This document summarizes research analyzing the impact of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on file transfer protocol (FTP) services. The researchers created a test network topology in the DETER cybersecurity testbed to simulate FTP traffic between clients and a server. They launched various DDoS attack types against the FTP server to measure the impact on network performance metrics like throughput, link utilization, and packet survival ratio. The attacks were found to degrade these metrics and disrupt the FTP services. The study provides insights into how DDoS attacks negatively impact network services like FTP.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Preventing Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Cloud Environments IJITCA Journal
Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is a key intimidation to network security. Network is a group of
nodes that interrelate with each other for switch over the information. This information is necessary for
that node is reserved confidentially. Attacker in the system may capture this private information and
distorted. So security is the major issue. There are several security attacks in network. One of the major
intimidations to internet examine is DDoS attack. It is a malevolent effort to suspending or suspends
services to destination node. DDoS or DoS is an effort to create network resource or the machine is busy to
its intentional user. Numerous thoughts are developed for avoid the DDoS or DoS. DDoS occur in two
different behaviors they may happen obviously or it may due to some attackers .Various schemes are
developed defense against to this attack. The Main focus of paper is present basis of DDoS attack, DDoS
attack types, and DDoS attack components, intrusion prevention system for DDoS.
Study of flooding based d do s attacks and their effect using deter testbedeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes methods for protecting against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses traditional DDoS attack methods like ICMP floods and SYN floods. It also describes more advanced distributed techniques used by botsnets, including Trinoo, Tribe Flood Network, Stacheldraht, Shaft, and TFN2K. The document recommends ways to safeguard a network, such as using load balancing across multiple servers, increasing bandwidth capacity, and securing the DNS server. Protecting the network requires understanding various DDoS attack types and deployment of appropriate defenses.
PASSWORD BASED SCHEME AND GROUP TESTING FOR DEFENDING DDOS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
DOS ATTACKS ARE ONE OF THE TOP SECURITY PROBLEMS AFFECTING NETWORKS AND DISRUPTING SERVICES TO
LEGITIMATE USERS. THE VITAL STEP IN DEALING WITH THIS PROBLEM IS THE NETWORK'S ABILITY TO DETECT SUCH
ATTACKS. APPLICATION DDOS ATTACK, WHICH AIMS AT DISRUPTING APPLICATION SERVICE RATHER THAN
DEPLETING THE NETWORK RESOURCE. UP TO NOW ALL THE RESEARCHES MADE ON THIS DDOS ATTACKS ONLY
CONCENTRATES EITHER ON NETWORK RESOURCES OR ON APPLICATION SERVERS BUT NOT ON BOTH. IN THIS PAPER
WE PROPOSED A SOLUTION FOR BOTH THESE PROBLEMS BY AUTHENTICATION METHODS AND GROUP TESTING.
Impact of Flash Crowd Attack in Online Retail ApplicationsIJEACS
This document discusses flash crowd attacks on online retail applications. It begins by introducing denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It then explains that flash crowd attacks are a type of DDoS attack that aims to overwhelm servers with legitimate-looking requests. The document outlines the network model used to simulate flash crowd attacks and presents results analyzing the impact on server energy levels. It finds that as the number of requests increases, servers experience decreased energy and lifetime. The study aims to minimize these attacks by having servers identify real clients to prioritize sending responses.
This document discusses Akamai's cloud security solutions for web, DNS, and infrastructure security. It outlines the changing threat landscape, including the growing size of denial-of-service attacks and shift to application layer attacks targeting data theft. It then reviews common on-premise, ISP, and cloud-based security approaches before detailing Akamai's intelligent platform and specific product offerings, including Kona Site Defender, Prolexic Routed, and Fast DNS. The platform is designed to defend against network and application layer DDoS attacks and data theft through a global cloud architecture with multiple layers of defense and integrated threat intelligence.
IRJET- EEDE- Extenuating EDOS for DDOS and Eluding HTTP Web based Attacks in ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect HTTP GET flooding DDoS attacks in cloud computing environments using MapReduce processing. It involves integrating abnormal HTTP request detection rules analyzed through statistical analysis and thresholds into MapReduce. Suspected IP addresses are sent challenge values, and IP addresses that provide normal responses are initially allowed while abnormal responses are filtered for a period of time. MapReduce is used to analyze packet data and detect abnormal GET requests based on factors like the IP, port, and URI to identify malicious traffic patterns characteristic of DDoS attacks. The goal is to ensure availability of target systems and reliable detection of HTTP GET flooding attacks in cloud services.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Preventing Distributed Denial of Service Attacks in Cloud Environments IJITCA Journal
Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is a key intimidation to network security. Network is a group of
nodes that interrelate with each other for switch over the information. This information is necessary for
that node is reserved confidentially. Attacker in the system may capture this private information and
distorted. So security is the major issue. There are several security attacks in network. One of the major
intimidations to internet examine is DDoS attack. It is a malevolent effort to suspending or suspends
services to destination node. DDoS or DoS is an effort to create network resource or the machine is busy to
its intentional user. Numerous thoughts are developed for avoid the DDoS or DoS. DDoS occur in two
different behaviors they may happen obviously or it may due to some attackers .Various schemes are
developed defense against to this attack. The Main focus of paper is present basis of DDoS attack, DDoS
attack types, and DDoS attack components, intrusion prevention system for DDoS.
Study of flooding based d do s attacks and their effect using deter testbedeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes methods for protecting against distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses traditional DDoS attack methods like ICMP floods and SYN floods. It also describes more advanced distributed techniques used by botsnets, including Trinoo, Tribe Flood Network, Stacheldraht, Shaft, and TFN2K. The document recommends ways to safeguard a network, such as using load balancing across multiple servers, increasing bandwidth capacity, and securing the DNS server. Protecting the network requires understanding various DDoS attack types and deployment of appropriate defenses.
PASSWORD BASED SCHEME AND GROUP TESTING FOR DEFENDING DDOS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
DOS ATTACKS ARE ONE OF THE TOP SECURITY PROBLEMS AFFECTING NETWORKS AND DISRUPTING SERVICES TO
LEGITIMATE USERS. THE VITAL STEP IN DEALING WITH THIS PROBLEM IS THE NETWORK'S ABILITY TO DETECT SUCH
ATTACKS. APPLICATION DDOS ATTACK, WHICH AIMS AT DISRUPTING APPLICATION SERVICE RATHER THAN
DEPLETING THE NETWORK RESOURCE. UP TO NOW ALL THE RESEARCHES MADE ON THIS DDOS ATTACKS ONLY
CONCENTRATES EITHER ON NETWORK RESOURCES OR ON APPLICATION SERVERS BUT NOT ON BOTH. IN THIS PAPER
WE PROPOSED A SOLUTION FOR BOTH THESE PROBLEMS BY AUTHENTICATION METHODS AND GROUP TESTING.
Impact of Flash Crowd Attack in Online Retail ApplicationsIJEACS
This document discusses flash crowd attacks on online retail applications. It begins by introducing denial of service (DoS) and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It then explains that flash crowd attacks are a type of DDoS attack that aims to overwhelm servers with legitimate-looking requests. The document outlines the network model used to simulate flash crowd attacks and presents results analyzing the impact on server energy levels. It finds that as the number of requests increases, servers experience decreased energy and lifetime. The study aims to minimize these attacks by having servers identify real clients to prioritize sending responses.
This document discusses Akamai's cloud security solutions for web, DNS, and infrastructure security. It outlines the changing threat landscape, including the growing size of denial-of-service attacks and shift to application layer attacks targeting data theft. It then reviews common on-premise, ISP, and cloud-based security approaches before detailing Akamai's intelligent platform and specific product offerings, including Kona Site Defender, Prolexic Routed, and Fast DNS. The platform is designed to defend against network and application layer DDoS attacks and data theft through a global cloud architecture with multiple layers of defense and integrated threat intelligence.
IRJET- EEDE- Extenuating EDOS for DDOS and Eluding HTTP Web based Attacks in ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a method to detect HTTP GET flooding DDoS attacks in cloud computing environments using MapReduce processing. It involves integrating abnormal HTTP request detection rules analyzed through statistical analysis and thresholds into MapReduce. Suspected IP addresses are sent challenge values, and IP addresses that provide normal responses are initially allowed while abnormal responses are filtered for a period of time. MapReduce is used to analyze packet data and detect abnormal GET requests based on factors like the IP, port, and URI to identify malicious traffic patterns characteristic of DDoS attacks. The goal is to ensure availability of target systems and reliable detection of HTTP GET flooding attacks in cloud services.
Among different online attacks obstructing IT security,
Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
are the most devastating attack. It also put the security experts under
enormous pressure recently in finding efficient defiance methods.
DoS attack can be performed variously with diverse codes and tools
and can be launched form different OSI model layers. This paper
describes in details DoS and DDoS attack, and explains how different
types of attacks can be implemented and launched from different OSI
model layers. It provides a better understanding of these increasing
occurrences in order to improve
A SYNCHRONIZED DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE PREVENTION SYSTEMcscpconf
DDoS attack is a distributed source but coordinated Internet security threat that attackers either degrade or disrupt a shared service to legitimate users. It uses various methods to inflict damages on limited resources. It can be broadly classified as: flood and semantic (logic) attacks. DDoS attacking mechanisms vary from time to time and simple but powerful attacking tools are freely available on the Internet. There have been many trials on defending victims from DDoS attacks. However, many of the previous attack prevention systems lack effective handling of various attacking mechanisms and protecting legitimate users from collateral damages during detection and protection. In this paper, we proposed a distributed but synchronized DDoS defense architecture by using multiple agents, which are autonomous systems that perform their assigned mission in other networks on behalf of the victim. The major assignments of defense agents are IP spoofing verification, high traffic rate limitation, anomaly packet detection, and attack source detection.These tasks are distributed through four agents that are deployed on different domain networks. The proposed solution was tested through simulation with sample attack scenarios on the model Internet topology. The experiments showed encouraging results. A more comprehensive attack protection and legitimate users prevention from collateral damages makes this system more effective than other previous works.
This document discusses using an enhanced support vector machine (ESVM) to detect and classify distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The ESVM is trained on normal user access behavior attributes and then tests samples of application layer attacks like HTTP flooding and network layer attacks like TCP flooding. It aims to classify these attacks with high accuracy, over 99%. An interactive detection and classification system architecture is proposed that takes DDoS attack samples as input for the ESVM and cross-validates them against normal traffic training samples to identify anomalies.
DETECTION OF APPLICATION LAYER DDOS ATTACKS USING INFORMATION THEORY BASED ME...cscpconf
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are a critical threat to the Internet. Recently,
there are an increasing number of DDoS attacks against online services and Web applications.
These attacks are targeting the application level. Detecting application layer DDOS attack is
not an easy task. A more sophisticated mechanism is required to distinguish the malicious flow
from the legitimate ones. This paper proposes a detection scheme based on the information
theory based metrics. The proposed scheme has two phases: Behaviour monitoring and
Detection. In the first phase, the Web user browsing behaviour (HTTP request rate, page
viewing time and sequence of the requested objects) is captured from the system log during nonattack
cases. Based on the observation, Entropy of requests per session and the trust score for
each user is calculated. In the detection phase, the suspicious requests are identified based on
the variation in entropy and a rate limiter is introduced to downgrade services to malicious
users. In addition, a scheduler is included to schedule the session based on the trust score of the
user and the system workload.
The document provides an overview of threats affecting payments, including denial of service attacks, social engineering/phishing, malware, and emerging threats from new technologies. It summarizes the main types of denial of service attacks seen in 2016 such as flooding, protocol, and application layer attacks. These attacks are growing in size and frequency due to the rise of infected IoT devices. Social engineering and phishing attempts are also discussed, including common methods like posing as friends/authorities or fake recovery schemes. The document recommends controls for payment service providers to mitigate these threats.
A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users. DoS attacks accomplish this by flooding the target with traffic, or sending it information that triggers a crash. In both instances, the DoS attack deprives legitimate users (i.e. employees, members, or account holders) of the service or resource they expected.
Victims of DoS attacks often target web servers of high-profile organizations such as banking, commerce, and media companies, or government and trade organizations
In this quarterly report, Akamai analyzes DDoS and web application attack trends from Q2 2015. Some key findings include:
- The number of DDoS attacks more than doubled compared to Q2 2014, with SYN and SSDP being the most common vectors.
- The largest attack exceeded 240 Gbps and lasted over 13 hours.
- Multi-vector attacks combining SYN and UDP reflection increased.
- Online gaming remained the most targeted industry. China was the largest source of non-spoofed attacks.
- Web application attacks grew, with Shellshock attacks targeting financial services. The report examines WordPress plugin vulnerabilities and risks of allowing Tor exit node traffic.
TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: The Continued rise of DDoS AttacksSymantec
Denial-of-service attacks—short but strong
DDoS amplification attacks continue to increase as attackers experiment with new protocols.
Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, as the name implies, attempt to deny a service to legitimate users by overwhelming the target with activity. The most common method is a network traffic flood DDoS attack against Web servers, where distributed means that multiple sources attack the same target at the same time. These attacks are often conducted through botnets.
Such DDoS attacks have grown larger year over year. In 2013, the largest attack volume peaked at 300 Gbps. So far in 2014, we have already seen one attack with up to 400 Gbps in attack volume. In recent times, DDoS attacks have become shorter in duration, often lasting only a few hours or even just minutes. According to Akamai, the average attack lasts 17 hours. These burst attacks can be devastating nonetheless, as most companies are affected by even a few hours of downtime and many business are not prepared. In addition to the reduced duration, the attacks are getting more sophisticated and varying the methods used, making them harder to mitigate.
In 2014, amplification and reflection attacks were still the most popular choice for the attacker. This method multiplies the attack traffic, making it easier for attackers to reach a high volume of above 100 Gbps even with a small botnet. From January to August 2014, DNS amplification attacks grew by 183 percent. The use of the network time protocol (NTP) amplification method has increased by a factor of 275 from January to July, but is now declining again. The use of compromised, high bandwidth servers with attack scripts has become a noticeable trend.
CREDIT BASED METHODOLOGY TO DETECT AND DISCRIMINATE DDOS ATTACK FROM FLASH CR...IJNSA Journal
The latest trend in the field of computing is the migration of organizations and offloading the tasks to
cloud. The security concerns hinder the widespread acceptance of cloud. Of various, the DDoS in cloud is
found to be the most dangerous. Various approaches are there to defend DDoS in cloud, but have lots of
pitfalls. This paper proposes a new reputation-based framework for mitigating the DDoS in cloud by
classifying the users into three categories as well-reputed, reputed and ill-reputed based on credits. The
fact that attack is fired by malicious programs installed by the attackers in the compromised systems and
they exhibit similar characteristics used for discriminating the DDoS traffic from flash crowds. Credits of
clients who show signs of similarity are decremented. This reduces the computational and storage
overhead. This proposed method is expected to take the edge off DDoS in a cloud environment and ensures
full security to cloud resources. CloudSim simulation results also proved that the deployment of this
approach improved the resource utilization with reduced cost.
Implementation of user authentication as a service for cloud networkSalam Shah
There are so many security risks for the users of cloud computing, but still the organizations are switching towards the cloud. The cloud provides data protection and a huge amount of memory usage remotely or virtually. The organization has not adopted the cloud computing completely due to some security issues. The research in cloud computing has more focus on privacy and security in the new categorization attack surface. User authentication is the additional overhead for the companies besides the management of availability of cloud services. This paper is based on the proposed model to provide central authentication technique so that secured access of resources can be provided to users instead of adopting some unordered user authentication techniques. The model is also implemented as a prototype.
Enhancing the impregnability of linux serversIJNSA Journal
Worldwide IT industry is experiencing a rapid shift towards Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). As a
response to the current trend, all the IT firms are adopting business models such as cloud based services
which rely on reliable and highly available server platforms. Linux servers are known to be highly
secure. Network security thus becomes a major concern to all IT organizations offering cloud based
services. The fundamental form of attack on network security is Denial of Service. This paper focuses on
fortifying the Linux server defence mechanisms resulting in an increase in reliability and availability of
services offered by the Linux server platforms. To meet this emerging scenario, most of the organizations
are adopting business models such as cloud computing that are dependant on reliable server platforms.
Linux servers are well ahead of other server platforms in terms of security. This brings network security
to the forefront of major concerns to an organization. The most common form of attacks is a Denial of
Service attack. This paper focuses on mechanisms to detect and immunize Linux servers from DoS .
IRJET- Cyber Attacks and its different TypesIRJET Journal
This document discusses different types of cyber attacks. It begins by providing context on how technology has increased connectivity but also vulnerabilities. The main types of cyber attacks discussed include:
1) Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks which overload systems to disrupt service.
2) Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks where a third party intercepts communications between two others.
3) Phishing attacks which use fraudulent emails or websites to steal personal or credential information from users.
4) Drive-by download attacks where visiting an infected website automatically downloads malware without user interaction.
Countermeasures to these attacks include firewall
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Detection of the botnets’ low-rate DDoS attacks based on self-similarity IJECEIAES
An article presents the approach for the botnets’ low-rate a DDoS-attacks detection based on the botnet’s behavior in the network. Detection process involves the analysis of the network traffic, generated by the botnets’ low-rate DDoS attack. Proposed technique is the part of botnets detection system–BotGRABBER system. The novelty of the paper is that the low-rate DDoS-attacks detection involves not only the network features, inherent to the botnets, but also network traffic self-similarity analysis, which is defined with the use of Hurst coefficient. Detection process consists of the knowledge formation based on the features that may indicate low-rate DDoS attack performed by a botnet; network monitoring, which analyzes information obtained from the network and making conclusion about possible DDoS attack in the network; and the appliance of the security scenario for the corporate area network’s infrastructure in the situation of low-rate attacks.
IRJET- A Study of DDoS Attacks in Software Defined NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses DDoS attacks in software defined networks. It begins with an overview of SDN architecture and its vulnerabilities. It then describes different types of DDoS attacks, categorizing them as attacks on the data plane or control plane. Volumetric attacks aim to overwhelm the victim with traffic, while protocol exploitation attacks exhaust system resources. The document reviews approaches for detecting and mitigating DDoS attacks in SDN, such as using thresholds to detect sudden traffic increases or inspecting packets for abnormal values. Machine learning algorithms can also be used to classify packets and detect attacks. Specific studies that implemented detection and mitigation techniques using SDN controllers and tools are also summarized.
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks at different layers of the TCP/IP model. It begins with an introduction to DoS attacks and some common types like ping of death, smurf, buffer overflow, teardrop, and SYN attacks. It then examines DoS attacks at each layer of the TCP/IP model: physical layer attacks target devices and media; data link layer attacks include MAC spoofing and DHCP starvation; network layer attacks involve IP spoofing, RIP attacks, and ICMP flooding; transport layer attacks focus on session hijacking; and application layer attacks include HTTP flooding. The document reviews several research papers on detecting and preventing DoS attacks at different layers using methods like machine learning algorithms.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND COUNTERMEASURE SELECTION IN VIRTUAL NETWORK (...ijsptm
Intrusion in a network or a system is a problem today as the trend of successful network attacks continue to
rise. Intruders can explore vulnerabilities of a network system to gain access in order to deploy some virus
or malware such as Denial of Service (DOS) attack. In this work, a frequency-based Intrusion Detection
System (IDS) is proposed to detect DOS attack. The frequency data is extracted from the time-series data
created by the traffic flow using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). An algorithm is developed for
anomaly-based intrusion detection with fewer false alarms which further detect known and unknown attack
signature in a network. The frequency of the traffic data of the virus or malware would be inconsistent with
the frequency of the legitimate traffic data. A Centralized Traffic Analyzer Intrusion Detection System
called CTA-IDS is introduced to further detect inside attackers in a network. The strategy is effective in
detecting abnormal content in the traffic data during information passing from one node to another and
also detects known attack signature and unknown attack. This approach is tested by running the artificial
network intrusion data in simulated networks using the Network Simulator2 (NS2) software.
A rapid progress is seen in the field of robotics both in educational and industrial
automation sectors. The Robotics education in particular is gaining technological advances
and providing more learning opportunities. In automotive sector, there is a necessity and
demand to automate daily human activities by robot. With such an advancement and
demand for robotics, the realization of a popular computer game will help students to learn
and acquire skills in the field of robotics. The computer game such as Pacman offers
challenges on both software and hardware fronts. In software, it provides challenges in
developing algorithms for a robot to escape from the pool of attacking robots and to develop
algorithms for multiple ghost robots to attack the Pacman. On the hardware front, it
provides a challenge to integrate various systems to realize the game. This project aims to
demonstrate the pacman game in real world as well as in simulation. For simulation
purpose Player/Stage is used to develop single-client and multi-client architectures. The
multi- client architecture in player/stage uses one global simulation proxy to which all the
robot models are connected. This reduces the overhead to manage multiple robots proxy.
The single-client architecture enables only two robot models to connect to the simulation
proxy. Multi-client approach offers flexibility to add sensors to each port which will be used
distinctly by the client attached to the respective robot. The robots are named as Pacman
and Ghosts, which try to escape and attack respectively. Use of Network Camera has been
done to detect the global positions of the robots and data is shared through inter-process
communication.
This paper gives a brief idea of the moving objects tracking and its application.
In sport it is challenging to track and detect motion of players in video frames. Task
represents optical flow analysis to do motion detection and particle filter to track players
and taking consideration of regions with movement of players in sports video. Optical flow
vector calculation gives motion of players in video frame. This paper presents improved
Luacs Kanade algorithm explained for optical flow computation for large displacement and
more accuracy in motion estimation.
In Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems, the visual contents of the
images in the database are took out and represented by multi-dimensional characteristic
vectors. A well known CBIR system that retrieves images by unsupervised method known
as cluster based image retrieval system. For enhancing the performance and retrieval rate
of CBIR system, we fuse the visual contents of an image. Recently, we developed two
cluster-based CBIR systems by fusing the scores of two visual contents of an image. In this
paper, we analyzed the performance of the two recommended CBIR systems at different
levels of precision using images of varying sizes and resolutions. We also compared the
performance of the recommended systems with that of the other two existing CBIR systems
namely UFM and CLUE. Experimentally, we find that the recommended systems
outperform the other two existing systems and one recommended system also comparatively
performed better in every resolution of image.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for warehouse packers. It provides examples of KPIs, steps for creating KPIs, common mistakes to avoid, and how to design effective KPIs. The document recommends visiting an external website for additional KPI samples and materials related to performance appraisal forms, methods, and review phrases.
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
Among different online attacks obstructing IT security,
Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
are the most devastating attack. It also put the security experts under
enormous pressure recently in finding efficient defiance methods.
DoS attack can be performed variously with diverse codes and tools
and can be launched form different OSI model layers. This paper
describes in details DoS and DDoS attack, and explains how different
types of attacks can be implemented and launched from different OSI
model layers. It provides a better understanding of these increasing
occurrences in order to improve
A SYNCHRONIZED DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE PREVENTION SYSTEMcscpconf
DDoS attack is a distributed source but coordinated Internet security threat that attackers either degrade or disrupt a shared service to legitimate users. It uses various methods to inflict damages on limited resources. It can be broadly classified as: flood and semantic (logic) attacks. DDoS attacking mechanisms vary from time to time and simple but powerful attacking tools are freely available on the Internet. There have been many trials on defending victims from DDoS attacks. However, many of the previous attack prevention systems lack effective handling of various attacking mechanisms and protecting legitimate users from collateral damages during detection and protection. In this paper, we proposed a distributed but synchronized DDoS defense architecture by using multiple agents, which are autonomous systems that perform their assigned mission in other networks on behalf of the victim. The major assignments of defense agents are IP spoofing verification, high traffic rate limitation, anomaly packet detection, and attack source detection.These tasks are distributed through four agents that are deployed on different domain networks. The proposed solution was tested through simulation with sample attack scenarios on the model Internet topology. The experiments showed encouraging results. A more comprehensive attack protection and legitimate users prevention from collateral damages makes this system more effective than other previous works.
This document discusses using an enhanced support vector machine (ESVM) to detect and classify distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The ESVM is trained on normal user access behavior attributes and then tests samples of application layer attacks like HTTP flooding and network layer attacks like TCP flooding. It aims to classify these attacks with high accuracy, over 99%. An interactive detection and classification system architecture is proposed that takes DDoS attack samples as input for the ESVM and cross-validates them against normal traffic training samples to identify anomalies.
DETECTION OF APPLICATION LAYER DDOS ATTACKS USING INFORMATION THEORY BASED ME...cscpconf
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks are a critical threat to the Internet. Recently,
there are an increasing number of DDoS attacks against online services and Web applications.
These attacks are targeting the application level. Detecting application layer DDOS attack is
not an easy task. A more sophisticated mechanism is required to distinguish the malicious flow
from the legitimate ones. This paper proposes a detection scheme based on the information
theory based metrics. The proposed scheme has two phases: Behaviour monitoring and
Detection. In the first phase, the Web user browsing behaviour (HTTP request rate, page
viewing time and sequence of the requested objects) is captured from the system log during nonattack
cases. Based on the observation, Entropy of requests per session and the trust score for
each user is calculated. In the detection phase, the suspicious requests are identified based on
the variation in entropy and a rate limiter is introduced to downgrade services to malicious
users. In addition, a scheduler is included to schedule the session based on the trust score of the
user and the system workload.
The document provides an overview of threats affecting payments, including denial of service attacks, social engineering/phishing, malware, and emerging threats from new technologies. It summarizes the main types of denial of service attacks seen in 2016 such as flooding, protocol, and application layer attacks. These attacks are growing in size and frequency due to the rise of infected IoT devices. Social engineering and phishing attempts are also discussed, including common methods like posing as friends/authorities or fake recovery schemes. The document recommends controls for payment service providers to mitigate these threats.
A Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack is an attack meant to shut down a machine or network, making it inaccessible to its intended users. DoS attacks accomplish this by flooding the target with traffic, or sending it information that triggers a crash. In both instances, the DoS attack deprives legitimate users (i.e. employees, members, or account holders) of the service or resource they expected.
Victims of DoS attacks often target web servers of high-profile organizations such as banking, commerce, and media companies, or government and trade organizations
In this quarterly report, Akamai analyzes DDoS and web application attack trends from Q2 2015. Some key findings include:
- The number of DDoS attacks more than doubled compared to Q2 2014, with SYN and SSDP being the most common vectors.
- The largest attack exceeded 240 Gbps and lasted over 13 hours.
- Multi-vector attacks combining SYN and UDP reflection increased.
- Online gaming remained the most targeted industry. China was the largest source of non-spoofed attacks.
- Web application attacks grew, with Shellshock attacks targeting financial services. The report examines WordPress plugin vulnerabilities and risks of allowing Tor exit node traffic.
TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: The Continued rise of DDoS AttacksSymantec
Denial-of-service attacks—short but strong
DDoS amplification attacks continue to increase as attackers experiment with new protocols.
Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, as the name implies, attempt to deny a service to legitimate users by overwhelming the target with activity. The most common method is a network traffic flood DDoS attack against Web servers, where distributed means that multiple sources attack the same target at the same time. These attacks are often conducted through botnets.
Such DDoS attacks have grown larger year over year. In 2013, the largest attack volume peaked at 300 Gbps. So far in 2014, we have already seen one attack with up to 400 Gbps in attack volume. In recent times, DDoS attacks have become shorter in duration, often lasting only a few hours or even just minutes. According to Akamai, the average attack lasts 17 hours. These burst attacks can be devastating nonetheless, as most companies are affected by even a few hours of downtime and many business are not prepared. In addition to the reduced duration, the attacks are getting more sophisticated and varying the methods used, making them harder to mitigate.
In 2014, amplification and reflection attacks were still the most popular choice for the attacker. This method multiplies the attack traffic, making it easier for attackers to reach a high volume of above 100 Gbps even with a small botnet. From January to August 2014, DNS amplification attacks grew by 183 percent. The use of the network time protocol (NTP) amplification method has increased by a factor of 275 from January to July, but is now declining again. The use of compromised, high bandwidth servers with attack scripts has become a noticeable trend.
CREDIT BASED METHODOLOGY TO DETECT AND DISCRIMINATE DDOS ATTACK FROM FLASH CR...IJNSA Journal
The latest trend in the field of computing is the migration of organizations and offloading the tasks to
cloud. The security concerns hinder the widespread acceptance of cloud. Of various, the DDoS in cloud is
found to be the most dangerous. Various approaches are there to defend DDoS in cloud, but have lots of
pitfalls. This paper proposes a new reputation-based framework for mitigating the DDoS in cloud by
classifying the users into three categories as well-reputed, reputed and ill-reputed based on credits. The
fact that attack is fired by malicious programs installed by the attackers in the compromised systems and
they exhibit similar characteristics used for discriminating the DDoS traffic from flash crowds. Credits of
clients who show signs of similarity are decremented. This reduces the computational and storage
overhead. This proposed method is expected to take the edge off DDoS in a cloud environment and ensures
full security to cloud resources. CloudSim simulation results also proved that the deployment of this
approach improved the resource utilization with reduced cost.
Implementation of user authentication as a service for cloud networkSalam Shah
There are so many security risks for the users of cloud computing, but still the organizations are switching towards the cloud. The cloud provides data protection and a huge amount of memory usage remotely or virtually. The organization has not adopted the cloud computing completely due to some security issues. The research in cloud computing has more focus on privacy and security in the new categorization attack surface. User authentication is the additional overhead for the companies besides the management of availability of cloud services. This paper is based on the proposed model to provide central authentication technique so that secured access of resources can be provided to users instead of adopting some unordered user authentication techniques. The model is also implemented as a prototype.
Enhancing the impregnability of linux serversIJNSA Journal
Worldwide IT industry is experiencing a rapid shift towards Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). As a
response to the current trend, all the IT firms are adopting business models such as cloud based services
which rely on reliable and highly available server platforms. Linux servers are known to be highly
secure. Network security thus becomes a major concern to all IT organizations offering cloud based
services. The fundamental form of attack on network security is Denial of Service. This paper focuses on
fortifying the Linux server defence mechanisms resulting in an increase in reliability and availability of
services offered by the Linux server platforms. To meet this emerging scenario, most of the organizations
are adopting business models such as cloud computing that are dependant on reliable server platforms.
Linux servers are well ahead of other server platforms in terms of security. This brings network security
to the forefront of major concerns to an organization. The most common form of attacks is a Denial of
Service attack. This paper focuses on mechanisms to detect and immunize Linux servers from DoS .
IRJET- Cyber Attacks and its different TypesIRJET Journal
This document discusses different types of cyber attacks. It begins by providing context on how technology has increased connectivity but also vulnerabilities. The main types of cyber attacks discussed include:
1) Denial-of-service (DoS) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks which overload systems to disrupt service.
2) Man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks where a third party intercepts communications between two others.
3) Phishing attacks which use fraudulent emails or websites to steal personal or credential information from users.
4) Drive-by download attacks where visiting an infected website automatically downloads malware without user interaction.
Countermeasures to these attacks include firewall
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Detection of the botnets’ low-rate DDoS attacks based on self-similarity IJECEIAES
An article presents the approach for the botnets’ low-rate a DDoS-attacks detection based on the botnet’s behavior in the network. Detection process involves the analysis of the network traffic, generated by the botnets’ low-rate DDoS attack. Proposed technique is the part of botnets detection system–BotGRABBER system. The novelty of the paper is that the low-rate DDoS-attacks detection involves not only the network features, inherent to the botnets, but also network traffic self-similarity analysis, which is defined with the use of Hurst coefficient. Detection process consists of the knowledge formation based on the features that may indicate low-rate DDoS attack performed by a botnet; network monitoring, which analyzes information obtained from the network and making conclusion about possible DDoS attack in the network; and the appliance of the security scenario for the corporate area network’s infrastructure in the situation of low-rate attacks.
IRJET- A Study of DDoS Attacks in Software Defined NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses DDoS attacks in software defined networks. It begins with an overview of SDN architecture and its vulnerabilities. It then describes different types of DDoS attacks, categorizing them as attacks on the data plane or control plane. Volumetric attacks aim to overwhelm the victim with traffic, while protocol exploitation attacks exhaust system resources. The document reviews approaches for detecting and mitigating DDoS attacks in SDN, such as using thresholds to detect sudden traffic increases or inspecting packets for abnormal values. Machine learning algorithms can also be used to classify packets and detect attacks. Specific studies that implemented detection and mitigation techniques using SDN controllers and tools are also summarized.
This document discusses denial of service (DoS) attacks at different layers of the TCP/IP model. It begins with an introduction to DoS attacks and some common types like ping of death, smurf, buffer overflow, teardrop, and SYN attacks. It then examines DoS attacks at each layer of the TCP/IP model: physical layer attacks target devices and media; data link layer attacks include MAC spoofing and DHCP starvation; network layer attacks involve IP spoofing, RIP attacks, and ICMP flooding; transport layer attacks focus on session hijacking; and application layer attacks include HTTP flooding. The document reviews several research papers on detecting and preventing DoS attacks at different layers using methods like machine learning algorithms.
NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION AND COUNTERMEASURE SELECTION IN VIRTUAL NETWORK (...ijsptm
Intrusion in a network or a system is a problem today as the trend of successful network attacks continue to
rise. Intruders can explore vulnerabilities of a network system to gain access in order to deploy some virus
or malware such as Denial of Service (DOS) attack. In this work, a frequency-based Intrusion Detection
System (IDS) is proposed to detect DOS attack. The frequency data is extracted from the time-series data
created by the traffic flow using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). An algorithm is developed for
anomaly-based intrusion detection with fewer false alarms which further detect known and unknown attack
signature in a network. The frequency of the traffic data of the virus or malware would be inconsistent with
the frequency of the legitimate traffic data. A Centralized Traffic Analyzer Intrusion Detection System
called CTA-IDS is introduced to further detect inside attackers in a network. The strategy is effective in
detecting abnormal content in the traffic data during information passing from one node to another and
also detects known attack signature and unknown attack. This approach is tested by running the artificial
network intrusion data in simulated networks using the Network Simulator2 (NS2) software.
A rapid progress is seen in the field of robotics both in educational and industrial
automation sectors. The Robotics education in particular is gaining technological advances
and providing more learning opportunities. In automotive sector, there is a necessity and
demand to automate daily human activities by robot. With such an advancement and
demand for robotics, the realization of a popular computer game will help students to learn
and acquire skills in the field of robotics. The computer game such as Pacman offers
challenges on both software and hardware fronts. In software, it provides challenges in
developing algorithms for a robot to escape from the pool of attacking robots and to develop
algorithms for multiple ghost robots to attack the Pacman. On the hardware front, it
provides a challenge to integrate various systems to realize the game. This project aims to
demonstrate the pacman game in real world as well as in simulation. For simulation
purpose Player/Stage is used to develop single-client and multi-client architectures. The
multi- client architecture in player/stage uses one global simulation proxy to which all the
robot models are connected. This reduces the overhead to manage multiple robots proxy.
The single-client architecture enables only two robot models to connect to the simulation
proxy. Multi-client approach offers flexibility to add sensors to each port which will be used
distinctly by the client attached to the respective robot. The robots are named as Pacman
and Ghosts, which try to escape and attack respectively. Use of Network Camera has been
done to detect the global positions of the robots and data is shared through inter-process
communication.
This paper gives a brief idea of the moving objects tracking and its application.
In sport it is challenging to track and detect motion of players in video frames. Task
represents optical flow analysis to do motion detection and particle filter to track players
and taking consideration of regions with movement of players in sports video. Optical flow
vector calculation gives motion of players in video frame. This paper presents improved
Luacs Kanade algorithm explained for optical flow computation for large displacement and
more accuracy in motion estimation.
In Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems, the visual contents of the
images in the database are took out and represented by multi-dimensional characteristic
vectors. A well known CBIR system that retrieves images by unsupervised method known
as cluster based image retrieval system. For enhancing the performance and retrieval rate
of CBIR system, we fuse the visual contents of an image. Recently, we developed two
cluster-based CBIR systems by fusing the scores of two visual contents of an image. In this
paper, we analyzed the performance of the two recommended CBIR systems at different
levels of precision using images of varying sizes and resolutions. We also compared the
performance of the recommended systems with that of the other two existing CBIR systems
namely UFM and CLUE. Experimentally, we find that the recommended systems
outperform the other two existing systems and one recommended system also comparatively
performed better in every resolution of image.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for warehouse packers. It provides examples of KPIs, steps for creating KPIs, common mistakes to avoid, and how to design effective KPIs. The document recommends visiting an external website for additional KPI samples and materials related to performance appraisal forms, methods, and review phrases.
In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN), Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) is
used to improve performance of spectrum sensing techniques used for detection of licensed
(Primary) user’s signal. In CSS, the spectrum sensing information from multiple unlicensed
(Secondary) users are combined to take final decision about presence of primary signal. The
mixing techniques used to generate final decision about presence of PU’s signal are also
called as Fusion techniques / rules. The fusion techniques are further classified as data
fusion and decision fusion techniques. In data fusion technique all the secondary users
(SUs) share their raw information of spectrum detection like detected energy or other
statistical information, while in decision fusion technique all the SUs take their local
decisions and share the decision by sending ‘0’ or ‘1’ corresponding to absence and presence
of PU’s signal respectively. The rules used in decision fusion techniques are OR rule, AND
rule and K-out-of-N rule. The CSS is further classified as distributed CSS and centralized
CSS. In distributed CSS all the SUs share the spectrum detection information with each
other and by mixing the shared information; all the SUs take final decision individually. In
centralized CSS all the SUs send their detected information to a secondary base station /
central unit which combines the shared information and takes final decision. The secondary
base station shares the final decision with all the SUs in the CRN. This paper covers
overview of information fusion methods used for CSS and analysis of decision fusion rules
with simulation results.
This paper presents the design and performance comparison of a two stage
operational amplifier topology using CMOS and BiCMOS technology. This conventional op
amp circuit was designed by using RF model of BSIM3V3 in 0.6 μm CMOS technology and
0.35 μm BiCMOS technology. Both the op amp circuits were designed and simulated,
analyzed and performance parameters are compared. The performance parameters such as
gain, phase margin, CMRR, PSRR, power consumption etc achieved are compared. Finally,
we conclude the suitability of CMOS technology over BiCMOS technology for low power
RF design.
This paper analyzes the impact of network scalability on various physical attributes of Zigbee networks. Simulations were conducted using Qualnet to evaluate the performance of the Zigbee physical layer based on energy consumption and throughput. Energy consumption was analyzed for different modulation schemes (ASK, BPSK, OQPSK), network sizes (2-50 nodes), and clear channel assessment modes. The results showed that OQPSK and ASK had lower energy consumption than BPSK. Throughput was highest for OQPSK. While carrier sense had slightly higher throughput than other CCA modes, the energy consumption differences between CCA modes were minor.
This document provides an overview of vertical handover decision strategies in heterogeneous wireless networks. It begins with an introduction to always best connectivity requirements in next generation networks that allow users to move between different network technologies. It then discusses the key aspects of handover management, including the three phases of initiation, decision, and execution. Various criteria for the handover decision process are described, such as received signal strength, network connection time, available bandwidth, power consumption, cost, security, and user preferences. Different types of handover decision strategies are categorized, including those based on network conditions, user preferences, multiple attributes, fuzzy logic/neural networks, and context awareness. The strategies are analyzed and their advantages/disadvantages compared.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been widely used in various applications.
In these networks nodes collect data from the attached sensors and send their data to a base
station. However, nodes in WSN have limited power supply in form of battery so the nodes
are expected to minimize energy consumption in order to maximize the lifetime of WSN. A
number of techniques have been proposed in the literature to reduce the energy
consumption significantly. In this paper, we propose a new clustering based technique
which is a modification of the popular LEACH algorithm. In this technique, first cluster
heads are elected using the improved LEACH algorithm as usual, and then a cluster of
nodes is formed based on the distance between node and cluster head. Finally, data from
node is transferred to cluster head. Cluster heads forward data, after applying aggregation,
to the cluster head that is closer to it than sink in forward direction or directly to the sink.
This reduction in distance travelled improves the performance over LEACH algorithm
significantly.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial neural network tuned by a simulated annealing algorithm for real-time credit card fraud detection. The paper describes how simulated annealing can be used to train the weights of a neural network model to classify credit card transactions as fraudulent or non-fraudulent based on attributes of past transactions. The algorithm is tested on a real-world credit card transaction dataset and is found to effectively classify most transactions correctly, though some misclassifications still occur.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document discusses distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. It begins by defining DDoS attacks as using numerous compromised systems, or "zombie machines", to launch a coordinated attack against a target system to overwhelm its bandwidth and resources. The document then discusses how early DDoS attacks worked and how routers have evolved defenses. It describes how modern DDoS attacks are more sophisticated, using botnets of infected systems controlled remotely by attackers to amplify the scale and impact of the attacks.
XDOSER, A BENCHMARKING TOOL FOR SYSTEM LOAD MEASUREMENT USING DENIAL OF SERVI...IJNSA Journal
Technology has developed so fast that we feel both safe as well as unsafe in both ways. Systems used today are always prone to attack by malicious users. In most cases, services are hindered because these systems cannot handle the amount of over loads the attacker provides. So, proper service load measurement is necessary. The tool that is being described in this paper for developments is based on the Denial of Service methodologies. This tool, XDoser will put a synthetic load on the servers for testing purpose. The HTTP Flood method is used which includes an HTTP POST method as it forces the website to gather the maximum resources possible in response to every single request. The tool developed in this paper will focus on overloading the backend with multiple requests. So, the tool can be implemented for servers new or old for synthetic test endurance testing.
XDOSER, A BENCHMARKING TOOL FOR SYSTEM LOAD MEASUREMENT USING DENIAL OF SERVI...IJNSA Journal
The document describes a tool called XDoser that was developed to test system load capacity using denial of service features. XDoser uses HTTP flood attacks by continuously sending HTTP POST requests to a server, overloading it with processing-intensive requests. Testing showed XDoser was more effective at overwhelming a test server than other DoS tools, with the server failing over 80% of XDoser requests within a set time frame. However, XDoser's effectiveness decreased with longer testing durations and it had issues maintaining connections.
PREVENTING DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS IN CLOUD ENVIRONMENTS IJITCA Journal
Distributed-Denial of Service (DDoS) is a key intimidation to network security. Network is a group of nodes that interrelate with each other for switch over the information. This information is necessary for that node is reserved confidentially. Attacker in the system may capture this private information and distorted. So security is the major issue. There are several security attacks in network. One of the major intimidations to internet examine is DDoS attack. It is a malevolent effort to suspending or suspends services to destination node. DDoS or DoS is an effort to create network resource or the machine is busy to
its intentional user. Numerous thoughts are developed for avoid the DDoS or DoS. DDoS occur in two different behaviors they may happen obviously or it may due to some attackers .Various schemes are developed defense against to this attack. The Main focus of paper is present basis of DDoS attack, DDoS
attack types, and DDoS attack components, intrusion prevention system for DDoS.
Our world today relies heavily on informatics and the internet, as computers and communications networks have increased day by day. In fact, the increase is not limited to portable devices such as smartphones and tablets, but also to home appliances such as: televisions, refrigerators, and controllers. It has made them more vulnerable to electronic attacks. The denial of service (DoS) attack is one of the most common attacks that affect the provision of services and commercial sites over the internet. As a result, we decided in this paper to create a smart model that depends on the swarm algorithms to detect the attack of denial of service in internet networks, because the intelligence algorithms have flexibility, elegance and adaptation to different situations. The particle swarm algorithm and the bee colony algorithm were used to detect the packets that had been exposed to the DoS attack, and a comparison was made between the two algorithms to see which of them can accurately characterize the DoS attack.
PASSWORD BASED SCHEME AND GROUP TESTING FOR DEFENDING DDOS ATTACKSIJNSA Journal
DOS ATTACKS ARE ONE OF THE TOP SECURITY PROBLEMS AFFECTING NETWORKS AND DISRUPTING SERVICES TO LEGITIMATE USERS. THE VITAL STEP IN DEALING WITH THIS PROBLEM IS THE NETWORK'S ABILITY TO DETECT SUCH ATTACKS. APPLICATION DDOS ATTACK, WHICH AIMS AT DISRUPTING APPLICATION SERVICE RATHER THAN DEPLETING THE NETWORK RESOURCE. UP TO NOW ALL THE RESEARCHES MADE ON THIS DDOS ATTACKS ONLY CONCENTRATES EITHER ON NETWORK RESOURCES OR ON APPLICATION SERVERS BUT NOT ON BOTH. IN THIS PAPER WE PROPOSED A SOLUTION FOR BOTH THESE PROBLEMS BY AUTHENTICATION METHODS AND GROUP TESTING.
Study of flooding based ddos attacks and their effect using deter testbedeSAT Journals
Abstract Today, Internet is the primary medium for communication which is used by number of users across the Network. At the same time, its commercial nature is causing increase vulnerability to enhance cyber crimes and there has been an enormous increase in the number of DDOS (distributed denial of service attack) attacks on the internet over the past decade. Whose impact can be proportionally severe. With little or no advance warning, a DDoS attack can easily exhaust the computing and communication resources of its victim within a short period of time. Network resources such as network bandwidth, web servers and network switches are mostly the victims of DDoS attacks. In this paper different types of DDoS attacks has been studied, a dumb-bell topology have been created and effect of UDP flooding attacks has been analyzed on web service by using attack tools available in DETER testbed. Throughput of web server is analyzed with and without DDoS attacks.
Distributed reflection denial of service attack: A critical review IJECEIAES
As the world becomes increasingly connected and the number of users grows exponentially and “things” go online, the prospect of cyberspace becoming a significant target for cybercriminals is a reality. Any host or device that is exposed on the internet is a prime target for cyberattacks. A denial-of-service (DoS) attack is accountable for the majority of these cyberattacks. Although various solutions have been proposed by researchers to mitigate this issue, cybercriminals always adapt their attack approach to circumvent countermeasures. One of the modified DoS attacks is known as distributed reflection denial-of-service attack (DRDoS). This type of attack is considered to be a more severe variant of the DoS attack and can be conducted in transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). However, this attack is not effective in the TCP protocol due to the three-way handshake approach that prevents this type of attack from passing through the network layer to the upper layers in the network stack. On the other hand, UDP is a connectionless protocol, so most of these DRDoS attacks pass through UDP. This study aims to examine and identify the differences between TCP-based and UDP-based DRDoS attacks.
A ROBUST MECHANISM FOR DEFENDING DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS ON WEB...IJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as a popular means of causing mass targeted service disruptions, often for extended periods of time. The relative ease and low costs of launching such attacks, supplemented by the current inadequate sate of any viable defense mechanism, have made them one of the top threats to the Internet community today. Since the increasing popularity of web-based applications has led to several critical services being provided over the Internet, it is imperative to monitor the network traffic so as to prevent malicious attackers from depleting the resources of the network and denying services to legitimate users. This paper first presents a brief discussion on some of the important types of DDoS attacks that currently exist and some existing mechanisms to combat these attacks. It then points out the major drawbacks of the currently existing defense mechanisms and proposes a new mechanism for protecting a web-server against a DDoS attack. In the proposed mechanism, incoming traffic to the server is continuously monitored and any abnormal rise in the inbound traffic is immediately detected. The detection algorithm is based on a statistical analysis of the inbound traffic on the server and a robust hypothesis testing framework. While the detection process is on, the sessions from the legitimate sources are not disrupted and the load on the server is restored to the normal level by blocking the traffic from the attacking sources. To cater to different scenarios, the detection algorithm has various modules with varying level of computational and memory overheads for
their execution. While the approximate modules are fast in detection and involve less overhead, they provide lower level of detection accuracy. The accurate modules employ complex detection logic and hence involve more overhead for their execution. However, they have very high detection accuracy. Simulations carried out on the proposed mechanism have produced results that demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed defense mechanism against DDoS attacks.
This document presents a case study on the impact of denial of service (DoS) attacks on cloud applications. It begins with an introduction to cloud computing and discusses how DoS and distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are major security threats. The paper then reviews DoS and DDoS attacks, including their objectives to overwhelm resources or exploit vulnerabilities. Next, it discusses defense strategies against such attacks. Finally, the document describes how the case study will measure the stability of a questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and determine the impact of related variables on the results using stepwise multiple linear regression analysis and Spearman correlation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Case Study: Q2 2014 Global DDoS Attack Report | Akamai DocumentProlexic
The Brobot botnet that devastated banks with DDoS floods in 2013 may be back. And the techniques that built it – exploiting vulnerabilities in the software that powers websites and cloud companies – is all too alive. Get the full details about this cybercrime threat in the Akamai/Prolexic Q1 2014 DDoS attack report, available for a free download at http://bit.ly/1meTkfu
The document discusses distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and methods to detect them. It describes DDoS attacks as attempts to make network resources unavailable by flooding them with traffic. The document then reviews literature on detection methods like packet marking and cumulative sum algorithms. It presents a methodology using packet sniffing and analysis to identify attack levels based on packet counts. Specifically, it generates DDoS attacks using LOIC and analyzes TCP SYN flood and UDP flood attacks to detect the length of attacks with over 99% accuracy. In conclusion, it emphasizes the challenge of identifying DDoS attacks and discusses using packet headers and contents to identify malicious traffic based on their behaviors.
IRJET- A Survey on DDOS Attack in ManetIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by introducing MANETs and some of the key security issues they face, including DDoS attacks. It then discusses different types of DDoS attacks like flooding and amplification/reflection attacks. The document proposes a new defense scheme against amplification attacks, which exploit protocols like DNS and NTP to amplify traffic. It describes using the Network Security Simulator to model and simulate DDoS attacks with master, zombie, and server entities to evaluate defense techniques and compare the impact of protocols like DNS and NTP.
A survey of trends in massive ddos attacks and cloud based mitigationsIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today
have been amplified into gigabits volume with
broadband Internet access; at the same time, the us
e of more powerful botnets and common DDoS
mitigation and protection solutions implemented in
small and large organizations’ networks and servers
are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-
depth study on the current largest DNS reflection a
ttack
with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have re
viewed and analysed the current most popular
DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivi
sts. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation
and
protection techniques proposed by both academic res
earchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS
service providers are discussed
A survey of trends in massive ddos attacks and cloud based mitigationsIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today
have been amplified into gigabits volume with
broadband Internet access; at the same time, the us
e of more powerful botnets and common DDoS
mitigation and protection solutions implemented in
small and large organizations’ networks and servers
are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-
depth study on the current largest DNS reflection a
ttack
with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have re
viewed and analysed the current most popular
DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivi
sts. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation
and
protection techniques proposed by both academic res
earchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS
service providers are discussed
A SURVEY OF TRENDS IN MASSIVE DDOS ATTACKS AND CLOUD-BASED MITIGATIONSIJNSA Journal
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today have been amplified into gigabits volume with broadband Internet access; at the same time, the use of more powerful botnets and common DDoS mitigation and protection solutions implemented in small and large organizations’ networks and servers are no longer effective. Our survey provides an in-depth study on the current largest DNS reflection attack with more than 300 Gbps on Spamhaus.org. We have reviewed and analysed the current most popular DDoS attack types that are launched by the hacktivists. Lastly, effective cloud-based DDoS mitigation and protection techniques proposed by both academic researchers and large commercial cloud-based DDoS service providers are discussed.
IRJET- DDOS Detection System using C4.5 Decision Tree AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document proposes a machine learning model using the C4.5 decision tree algorithm to detect DDOS attacks. It trains the model on DDOS attack samples from the CICIDS2017 dataset, dividing the samples into training and test data. The Weka data mining tool is used to build the model with attribute filtering and 10-fold cross-validation. The trained model is then validated on the test data to accurately differentiate between benign and DDOS flooding traffic. This combined signature-based and anomaly-based detection approach can effectively detect complex DDOS attacks.
Information Systems and Networks are subjected to electronic attacks. When
network attacks hit, organizations are thrown into crisis mode. From the IT department to
call centers, to the board room and beyond, all are fraught with danger until the situation is
under control. Traditional methods which are used to overcome these threats (e.g. firewall,
antivirus software, password protection etc.) do not provide complete security to the system.
This encourages the researchers to develop an Intrusion Detection System which is capable
of detecting and responding to such events. This review paper presents a comprehensive
study of Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Intrusion Detection System (IDS). It provides a
brief overview of rule-based IDS, elaborates the implementation issues of Genetic Algorithm
and also presents a comparative analysis of existing studies.
Step by step operations by which we make a group of objects in which attributes
of all the objects are nearly similar, known as clustering. So, a cluster is a collection of
objects that acquire nearly same attribute values. The property of an object in a cluster is
similar to other objects in same cluster but different with objects of other clusters.
Clustering is used in wide range of applications like pattern recognition, image processing,
data analysis, machine learning etc. Nowadays, more attention has been put on categorical
data rather than numerical data. Where, the range of numerical attributes organizes in a
class like small, medium, high, and so on. There is wide range of algorithm that used to
make clusters of given categorical data. Our approach is to enhance the working on well-
known clustering algorithm k-modes to improve accuracy of algorithm. We proposed a new
approach named “High Accuracy Clustering Algorithm for Categorical datasets”.
Brain tumor is a malformed growth of cells within brain which may be
cancerous or non-cancerous. The term ‘malformed’ indicates the existence of tumor. The
tumor may be benign or malignant and it needs medical support for further classification.
Brain tumor must be detected, diagnosed and evaluated in earliest stage. The medical
problems become grave if tumor is detected at the later stage. Out of various technologies
available for diagnosis of brain tumor, MRI is the preferred technology which enables the
diagnosis and evaluation of brain tumor. The current work presents various clustering
techniques that are employed to detect brain tumor. The classification involves classification
of images into normal and malformed (if detected the tumor). The algorithm deals with
steps such as preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification of MR brain
images. Finally, the confirmatory step is specifying the tumor area by technique called
region of interest.
A Proxy signature scheme enables a proxy signer to sign a message on behalf of
the original signer. In this paper, we propose ECDLP based solution for chen et. al [1]
scheme. We describe efficient and secure Proxy multi signature scheme that satisfy all the
proxy requirements and require only elliptic curve multiplication and elliptic curve addition
which needs less computation overhead compared to modular exponentiations also our
scheme is withstand against original signer forgery and public key substitution attack.
This document proposes a digital watermarking technique using LSB replacement with secret key insertion for enhanced data security. The technique works by inserting a watermark into the least significant bits of pixels in an image. A secret key is also inserted during transmission for additional security. The watermarked image is generated without noticeably impacting image quality. The proposed method was tested on sample images and successfully embedded watermarks while maintaining visual quality. The technique aims to provide copyright protection and authentication of digital images and documents.
Today among various medium of data transmission or storage our sensitive data
are not secured with a third-party, that we used to take help of. Cryptography plays an
important role in securing our data from malicious attack. This paper present a partial
image encryption based on bit-planes permutation using Peter De Jong chaotic map for
secure image transmission and storage. The proposed partial image encryption is a raw data
encryption method where bits of some bit-planes are shuffled among other bit-planes based
on chaotic maps proposed by Peter De Jong. By using the chaotic behavior of the Peter De
Jong map the position of all the bit-planes are permuted. The result of the several
experimental, correlation analysis and sensitivity test shows that the proposed image
encryption scheme provides an efficient and secure way for real-time image encryption and
decryption.
This paper presents a survey of Dependency Analysis of Service Oriented
Architecture (SOA) based systems. SOA presents newer aspects of dependency analysis due
to its different architectural style and programming paradigm. This paper surveys the
previous work taken on dependency analysis of service oriented systems. This study shows
the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches and tools available for dependency
analysis task in context of SOA. The main motivation of this work is to summarize the
recent approaches in this field of research, identify major issue and challenges in
dependency analysis of SOA based systems and motivate further research on this topic.
In this paper, proposed a novel implementation of a Soft-Core system using
micro-blaze processor with virtex-5 FPGA. Till now Hard-Core processors are used in
FPGA processor cores. Hard cores are a fixed gate-level IP functions within the FPGA
fabrics. Now the proposed processor is Soft-Core Processor, this is a microprocessor fully
described in software, usually in an HDL. This can be implemented by using EDK tool. In
this paper, developed a system which is having a micro-blaze processor is the combination
of both hardware & Software. By using this system, user can control and communicate all
the peripherals which are in the supported board by using Xilinx platform to develop an
embedded system. Implementing of Soft-Core process system with different peripherals like
UART interface, SPA flash interface, SRAM interface has to be designed using Xilinx
Embedded Development Kit (EDK) tools.
The article presents a simple algorithm to construct minimum spanning tree and
to find shortest path between pair of vertices in a graph. Our illustration includes the proof
of termination. The complexity analysis and simulation results have also been included.
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
Radio Frequency identification (RFID) technology has become emerging
technique for tracking and items identification. Depend upon the function; various RFID
technologies could be used. Drawback of passive RFID technology, associated to the range
of reading tags and assurance in difficult environmental condition, puts boundaries on
performance in the real life situation [1]. To improve the range of reading tags and
assurance, we consider implementing active backscattering tag technology. For making
mobiles of multiple radio standards in 4G network; the Software Defined Radio (SDR)
technology is used. Restrictions in Existing RFID technologies and SDR technology, can be
eliminated by the development and implementation of the Software Defined Radio (SDR)
active backscattering tag compatible with the EPC global UHF Class 1 Generation 2 (Gen2)
RFID standard. Such technology can be used for many of applications and services.
Vehicle technology has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly in relation
to braking system and sensing system. In parallel to the development of braking
technologies, sensors have been developed that are capable of detecting physical obstacles,
other vehicles or pedestrians around the vehicle. This development prevents accidents of
vehicles using Stereo Multi-Purpose cameras, Automated Emergency Braking Systems and
Ultrasonic Sensors. The stereo multi-purpose camera provides spatial intelligence of up to
50 metres in front of the vehicle and there is an environment recognition of 500 metres.
Cars can automatically brake due to obstacles or any hindrance when the sensor senses the
obstacles. The braking circuit function is to brake the car automatically after receiving
signal from the sensors. All cars are competent in applying brakes automatically to a
maximum extent of deceleration of 0.4g. Integrated safety systems are based on three
principles. They are: collision avoidance, collision mitigation braking systems and forward
collision warning.
Stability of software is related to the decomposing the classes. In any software,
major part of the code is suffers from the Yoyo problem with multiple issues related to
readability of code, understandability of code as well as maintainability of code. Due to
these issues, there is need to rethink, redesign, re-factor these pieces of code. The best way is
to simplify the inter relationship of class objects in such a manner that code becomes concise
with Liskov Substitution Principle by decomposition of classes. However this may lead to
unknown or unwanted issues affecting the stability of overall application which may even
lead to software erosion.
Software cost estimation is a key open issue for the software industry, which
suffers from cost overruns frequently. As the most popular technique for object-oriented
software cost estimation is Use Case Points (UCP) method, however, it has two major
drawbacks: the uncertainty of the cost factors and the abrupt classification. To address
these two issues, refined the use case complexity classification using fuzzy logic theory which
mitigate the uncertainty of cost factors and improve the accuracy of classification.
Software estimation is a crucial task in software engineering. Software estimation
encompasses cost, effort, schedule, and size. The importance of software estimation becomes
critical in the early stages of the software life cycle when the details of software have not
been revealed yet. Several commercial and non-commercial tools exist to estimate software
in the early stages. Most software effort estimation methods require software size as one of
the important metric inputs and consequently, software size estimation in the early stages
becomes essential.
The proposed method presents a techniques using fuzzy logic theory to improve the
accuracy of the use case points method by refining the use case classification.
The document describes an Android application called Virtual Classroom that allows users to stream video lectures from a server over Wi-Fi. The application displays a list of video lectures stored on the server that users can select to view. It includes features like bookmarking videos to pause and resume from saved points, and subtitles to view lectures in different languages. The goal is to provide easy access to educational resources using modern mobile technologies to improve learning opportunities.
This document describes the design and simulation of a two-stage differential operational amplifier (op-amp) integrator in 180nm CMOS technology. It discusses the stability analysis of op-amps using gain and phase margin curves. The circuits were simulated and analyzed at different bias voltages. The unity gain bandwidth of the op-amp was 15MHz at 0.7V and 21MHz at 0.4V, with power consumptions of 7.158mW and 6.998mW respectively. The power of the integrator circuit was 7.844mW when operated at a frequency of 10kHz. Simulation results showed the circuits had positive gain and phase margins, indicating stability.
This document discusses using wavelet domain saliency maps for secret communication in RGB images. It proposes a method to compute saliency maps using both approximation and detail coefficients from discrete wavelet transforms of the color channels. Higher numbers of secret bits would be embedded in less salient regions according to the saliency map. The saliency map approach is compared to other methods and could make steganography more secure by embedding data in less noticeable image regions.
The document proposes a proactive secret sharing scheme using the dot product of linearly independent vectors. Proactive secret sharing periodically generates new shares from old shares to maintain the same secret over long periods of time. The proposed scheme uses orthogonal vectors to renew existing shares without changing the original secret. It is less complex and more secure than other proactive secret sharing schemes.
Internet data almost double every year. The need of multimedia communication
is less storage space and fast transmission. So, the large volume of video data has become
the reason for video compression. The aim of this paper is to achieve temporal compression
for three-dimensional (3D) videos using motion estimation-compensation and wavelets.
Instead of performing a two-dimensional (2D) motion search, as is common in conventional
video codec’s, the use of a 3D motion search has been proposed, that is able to better exploit
the temporal correlations of 3D content. This leads to more accurate motion prediction and
a smaller residual. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) compression scheme has been
added for better compression ratio. The DWT has a high-energy compaction property thus
greatly impacted the field of compression. The quality parameters peak signal to noise ratio
(PSNR) and mean square error (MSE) have been calculated. The simulation results shows
that the proposed work improves the PSNR from existing work.
Social Networking Sites have become the means of the communication and have
experienced growth in the recent years. As these sites offer services for free of costs are
attracting the people all around the world. Some technologies are emerging in the field of
Internet but still the users are facing the security leakages by unauthorized users. Many of
the Social Sites are managed by the Third Party Domains which keep track of all the user
information along with the access details. Most Online Social Networking (OSN) Sites
provide an “accept all or nothing” mechanism for managing permission from Third Party
Access (TPA) to access user’s private data [3]. The Social Media sites do not provide any
mechanism for privacy on the shared data among the multiple users. Many users share their
personal information without knowing about the cyber thefts and risks associated with it.
From the survey it has been found that the teenagers are least concerned about the
navigating privacy. Privacy associated with the Social media is the very crucial thing.
Different methods are discussed regarding sharing of the personal information and leakage
of this information through different mediums. Different models are also proposed in this
paper regarding the privacy control of third party access of the personal information. An
approach is proposed which allows users to share their access control configuration for TPA
s with their friends who can reuse and rate such configurations [3]
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. 221
An attacker or hacker gradually send attack programs on insecure machines. These compromised machines
are called Handlers or Zombies and are collectively called bots and the attack network is called botnet in
hacker’s community depending upon sophistication in logic of implanted programs. In this, hackers send
control instructions to masters, which then communicate it to zombies for launching attack. As shown in
Figure 1, typical DDoS attack has two stages, the first stage is to compromise susceptible systems that are
accessible in the Internet and then install attack tools in these compromised systems. This is known as turning
the computers into “zombies.” In the second stage, the attacker sends an attack command to the “zombies”
through a secure channel to launch a bandwidth attack against the targeted victim(s).
Figure 1. Attack Modus Operandi
The current attacks on some web sites like Amazon, Yahoo, e-Bay and Microsoft and their resultant
disruption of services have uncovered the weakness of the Internet to Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
attacks. It has been observed through reports that TCP is used in more than 85% of the DoS attacks [2]. The
TCP and UDP SYN flooding is the most commonly-used attack. It consists of a stream of spoofed and TCP
and UDP SYN packets directed to a listening ports of the victim. The Web servers are not only but also any
systems connected to the Internet providing UDP and TCP-based network services, such as FTP servers or
Mail servers, are also susceptible to the UDP and TCP SYN flooding attacks.
II. RELATED WORK
To measure the effect of DDoS defense approaches, analyzation of impact of DDoS attack is very important.
As per [3],[4], no benchmarks are available for measuring effectiveness of DDoS defense approaches.
Mostly the existing strategies compare good-put and normal packet survival with and without attack and with
defense [5]. Some of defense approaches [6] have calculated the response time. By measuring normal packets
survival ration proves to be most important because it clearly reflects accuracy of the defense and normal
packet loss [7], [8]. Jelena et al. [9], [10] have used percentage of failed transactions (transactions that do not
follow QoS thresholds) as a metric to measure DDoS impact. They define a threshold-based model for the
relevant traffic measurements, which is application specific. It indicates poor services quality when a
measurement exceeds its threshold. One another metric i.e Server timeout has been also used [11]. Because
legitimate traffic drop i.e. collateral damage is not indicated. Sardana et al. [12] have used good put, mean
time between failure and average response time as performance metrics whereas Gupta et al. [13] have used
two statistical metrics namely, Volume and Flow to detect DDoS attacks. As per [9] metrics such as good-
put, bad-put, response time, number of active connections , ratio of average serve rate and request rate, and
normal packet survival index [8] properly signal denial of service for two way applications such as HTTP,
FTP and DNS, but not for media traffic that is sensitive to one-way delay, packet and jitter.
3. 222
III. RECENT INCIDENTS
It is observed that 2010 should be viewed as the year distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks became
main stream, says Arbor Networks [14].
TABLE I. RECENT DDOS INCIDENTS ON IMPORTANT WEB SITES [15]
Arbor Networks [14] in its Sixth Annual Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report, released by revealed that
DDoS attack Size has increased to 100 Gbps for first time and it is up by 1000% since 2005. This year has
witnessed a sharp escalation in the scale and frequency of DDoS attack activity on the Internet. DDoS attacks
have been launched against many high profile websites and popular Internet services. In addition to hitting
the 100 Gbps attack barrier for the first time, application layer attacks hit an all-time high. The Table I lists
some of the recent DDoS attacks incidents [14][15].
IV. PERFORMANCE METRICS
Due to seriousness of DDoS problem and growing sophistication of attackers have led to development of
numerous defense mechanisms [16],[17]. But the growing number of DDoS attacks and their financial
implications still needs of a comprehensive solution. Moreover, as we studied that attackers share their attack
codes to fight against these attacks, Internet community needs to devise better ways to accumulate details of
these attacks. Only then a comprehensive solution against DDoS attacks can be devised. Technically, when
DDoS attacks are launched, the various network performance metrics are affected. In current work, our
focus is on measuring these network performance metrics and then comparing them with and without attacks.
As mentioned in Table II, We have measured impact of DDoS attack using following metrics:
Date DDoS target /Incidents Consequences/Description
2012, October Web site of Capital One Bank The incident was the second attack allegedly
waged by a hacktivist group against the bank,
2012, March South Korea and United states Websites
It is similar to those launched in 2009
2012, January
Official Web-site of the office of the
vice president of Russia It caused the site to be down by more than 15
hours.
2011, November Asian Ecommerce Company
Flood of Traffic was launched and 250,000
Computers are infected with malware
participated
2011, November Server
The traffic load has been immense with
several thou-sands request per second.
2011, October
Site of National Election Com-mission
of South Korea
Attacks were launched during the morning
when citizens would look up information and
attack leads to fewer turnouts
2011, March On Blogging Platform Live Journal
Experienced serious functionality problems
for over 12 Hours and resumed on April 4
and 5, 2011
2010, December
Master Card, PayPal, Visa and Post
Finance
Attack was launched in support of
WikiLeaks.ch and its founder. Attack lasts
for more than 16 hours.
2010, November Whistleblower site Wikileaks
Attack size was 10 Gbps. Caused the site
unavailable to visitors. Attack was launched
to prevent release of secret cables.
2010, November whistleblower site Wikileaks
Attack size was 2-4 Gbps. Attack was
launched just after it released confidential US
diplomatic cables.
2010, November Domain registrar Register.com
Impacted DNS, hosting and webmail clients
2010, November Burma’s main Internet provider
Disrupted most network traffic in and out of
the country for 2 days. Geopolitical
motivated attack. Attack size was of 1.09
Gbps (average) & 14.58 Gbps (maximum) .
Attack vectors were TCP Syn/rst 85%,
flooding 15%.
2010, September Fast growing botnet Botnet’s motive was to provide commercial
service
4. 223
TABLE II. METRICS FOR ATTACK’S IMPACT ANALYSIS
Throughput: Throughput is defined as the rate of sending or receiving of data by a network. It is a good
measure of the channel capacity of a communications link, and connections to the internet are which is
mostly rated in terms of how many bits they pass per second (bit/s). Throughput is measured in terms of
good-put and bad-put respectively. Good-put is defined as no. of bits per second of legitimate traffic that
are received at the server and bad-put is defined as no. of bits per second of attack traffic that are
received at the server.
Backbone Link Utilization: Backbone Link Utilization is defined as percentage of bandwidth that is
being used for good put (legitimate traffic)
Normal Packet Survival Ratio: This metric is used to measure impact of attack as we can measure
impact of attack as a percentage of legitimate packets delivered during the attack. If this percentage is
high, then the service continues with little interruption.
V. EVALUATION IN TESTBED EXPERIMENT
We have used DETER testbed to evaluate our metrics in experiments using SEER (Security Experimentation
EnviRonment) GUI BETA6 environment [18][19]. This test bed is located at the USC Information Sciences
Institute and UC Berkeley and security researchers used this testbed to evaluate attacks and defenses in a
controlled environment.
A. Experimental Topology
Figure 2 shows the experimental topology and Figure 3 shows our experimental topology definition for FTP
applications in which R1, R2, R3 and R4 are routers, node S is server and L1-L20 are clients. These clients
are used to send legitimate requests to server S via router R1 and R2. The bandwidth of all links is to be set
100Mbps, and 1.5Mbps is the bandwidth of bottleneck link (R1-R2). In this topology node A1 acts as
attacking node and it sends attack traffic to server S via router R1 and R2. The link between R1 and R2 is
called bottleneck link.
Figure 2. Experimental Topology
Metric
Description
Throughput (α)
Vα= (ьl + ьa)/Δ, ьl , ьa and Δ
represents no. of legitimate bytes, no. of
attack bytes and time window for
analysis respectively.
Percentage Link
Utilization (£) £ represents percentage of bandwidth
that is being used for good put.
Normal Packet
Survival Ratio
(η)
η = pl /( pl + pa ), pl represents the no.
of legitimate packets and pa represents
total no of packets received at victim.
5. 224
set ns [new Simulator]
source tb_compat.tcl
#Create the topology nodes
foreach node { V S R1 R2 R3 R4 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 L16 L17 L18
L19 L20 A1 A2 control }
{
#Create new node
set $node [$ns node]
#Define the OS image
tb-set-node-os [set $node] FC4-STD
#Have SEER install itself and startup when the node is ready
tb-set-node-startcmd [set $node] "sudo python /share/seer/v160/experiment-setup.py Basic"
}
#Create the topology links
set linkRV [$ns duplex-link $V $R1 100Mb 3ms DropTail]
set linkRS [$ns duplex-link $S $R1 100Mb 3ms DropTail]
set linkRA1 [$ns duplex-link $A1 $R3 100Mb 3ms DropTail]
set linkRA2 [$ns duplex-link $A2 $R4 100Mb 3ms DropTail]
set linkRR3 [$ns duplex-link $R2 $R3 100Mb 3ms DropTail]
set linkRR4 [$ns duplex-link $R2 $R4 100Mb 3ms DropTail]
set linkRR2 [$ns duplex-link $R2 $R1 1.5Mb 0ms DropTail]
set lannet0 [$ns make-lan "$L1 $L2 $L3 $L4 $L5 $R3" 100Mb 0ms]
set lannet1 [$ns make-lan "$L6 $L7 $L8 $L9 $L10 $R3" 100Mb 0ms]
set lannet2 [$ns make-lan "$L11 $L12 $L13 $L14 $L15 $R4" 100Mb 0ms]
set lannet3 [$ns make-lan "$L16 $L17 $L18 $L19 $L20 $R4" 100Mb 0ms]
$ns rtproto Static
$ns run
Figure 3. Experimental Topology Definition
The purpose of attack node is to congest the bandwidth of bottleneck link so that legitimate traffic could not
get accessed by the server S.
We have generated a random network consist of FTP clients, servers and attack source. Multiple legitimate
clients connected with server and one attack source is used as DDoS flooding attacker in our emulated
network,. This emulates the real situation of DDoS flooding attack.
B. Legitimate Traffic
We have used FTP traffic in our experiment is used and there are 20 legitimate client nodes which send
requests to the server S for 1-30 seconds and then 61-90 seconds with following thinking time. The
configuration of said traffic parameters used to send legitimate traffic is demonstrated in Table III :
TABLE III. EMULATION PARAMETERS USED IN EXPERIMENT
Parameters Values
Clients L1-L20
Server S
Attack Host A1
Thinking Time Minmax(0.01,0.1)
File Size Minmax(512,1024)
Emulation Time 90 sec
Bottleneck Bandwidth 1.5Mb
Access Bandwidth 100Mb
Legitimate Request Time 1-30 sec and 61-90 sec
Attack Time 31-60 sec
Attack Type DDoS Packet Flooding
Server Delay 3ms
Access Link Delay 3ms
Backbone Link Delay 0ms
6. 225
C. Attack Traffic
In experimeny,we have used packet flooding attack to generate DDoS attack. Node A1 launches attack
towards S and thus consumes bandwidth of bottleneck in link R1-R2. UDP protocol is used for launching
attacks. Further attack types flat, ramp-up, pulse and ramp-pulse are used in our experiment. Attack traffic
from A1 starts at 31st second and stops at 60th second. Then we have analyzed impact of DDoS attacks on
FTP service. Table IV shows attack parameters used in our emulation experiment. We have generated
following flooding attack types:
Flat Attack: Flat attack is the attack in which high rate is achieved and maintained till the attack is
stopped.
Ramp-up Attack: In the Ramp-up attack the high rate is achieved gradually within the rise time specified
and is maintained until the attack is stopped.
Ramp-down Attack: In this attack the high rate is achieved gradually and after high time it falls to the low
rate with in low time.
Pulse Attack: Pulse attack is the attack in which the attack oscillates between high rate and low rate. It
remains at high rate for high time specified and then falls to low rate specified for the low tie specified and so
on.
Ramp-pulse Attack: In Ramp-pulse attack it is a mixture of Ramp-up, Rampdown and Pulse attack means it
used three attacks.
TABLE IV. ATTACK PARAMETERS USED IN EXPERIMENT [20]
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effect of DDoS attacks on the performance of FTP service is analyzed below:-
A. Throughput
For measuring the throughput, during a DDoS attack, backbone link is attacked to force the edge router at the
ISP of victim end to drop most legitimate packets. In Figure 4 and Figure 5, we have measured throughput in
terms of good-put and bad-put to get the measure of actual loss. The throughput is divided into good-put and
bad-put respectively. Good-put is defined as no. of bits per second of legitimate traffic that are received at the
server whereas bad-put gives no. of bits per second of attack traffic that are received at the server.
Attack Type Flooding Flooding Flooding
Flooding
Attack
Source
A1 A1 A1
A1
Attack Target S S S
S
Protocol UDP UDP UDP UDP
Length Min 100 200 200 100
Length Max 200 300 300 200
Flood Type Flat Ramp-up Pulse Ramp-pulse
High Rate 200 300 500 400
High Time 100 5000 6000 5000
Low Rate 100 100 200 200
Low Time 0 8000 5000 4000
Rise Shape 0 1.0 0 1.0
Rise Time 0 10000 0 10000
Fall Shape 0 0 0 1.0
Fall Time 0 0 0 10000
Sport Min 57 57 57 57
Sport Max 57 57 57 57
Dport Min 1000 1000 1000 1000
Dport Max 2000 2000 2000 2000
TCP Flags SYN SYN SYN SYN
7. 226
B. Backbone Link Utilizationt
As Backbone Link utilization is defined as percentage of bandwidth that is carrying legitimate traffic. It is
shown in Figure 6, that Backbone Link utilization is nearly 100% without attack. During Attack, Backbone
Link utilization drops more than 50%.
C. Normal Packet Survival Ratio (NPSR)
As NPSR is defined as ratio of good-put and bad-put. This is the percentage of legitimate packets that can
survive during attack. NPSR should be high. We can measure impact of attack as a percentage of legitimate
packets delivered during the attack. If this percentage is high, service continues with little interruption. NPSR
starts decreasing with increased rate of attack traffic and as bandwidth of the link is limited, so legitimate
packets starts dropping. As shown in Figure 7, 100% legitimate packets are delivered without attack but
during attacks, only 50% legitimate packets are delivered.
Figure 4. Good-put of FTP traffic through bottleneck link during UDP Attack
Figure 5. Bad-put of FTP traffic through bottleneck link during UDP Attack
Figure 6. Average Bottleneck Bandwidth Utilization in FTP Service during UDP Attack
Goodput of FTP Service under UDP Attack
0.2
0.7
1.2
1.7
1.0
11.0
21.0
31.0
41.0
51.0
61.0
71.0
81.0
91.0Time (Sec)
Throughput(Mbps)
Flat Attack
Rampup Attack
Ramp-pulse Attack
Pulse Attack
Badput of FTP Service under UDP Attack
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1.00
8.00
15.00
22.00
29.00
36.00
43.00
50.00
57.00
64.00
71.00
78.00
85.00
91.53
Time (Sec)
Throughput(Mbps)
Flat Attack
Ramp-up Attack
Ramp-pulse Attack
Pulse Attack
Avg Link Utilization of UDP Attack
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1.0
8.0
15.0
22.0
29.0
36.0
43.0
50.0
57.0
64.0
71.0
78.0
85.0
Time (Sec)
%LinkUtilization
Flat Attack
Pulse Attack
Ramp-pulse Attack
Ramp-up Attack
8. 227
Figure 7. Average Ratio of Legitimate FTP Packets Survival during UDP Attack
VII. CONCLUSIONS
DDoS attack incidents are increasing day by day. Not only, DDoS incidents are growing day by day but the
technique to attack, botnet size, and attack traffic are also attaining new heights. Effective mechanisms are
needed to elicit the information of attack to develop the potential defense mechanism. We evaluated our
metrics in experiments on the DETER testbed. DETER testbed allows to carry the DDoS attack experiment
in a secure environment. It also allows creating, plan, and iterating through a large range of experimental
scenarios with a relative ease. We pointed out the possibility of DDoS attacks on FTP application by
analyzing the characteristics of FTP application. DDoS attacks are launched on FTP server and measure the
impact of DDoS attacks on FTP service. Measurement of Service degradation due to DDoS attacks are
quantified in terms of Throughput, Normal Packet Survival Ratio and Backbone Link Utilization in this
paper. We generated attacks at different strengths so that DDoS attack’s impact can be measured. The attacks
are generated by keeping some realistic conditions in mind, such as Limited Bottleneck Bandwidth.
Moreover the quantitative measurements clearly indicated the impact of attack on FTP service.
Distributed Denial of Service attack is one of the major threats for current internet. In the present paper we
have measured the impact of DDoS attacks using a number of metrics. We are working on extending the
existing work as below: -
Adding some more realistic features to the topology, traffic parameters and Attack parameters
(such as ISP Level topology, Large Number of Legitimate Clients, High Legitimate Traffic Rate,
High Attack Rate), so as to get more accurate results of DDoS attack’s influence on FTP services.
Comparison of various DDoS Defense Mechanism using weighted metrics.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to Director, SBS State Technical Campus, Ferozepur, for providing
the academic environment to pursue research activities. We are extremely thankful to Dr. Krishan Kumar,
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engg., for their guidance and inputs. Finally the
authors wishes to appreciate the support extended by family and friends.
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