This document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
1. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations in order to control health problems.
2. The three pillars of epidemiology are measuring disease frequency, distribution, and determinants.
3. Key epidemiological methods are observational studies like cohort and case-control studies, and experimental randomized controlled trials.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health, disease & production conditions in defined populations, in terms of space and temporality.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health, disease & production conditions in defined populations, in terms of space and temporality.
Molecular epidemiology is an emerging branch of epidemiology developed by merging molecular biology into epidemiological studies. Molecular epidemiology studies identify infectious diseases’ causation and pathogenesis and unravel infectious agents’ sources, reservoirs, circulation pattern, transmission pattern, transmission probability, and transmission order. Molecular epidemiology, an area of epidemiology that is somewhat ambiguous, encompasses utilization of biomarkers and genetics as tools to define both exposures (factors that are inherited) and outcomes (factors that are acquired). In last few decades, it has grown extensively to help to understand of disease ecology, in planning disease control, and in drafting health policies.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Mesurement of morbidity (prevalence) presentationDrsadhana Meena
measurement of morbidity (prevalence ) presentation by dr. sadhana, sms medical college , jaipur
included all aspects related to prevalence - objectives,types,significance ,comparison between prevalence and incidence , practical example of prevalence.
Molecular epidemiology is an emerging branch of epidemiology developed by merging molecular biology into epidemiological studies. Molecular epidemiology studies identify infectious diseases’ causation and pathogenesis and unravel infectious agents’ sources, reservoirs, circulation pattern, transmission pattern, transmission probability, and transmission order. Molecular epidemiology, an area of epidemiology that is somewhat ambiguous, encompasses utilization of biomarkers and genetics as tools to define both exposures (factors that are inherited) and outcomes (factors that are acquired). In last few decades, it has grown extensively to help to understand of disease ecology, in planning disease control, and in drafting health policies.
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
Mesurement of morbidity (prevalence) presentationDrsadhana Meena
measurement of morbidity (prevalence ) presentation by dr. sadhana, sms medical college , jaipur
included all aspects related to prevalence - objectives,types,significance ,comparison between prevalence and incidence , practical example of prevalence.
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Partial correlation. It was the introduction of relation with the third variables, called multivariate analysis. To find out the relationship between two variables, we need to control one variable. Either the relation will be the same or decrease or increase. Three cases are illustrated to explain the applicability of partial correlation.
Sustainable development, united nations. Description of sustainablity, and why it is needed in development. What are sustainable development goals? what is the position of India in SDG? what we gained and what we lost?
it describes the method of calculating tied and repeated ranks. there is an alternative method with Pearson correlation. It is demonstrated that what happens when tied ranks are removed.
at the last, a real case study is illustrated.
In this slide, there is a basic description of the Spearman's correlation. In what condition it is calculated and for what kind of variables. The relation between Pearson and Spearman correlation. In what condition the direction of Spearman correlation changes. The analysis of formula and various permutations and combinations
This slide describe the stepwise methods of hand calculation of Pearson correlation coefficient. it involves the hypothesis making and testing. Two methods are explained, one with covariance and second with direct formula. The formula derivation is also explained and at the last the graphic presentation is also given to show the line of fitness and direction of the correlation.
It describe the basic concept of correlation. Its application in the daily life. How to interpret the correlation. How to describe the critical value of correlation. What is p value and what is its significance.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
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1. Principles and Methods of
Epidemiology
RDM 205
Rural Health and Well-being
Dr. Rajeev Kumar,
M.S.W., (TISS, Mumbai), M.Phil., (CIP, Ranchi), U.G.C- J.R.F.,
Ph.D., (IIT Kharagpur)
2. “ I kept six honest serving men;
they taught me all I know. Their
names are what, why, when,
how, where, and who.”
3. What is Epidemiology?
As defined by John M. Last (1988)
“ Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health
related states or events in specified
populations, and the applications of
this study to control of health related
problems”
4.
5.
6.
7. Three pillars of Epidemiology
1. Disease frequency
2. Distribution of disease
3. Determinants of disease
8. Disease frequency
Epidemiology is the measurement of
frequency of disease, disability or
death and summarizing this
information in form of rates and ratio.
(details will be discussed later)
9. Distribution of disease
Disease or health related matter are
not uniformly distributed in human
population.
Those are distributed in patterns in
community, and epidemiology address
those variations or patterns.
This aspect is known as descriptive
epidemiology
10. Determinates of disease
It identify the underlying causes ( or
risk factors).
This is the real substance of
epidemiology
11. Aims of epidemiology
1. It describes the distribution and
magnitude of health and disease
problems in human population
2. To identify the aetiological factor (risk
factors) in the pathogenesis of
disease
3. To prove the data essential to the
planning, implementation and
evaluation of services for the
prevention, control, and treatment of
disease and to setting up of priorities
among those services
13. (A). Asking questions ( activity
based on given article)
What is the event / problem?
What is the magnitude ?
Where did it happen?
When did it happen?
Who are affected?
Why did it happen?
14. (B). Questions related to health
action ( activity based on given
article)
What can be done to reduce the problem
and its consequence?
How it can be prevented in the future ?
What action should be taken by the
communities? By the health service? By
other sectors? Where and for whom
these activities be carried out ?
What resources are required?
How far the activities to be organized ?
15. Making comparisons
There may be comparisons of two or
more groups
There may be comparisons between
communities or regions or genders
Before comparison, we need to
consider the comparability
As is control and cohort studies ( will
be discussed later)
16. Basic measurements in
epidemiology
Measurement of mortality
Measurement of morbidity
Measurement of disability
measurement of presence, absence or
distribution of the characteristics or attributes
of the diseases
Measurement of medical needs, health care
facilities utilization
Measurement of the presence, absence or
distribution of the environmental and other
factors suspected of causing the disease.
Measurement of demographic variables
17. Types of variables
Variate: any piece of information
referring to the patients or disease, it
is of two types (1) discrete (2)
continuous
Circumstance: Any factor in the
environment that might be suspected
of causing a disease ( air pollution,
polluted water)
19. Rates
Suppose there were 500 deaths from
traffic accidents in Ranchi..
These are just number....
It conveys no meaning to
epidemiologist
It is not comparable with road
accidents deaths with another city
Then what ????
20. What is rate??/
Rate measures the occurrence of
some particular event in a population
during given time.
It is statement of risk of developing a
condition
Death rate = number of death in one
year/mid-year population X 1000
28. Prevalence
It refers specifically to all current
cases (old and new) existing at a
given point of time, over a period in a
given population
It is of two types:
1. Point prevalence
2. period prevalence
37. Description of experimental
studies
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Mediators /moderators variables
What is randomization?
What is control?
What is blind?
How many types of blind?
Why there is blind?