteoid and become osteocyte.
Osteocyte: are osteoblast that have become surrounded by the calcified matrix of bone, these cells acts as mechanoreceptor identifying the loads placed on the individual bones and establishing the nature of such loads.
Osteoclasts: are large multi-nucleated cells, found attached to the surface of active bone formation.
= Found in well-defined pits known as Howships Lacuna.
= Derived from mono-nuclear stem cells in bone marrow and travel through blood vessels to the site of activity. It is activated by: inter-luckin II,I, cytokines.
= decreased endoplasmic reticulum.
Bone lining cells: elongated cells covering bone surface, they are inactive and have a high nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio, these cells has a major impact on calcium metabolism within the body.
Bone development:
Cellular mechanisms:
= skeleton formation begins when mesenchymal cells migrate to the site of skeleton-genesis. The cells then interact with epithelial cells, which in then trigger the mesenchymal cells to cluster together and undergo condensation to form compact mass of cells.
= each step is regulated by special type of genes such as member of home box genes.
= condensed cell then undergo differentiation either chondrocyte or osteoblast.
Core bonding factor-1 (CBFA-1)— (now known as Runx2)
One of the most important bone specified genes in differentiation of mesenchymal cells into – osteoblast.
Core bonding factor -1: CBFA-1 now is known as Runx2.
One of the most important bone specific genes in differentiation of mesenchymal cells into------osteoblast.
Bone morphogenetic protein: BMP:
= Play important role in the developing skeleton.
= BMP has been used ti improving healing and bone defect.
= BMP’s are probably involved in intramembranous bone formation.
= BMP-7 is found in area of brain to induce formation of cranial bones
= BMP’S 2—4 and 5 are expressed in some regions where mesenchymal condensation later give rise to craniofacial bone.
Novel mechanisms of osteoblast and osteoclast interaction:
Osteoblast interact with osteoclast to regulate the osteoclastic action.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor ligand (RANKL) is produced by pre-osteoblast and osteoblast and cell membrane of osteoblastic precursors.
This factor is essential factor for differentiation, fusion into multinucleated
Bone is a living tissue composed of collagen, proteins, and hydroxyapatite crystals. Bone remodeling is carried out by osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes through a basic multicellular unit process where bone is resorbed and formed at equal rates. During remodeling, osteoclasts resorb bone through the secretion of acids and proteases, while osteoblasts form new bone matrix through the deposition of collagen and minerals. The remodeling cycle maintains bone strength and mineral homeostasis.
This document provides an overview of ossification, the process of bone formation. It discusses the classification of ossification into primary and secondary ossification, with the latter including intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The stages and factors involved in intramembranous and endochondral ossification are described in detail. Bone resorption, remodeling and the factors that influence these processes are also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Alvelor bone has several important functions including supporting tissues, providing muscle attachments, and storing ions like calcium. It has the ability to remodel according to functional demands. Alveolar bone development depends on the presence of teeth. Bone is classified as either endochondral or intramembranous bone developmentally, and as compact or cancellous bone histologically. The main cell types in bone are osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. Bone undergoes remodeling through the stages of resorption, reversal, formation, and resting. Microdamage signals bone remodeling through resorption and calcified matrix filling cracks. Clinical considerations for bone include resorption
This document discusses the basic structure and function of bones, including their cellular components and processes of development, homeostasis, and remodeling. It covers various bone diseases including congenital disorders (such as osteogenesis imperfecta and osteopetrosis), metabolic bone diseases (like osteoporosis and rickets/osteomalacia), hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, fractures, osteonecrosis, and osteomyelitis. The roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in bone formation, resorption, and mechanotransduction are also summarized.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
3. •Bone formation and factors affecting bone formation
•Bone resorption
Differences between resorbed and unresorbed
surfaces
Role of TRAP in bone resorption
Factors affecting bone resorption
•Bone remodelling
Sequence of events
Mediators
Markers of bone turn over
•Conclusion
• References
5. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES:
Shape development histology
Long flat irregular endochondral Intramembranous sutural mature immature
compact cancellous
short
12. Composition of Bone…
Inorganic component:
Hydroxyapatite crystals with carbonate content
Organic component:
- Osteoid
Type I collagen (95%)
type V collagen (<5%)
Non collagenous proteins
Osteocalcin,
Osteopontin,
Bone sialoprotein,
Osteonectin.(SPARC)- Cell adhesion ,proliferation,
modulation of cytokine activity.
13. Osteoblasts :
Derived from osteoprogenitor cells
Periosteum serves as important reservoir .
Morphology :
basophilic
cuboidal or slightly elongated cells
contain prominent bundles of actin, myosin
BONE CELLS:
16. FUNCTIONS
New bone formation
Controls bone mineralization at 3 levels-
i. In its initial phase, by production of matrix vesicle.
ii. At a later stage, by controlling the ongoing process of
mineralization.
iii. By regulating the number of ions available.
Regulation of bone remodeling and mineral metabolism.
17. FUNCTIONS
Osteoblasts secrete type I collagen, small amount of
type V collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, RANKL,
osteoprotegerin, Proteoglycans, latent proteases and
growth factors including bone morphogenic proteins.
Osteoblasts exhibit high levels of alkaline phosphatase -
cytochemical marker.
18. Vitamin D3:
Stimulates bone resorption.
essential for normal bone growth and mineralization
Stimulates osteopontin and osteocalcin – suppresses collagen
production
Growth hormone:
required for attaining normal bone mass - mediated by local
production of IGF-1.
Insulin:
stimulates bone matrix formation and mineralization
19. Bone morphogenic proteins :
TGF-β family
migration, aggregation and proliferation of mesenchymal
type cells and their differentiation in to osteogenic cells
Insulin growth factor I and II (IGF):
Effects similar to TGF-β
They also stimulate proliferation of osteoblast precursors
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) :
increases proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells.
promotes osteogenic differentiation
20. BONE LINING CELLS:
Osteoblasts flatten, when bone is not forming and extend
along the bone surface and hence the name.
They are present on periosteal as well as endosteal
surfaces.
21. OSTEOCYTES:
Nerve cells
Sense the change in environment and send signals that affect
response of other cells involved in bone remodelling
Maintains balance between
resorption and remodelling
Bone that forms more rapidly
shows more osteocytes.
22. Osteocytic lacunae
Canaliculi- narrow extension of lacunae, permits
diffusion of gases and nutrients
Maintains bone integrity and vitality
Failure of inter connecting system between osteocytes
and osteoblasts leads to sclerosis and death of bone
23. OSTEOCLAST:
In Greek it means “ bone and broken ’’
Morphology
Howship’s lacunae
Diameter – 50-100 um
15 to 20 nuclei ( more nuclei more
resorption)
TRAP – distinguishes from other
multinucleated giant cells
24. MORPHOLOGY
Extensive mitochondria except below the ruffled border
Ruffled border – deep folds
Cathepsin containing vesicles and vacuoles are present
close to ruffled border – resorptive capacity
Clear or sealing zone
27. Cells of monocyte macrophage lineage differentiate into
osteoclast by cell to cell interaction
RANKL and M-CSF are produced by osteoblasts. These are
required for formation of osteoclasts
M-CSF – proliferation and differentiation. It acts through c-fms
present on osteoclasts
RANKL- differentiation in to matured osteoclast and their activity.
RANKL/ ODF / TRANCE( TNF related induced cytokine) /
OPGL
Formation of osteoclast
29. BONE FORMATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING BONE
FORMATION
Two theories have been put forward for how the bone is formed
and calcified.
1st theory:
Matrix vacuoles, which are produced as an outgrowth of
osteoblasts or chondroblasts or odontoblasts are responsible for
calcification.
2nd theory
Macromolecular constituents of bone and cartilage matrix
directly implicates in calcification
30. Factors regulating bone formation:
Platelet derived growth factor
Cationic heparin binding polypeptide
Collagen synthesis and rate of bone apposition
Acidic fibroblast growth factors and basic fibroblast
growth factor
Increases collagen synthesis
31. Insulin like growth factor
Increase preosteoblasts replication and stimulates collagen
synthesis
Transforming growth factor
TGF-α – resorption
TGF-β – formation
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
during repair they are released and are required for healing
32. BONE RESORPTION:
Sequence of events of bone resorption: Involves 3 phases
First phase -
formation of osteoclast
Second phase-
activation of osteoclast
Third phase -
resorption of bone
33. Alterations in the osteoclast
Removal of hydroxyapatite
acidic environment by proton pump
Degradation of organic matrix
acid phosphatase, cathepsin B
Removal of degradation products from lacunae
endocytosis
Translocation of degraded products and extracellular release
34. Alterations in the osteoclast:
The osteoclasts create - Howship’s lacunae.
assumes polarity of structure and function.
The two distinct alterations are the
development of a ruffled border
sealing zone at the plasma membrane.
The cytoplasm adjacent to ruffled border is devoid of cell
organelles, contains actin microfilaments surrounded by vinculin
rings- clear zone.
When osteoclasts arrive at resorption site, they use the sealing
zone to attach themselves to the bone surface.
35.
36. Removal of hydroxyapatite:
The initial phase involves the dissolution of the mineral phase –
HCl
The protons for the acid arise from the activity of cytoplasmic
carbonic anhydrase II, which is synthesized in osteoclast.
The protons are then released across the ruffled border into the
resorption zone by an ATP consuming proton pump.
This leads to a fall in pH to 2.5 to 3.0 in the osteoclast resorption
space.
37. Degradation of organic matrix:
Proteolytic enzymes are synthesized by osteoclasts- cathepsin
k and MMP-9.
cathepsin k is the most important enzyme in bone. It degrades
major amount of type I collagen and other non collagen proteins
MMP-9(collagenase B) - osteoclast migration.
MMP-13 -bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation.
38. Removal of degradation products from lacunae:
Once liberated from bone, the free organic and non organic
particles of bone matrix are taken in or endocytosed from
resorption lacunae, across the ruffled border, into the osteoclast.
These are then packed into membrane bound vesicles within
cytoplasm of osteoclast.
These vesicles and their contents pass across the cell and fuse
with functional secretory domain (FSD) a specialized region of
the basement membrane.
Then the vesicles are released by exocytosis.
39. Factors associated with mechanism of bone Resorption:
Interleukin 1 – IL-1α, IL-1β. It stimulates production and release of
prostaglandin PGE2
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Tumor necrosis factor
lymphotoxin
Gamma interferon – inhibits resorption
Colony stimulating factors
Prostaglandins and other arachidonic acid metabolites
40. Role of trap in bone resorption:
Synthesized as inactive pro enzyme
Bone resorption inside and outside the cell
Concentration of TRAP in serum can be assessed which
indicates resorption day by day basis
41. BONE REMODELLING
The process by which overall size and shape of bone is
established- bone modelling.
Embryo to pre-adult period.
Rapidly formed on periosteal surface simultaneous destruction
on endosteal surface at focal points and with in the osteon.
Bone formation greater than resorption.
Bone turnover or remodelling – replacement of old bone by new
bone.
42. As age increases resorption exceeds
Cortical bone turnover-5% per year
Trabecular and endosteal surface – 15% per year
Coupling
The processes of bone synthesis and bone breakdown go on
simultaneously and the status of the bone represents the net result
of a balance between the two processes. This phenomenon is
called coupling.
43. Hormones and coupling
With the exception of calcitonin, all the hormones, cytokines, and
growth factors that act on bone, as an organ, mediate their activity
through osteoblasts.
Resorbing hormones act directly on osteoblasts, which then
produce other factors that regulate osteoclast activity.
This results in both bone formation and bone resorption being
coupled.
44. The coupling theory is based on the observation that once
resorption occurs, osteoblasts respond by making bone matrix.
That is, any change in resorption or formation results in
change in the other.
A hypothetical mechanism for explaining the coupling
phenomenon is that resorbing bone produces a factor that
influence the rate or extent of osteoblastic activity.
45. Functions of remodelling
To prevent accumulation of damaged bone by regenerating
new bone.
Allowing to respond to the changes in mechanical forces.
Mineral homeostasis.
46. •First the osteoclasts tunnel into surface of bone, which lasts for 3
weeks- resorb the haversian lamellae, and form a resorption
tunnel or cutting cone.
•After sometime resorption ceases and osteoclasts are replaced by
osteoblasts. These osteoblasts lay down a new set of haversian
lamellae, encircling a vessel upon a reversal line.
•This cement line is a thin layer of glycoproteins comprising bone
sialoprotein and osteopontin that acts as a cohesive mineralized
layer between the old bone and new bone to be secreted.
47. •The entire area of osteon, where active formation occurs is
termed the filling cone.
•The osteoblasts get entrapped in new bone and are called
osteocytes. Fragments of lamellae from old bone haversian
systems are left behind as interstitial lamellae
49. MEDIATORS OF BONE REMODELLING:
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D metabolites i.e., 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
Cytokines
Prostaglandins
Growth factors
Mechanical factors
Bacterial products.
50. MARKERS OF BONE TURNOVER:
The markers of bone formation are: (serum markers)
•Alkaline phosphatase (total)
•Alkaline phosphatase (skeletal isoenzymes)
•Osteocalcin
•Procollagen I extension peptide
51. The markers of bone resorption are: (urinary markers)
•Urine calcium
•Urine hydroxy proline
•Collagen cross linking fragments
•Urine N – telopeptide
•Urine C- telopeptide
•Urine total pyridinoline
•Urine free deoxypyridinoline
52. Serum markers of bone resorption:
•Serum TRAP
•Serum β2 macroglobulin
Pathologies caused due to improper control of remodelling are:
•Osteoporosis
•Osteopetrosis
•Malignant bone tumors
•Inflammatory joint diseases
53. CONCLUSION :
The response of bone to inflammation includes bone
formation as well as resorption. Thus bone loss in disease is not
simply a destructive process, but results from the predominance
of resorption over formation
Proper understanding of changes seen in the bone in
variety of diseases will help in finding new therapeutic
strategies
54. REFERENCES:
•Carranza’s clinical periodontology-10th edition
•Lindhe – Textbook of periodontology-5th edition
•Orban’s oral histology & embryology-13th edition
•Tencate oral histology-8th edition
•Fundamentals of Periodontics.- Thomas G. Wilson, Kenneth S. Kornman
-2nd Edition
•Biology of periodontal tissues. P. Mark Bartold and A.SampathNarayanan-1st
edition
•Periodontology 2000, Vol. 24, 2000, 99-126