This document discusses the use of broad-spectrum heartworm medications to prevent common internal and external parasites in cats. It describes how these medications can effectively eliminate the intestinal parasites Toxocara cati and Ancylostoma tubaeforme in cats through monthly administration. It also explains that while these medications may not prevent all internal parasites, they can control many common external parasites like fleas and ticks when used alone or combined with other treatments. The document emphasizes that establishing consistent preventive treatment programs is important for parasite control in cats.
Abstract
Study was conducted to record prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) were collected and examined for the presence of GIT parasites. Samples were collected and
transported for the laboratory diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed were recorded. Results of the present study
revealed that 24% cats found positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The percentage of infection was found higher in female
cats (28%) than males (20%). The prevalence in adults and kitten was recorded as 21.42% and 30% respectively. Dipylidium
caninum was found more prevalent with the infection rate of 9% followed by Toxocara cati, Aeluroslonglun obstrusus, Taenia
taeniaeformis and Paragonimus kellikotti with the infection rate of 5, 5, 3 and 2% respectively.
Key words: Cat, Felus catus, GIT parasites, Prevalence
May 2020 presentation about BioWorma, the fungus that traps and kills worm larvae in manure of livestock. Webinar presentation by Chris Lawlor from International Animal Health.
Classical FMD Vaccines: What can they achieve? How straightforward would it b...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Developing countries like Nepal, the disease like fascioliasis has made its existence and is prevailing in every shed of the ruminants. Untimely deworming practices and herding the ruminants together have made an economic loss. So routine examination of the ruminants, timely deworming, and good pasture management are necessary to be practiced to decrease the prevalence of the fascioliasis.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
Abstract
Study was conducted to record prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cat. A total of 100 fecal samples from cat (50 from
male and 50 from female) were collected and examined for the presence of GIT parasites. Samples were collected and
transported for the laboratory diagnosis. Animal data such as age, sex, and breed were recorded. Results of the present study
revealed that 24% cats found positive for the gastrointestinal parasites. The percentage of infection was found higher in female
cats (28%) than males (20%). The prevalence in adults and kitten was recorded as 21.42% and 30% respectively. Dipylidium
caninum was found more prevalent with the infection rate of 9% followed by Toxocara cati, Aeluroslonglun obstrusus, Taenia
taeniaeformis and Paragonimus kellikotti with the infection rate of 5, 5, 3 and 2% respectively.
Key words: Cat, Felus catus, GIT parasites, Prevalence
May 2020 presentation about BioWorma, the fungus that traps and kills worm larvae in manure of livestock. Webinar presentation by Chris Lawlor from International Animal Health.
Classical FMD Vaccines: What can they achieve? How straightforward would it b...EuFMD
The 2018 Open Session of the EuFMD Standing Technical Committee was held in Borgo Egnazia - Italy, 29-31 October 2018 . The session theme was on global vaccine security
The European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), one of FAO’s oldest Commissions, came into being on the 12th June 1954, with the pledge of the sixth founding member state to the principles of a coordinated and common action against Foot-and-mouth Disease.
Developing countries like Nepal, the disease like fascioliasis has made its existence and is prevailing in every shed of the ruminants. Untimely deworming practices and herding the ruminants together have made an economic loss. So routine examination of the ruminants, timely deworming, and good pasture management are necessary to be practiced to decrease the prevalence of the fascioliasis.
Internal parasites pose a significant health problem for sheep farms. Common internal parasites include various nematodes (roundworms) and flukes. The barber pole worm causes major losses worldwide. Widespread anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance has developed due to overreliance on and misuse of dewormers. Studies show resistance to common dewormers on many Alberta farms. Integrated parasite management is needed to control parasites in a sustainable manner while reducing selection pressure for resistance.
This study analyzed risk factors for tuberculosis prevalence in buffaloes at 7 livestock farms in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall tuberculosis prevalence was 11.3%, with buffaloes testing positive at 86% of farms. Statistical analysis found higher prevalence associated with increased age, calving events, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, and shorter lactation lengths. Prevalence was lower with longer lactation lengths. Multivariate analysis showed significant associations between tuberculosis status and age, live weight, milk production, presence of cattle, lactation length, and number of other animals at the farm.
Dr. James A. Roth - FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and LimitationsJohn Blue
FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and Limitations - James Roth, DVM, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health and Executive Director, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Fleas can kill pets through blood loss from heavy infestations, especially in elderly or young animals. While current flea products are effective, many pet owners remain unaware of the dangers fleas pose. The flea life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages. Breaking the cycle in multiple places provides the best control and prevents resistance. Owners should change products periodically and use sterilizing agents to avoid resistance developing in flea populations.
The document discusses strategies for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease in Kerala, India. It proposes incorporating clinical surveillance, migration control, border trade screening, and rapid detection measures. The key implementation challenge is the need for fast, reliable, decentralized diagnostic testing. The document recommends using a rapid lateral flow test for the non-structural proteins of the foot-and-mouth virus, which can distinguish infected from vaccinated animals and meets all requirements for field use.
Clostridial infections in animals in IndiaBhoj Raj Singh
Clostridial infection are rising at steady pace in India with inclusion of antibiotics in feed and intensive farming as well as indiscriminate therapeutic use of antibiotics in animals and birds.
This document discusses the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to control mosquito-borne diseases. It describes how DNA is inserted into mosquito eggs to introduce new traits, and how the Malaysian Institute for Medical Research has released thousands of sterile male OX513A Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These males compete with wild males for mates, resulting in no viable offspring and a crash in the mosquito population without using insecticides. However, there are concerns about potential unintended consequences like new mutated mosquitoes or increased populations of other disease-carrying mosquito species.
Viability of cd4+T cells and Heligmosomoides BabbileoGabe Padilla
Gabriel Padilla conducted an undergraduate research experiment to assess the interaction between CD4+ T cells and the nematode parasite H. bakeri. He incubated CD4+ T cells alone, H. bakeri alone, and both together, and measured T cell viability, H. bakeri egg output, and worm motility. He found no significant differences between groups. Further research is needed to better understand molecular interactions and develop new drugs to treat parasites and regulate the immune system.
Bill Gates says that genetically modified mosquitoes may be used to fight malaria within the next five years. Researchers are using a gene editing technique called a "gene drive" to alter mosquitoes so they are resistant to diseases like malaria and dengue. Gates believes this technology could dramatically reduce malaria deaths by suppressing mosquito populations. However, some scientists have raised concerns that unintended mutations in released mosquitoes could have unknown consequences.
The document provides an overview of the biology of the domestic cat. It discusses the cat's classification, which places it in the kingdom Animalia and order Carnivora. It describes the cat's genome, which contains 38 chromosomes. The document outlines the cat's reproductive system and breeding, noting cats can have 1-6 kittens after a 65 day gestation period. It lists common cat breeds and diseases affecting cats. The document also discusses using genetically modified cats to study diseases like HIV/AIDS in humans.
This document discusses gastrointestinal parasites that affect sheep and goats. It covers the main parasite groups, their life cycles, symptoms they cause, and methods for control. Integrated parasite management is recommended, using approaches like pasture management, selective treatments, and monitoring with fecal egg counts or systems like FAMACHA. Common anthelmintic drug classes are also outlined.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
This document discusses the house mouse species. It describes the house mouse's classification as a rodent in the genus Mus and species m. musculus. The house mouse lives worldwide except Antarctica and is commonly found in close association with humans, living in houses and fields. The document outlines the house mouse's physical description, diet, predators, reproduction habits, role in the ecosystem, and subspecies. It notes both positives as a research subject and negatives as an agricultural pest and disease spreader.
Researchers have genetically modified a bacteria, Pantoes agglomerans, that lives naturally in the gut of mosquitoes. The modified bacteria produces proteins that destroy Plasmodium oocysts, which are early forms of the malaria parasite, reducing malaria infection rates in mosquitoes by 98%. Another approach uses GM mosquitoes with an added gene that kills them as larvae if not given tetracycline, decreasing wild mosquito populations over time. However, long term safety testing of GM mosquitoes interacting with the environment and humans has not been conducted.
Bracken fern poisoning is a world wide condition and affects multiple systems of the body. It affects a wide range of domestic animals,and mostly occurs when there is insufficient feed supply. This forces animals to graze for bracken fern. Ptaquisolides are known toxic agent from the bracken fern ,It affects DNA bases leading to oncogenes. Affects Bone marrow leading to immunosuppression , hemorrhages and anemia.Early diagnose is important to prevent further damages.
Vaccine Issues and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guid...Yotam Copelovitz
Vaccination practices worldwide are changing. Various associations and organisations are updating their advice for vaccination best practices in dogs and cats upon an evidence-based research, and here is a recent update written by the honourable Dr. Jean Dodds.
The American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control was formed to address the problem of anthelmintic resistance in worms infecting small ruminants like sheep and goats. The consortium develops new methods for sustainable parasite control and educates industry stakeholders. Gastrointestinal nematodes are the primary health problem for small ruminants. Resistance has developed to all approved anthelmintic drug classes. The consortium recommends combination anthelmintic treatments and integrated parasite management using tools like FAMACHA and targeted selective treatment. Copper oxide wire particles can also be incorporated as a natural method for controlling barber pole worms when used properly.
This document provides recommendations for internal parasite control in small ruminants. It discusses the inevitability of anthelmintic resistance and strategies for slowing resistance, such as increasing refugia through reduced treatment frequency and incomplete coverage of flocks. It also covers alternative treatment options like copper oxide wire particles that have shown effectiveness against barber pole worms. Proper testing is recommended to determine the level of resistance on a given farm.
This document discusses various strategies for controlling parasites in livestock, especially protozoa. It covers grazing management techniques like rotational grazing and mixed grazing. It also discusses genetic selection of resistant animal breeds, biological controls using natural enemies of parasites, vaccines, and alternative forages that can reduce parasite loads. The overall message is that an integrated approach using many of these control methods together is needed, as there is no single solution.
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes cystic echinococcosis in intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Dogs and other canids are the definitive hosts. The tapeworm lives in the small intestine of definitive hosts. Eggs are passed in feces and may be ingested by intermediate hosts, where they develop into cysts in organs. Intermediate hosts are eaten by definitive hosts, completing the life cycle. Symptoms depend on the infected organ, but may include abdominal pain, jaundice or lung problems. Diagnosis involves imaging, serology or cyst fluid examination. Surgical removal of cysts is often effective but risky, while chemotherapy with albendazole
Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and GoatsGardening
This document discusses techniques for managing internal parasites, primarily Haemonchus contortus, in sheep and goats. It notes that internal parasites have become more difficult to manage due to widespread resistance developing to dewormers. It recommends an integrated approach using sustainable methods like pasture management, selective treatment based on anemia levels (FAMACHA system), and breeding for parasite resistance rather than relying on dewormers alone. New techniques discussed include using copper wire particle boluses and selecting more tolerant animals, while emphasizing the importance of refugia and not over-using dewormers.
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae are protozoan parasites that cause malaria in humans. They have complex life cycles involving multiplication in the liver and red blood cells of humans, and sexual reproduction within mosquitos. Clinical symptoms of malaria include periodic fevers, which vary based on the species. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears, and treatment depends on the infecting species and drug resistance patterns. Preventive measures include mosquito control and chemoprophylaxis.
Dr. James A. Roth - FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and LimitationsJohn Blue
FMD Vaccination: Preparedness, Availability, and Limitations - James Roth, DVM, Director, Center for Food Security and Public Health and Executive Director, Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University, from the 2014 NIAA Annual Conference titled 'The Precautionary Principle: How Agriculture Will Thrive', March 31 - April 2, 2014, Omaha, NE, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2014_niaa_how_animal_agriculture_will_thrive
Fleas can kill pets through blood loss from heavy infestations, especially in elderly or young animals. While current flea products are effective, many pet owners remain unaware of the dangers fleas pose. The flea life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages. Breaking the cycle in multiple places provides the best control and prevents resistance. Owners should change products periodically and use sterilizing agents to avoid resistance developing in flea populations.
The document discusses strategies for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease in Kerala, India. It proposes incorporating clinical surveillance, migration control, border trade screening, and rapid detection measures. The key implementation challenge is the need for fast, reliable, decentralized diagnostic testing. The document recommends using a rapid lateral flow test for the non-structural proteins of the foot-and-mouth virus, which can distinguish infected from vaccinated animals and meets all requirements for field use.
Clostridial infections in animals in IndiaBhoj Raj Singh
Clostridial infection are rising at steady pace in India with inclusion of antibiotics in feed and intensive farming as well as indiscriminate therapeutic use of antibiotics in animals and birds.
This document discusses the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to control mosquito-borne diseases. It describes how DNA is inserted into mosquito eggs to introduce new traits, and how the Malaysian Institute for Medical Research has released thousands of sterile male OX513A Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. These males compete with wild males for mates, resulting in no viable offspring and a crash in the mosquito population without using insecticides. However, there are concerns about potential unintended consequences like new mutated mosquitoes or increased populations of other disease-carrying mosquito species.
Viability of cd4+T cells and Heligmosomoides BabbileoGabe Padilla
Gabriel Padilla conducted an undergraduate research experiment to assess the interaction between CD4+ T cells and the nematode parasite H. bakeri. He incubated CD4+ T cells alone, H. bakeri alone, and both together, and measured T cell viability, H. bakeri egg output, and worm motility. He found no significant differences between groups. Further research is needed to better understand molecular interactions and develop new drugs to treat parasites and regulate the immune system.
Bill Gates says that genetically modified mosquitoes may be used to fight malaria within the next five years. Researchers are using a gene editing technique called a "gene drive" to alter mosquitoes so they are resistant to diseases like malaria and dengue. Gates believes this technology could dramatically reduce malaria deaths by suppressing mosquito populations. However, some scientists have raised concerns that unintended mutations in released mosquitoes could have unknown consequences.
The document provides an overview of the biology of the domestic cat. It discusses the cat's classification, which places it in the kingdom Animalia and order Carnivora. It describes the cat's genome, which contains 38 chromosomes. The document outlines the cat's reproductive system and breeding, noting cats can have 1-6 kittens after a 65 day gestation period. It lists common cat breeds and diseases affecting cats. The document also discusses using genetically modified cats to study diseases like HIV/AIDS in humans.
This document discusses gastrointestinal parasites that affect sheep and goats. It covers the main parasite groups, their life cycles, symptoms they cause, and methods for control. Integrated parasite management is recommended, using approaches like pasture management, selective treatments, and monitoring with fecal egg counts or systems like FAMACHA. Common anthelmintic drug classes are also outlined.
Foot and mouth disease preventive and epidemiological aspectsBhoj Raj Singh
FMD: Menace in India
Discusses problems of FMD Control in India like:
Lack of faith in farmers and veterinarians that FMD can be controlled with vaccination (due to repeated failure of vaccines in quality and vaccination failures resulting in FMD outbreaks).
Lack of infrastructure facilities for maintaining the cold chain and efficient transport to the vaccination site.
Lack of human resources for handling/ vaccinating livestock.
Needs for further researches on diagnosis (Pen-side), disinfection, vaccines and vaccination (affording at least a year immunity, quality vaccine etc.) and control strategies.
No-timely investigation or excessively delayed investigation of FMD outbreaks especially those occurring after vaccination.
Transparency in vaccine quality monitoring and vaccine purchases.
Fear in veterinarians for reporting FMD in their area of operation.
False statistics of the disease and vaccination.
No legal punitive action against suppliers of substandard FMD vaccines even after the supply of multiple substandard batches of vaccine.
This document discusses the house mouse species. It describes the house mouse's classification as a rodent in the genus Mus and species m. musculus. The house mouse lives worldwide except Antarctica and is commonly found in close association with humans, living in houses and fields. The document outlines the house mouse's physical description, diet, predators, reproduction habits, role in the ecosystem, and subspecies. It notes both positives as a research subject and negatives as an agricultural pest and disease spreader.
Researchers have genetically modified a bacteria, Pantoes agglomerans, that lives naturally in the gut of mosquitoes. The modified bacteria produces proteins that destroy Plasmodium oocysts, which are early forms of the malaria parasite, reducing malaria infection rates in mosquitoes by 98%. Another approach uses GM mosquitoes with an added gene that kills them as larvae if not given tetracycline, decreasing wild mosquito populations over time. However, long term safety testing of GM mosquitoes interacting with the environment and humans has not been conducted.
Bracken fern poisoning is a world wide condition and affects multiple systems of the body. It affects a wide range of domestic animals,and mostly occurs when there is insufficient feed supply. This forces animals to graze for bracken fern. Ptaquisolides are known toxic agent from the bracken fern ,It affects DNA bases leading to oncogenes. Affects Bone marrow leading to immunosuppression , hemorrhages and anemia.Early diagnose is important to prevent further damages.
Vaccine Issues and the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Guid...Yotam Copelovitz
Vaccination practices worldwide are changing. Various associations and organisations are updating their advice for vaccination best practices in dogs and cats upon an evidence-based research, and here is a recent update written by the honourable Dr. Jean Dodds.
The American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control was formed to address the problem of anthelmintic resistance in worms infecting small ruminants like sheep and goats. The consortium develops new methods for sustainable parasite control and educates industry stakeholders. Gastrointestinal nematodes are the primary health problem for small ruminants. Resistance has developed to all approved anthelmintic drug classes. The consortium recommends combination anthelmintic treatments and integrated parasite management using tools like FAMACHA and targeted selective treatment. Copper oxide wire particles can also be incorporated as a natural method for controlling barber pole worms when used properly.
This document provides recommendations for internal parasite control in small ruminants. It discusses the inevitability of anthelmintic resistance and strategies for slowing resistance, such as increasing refugia through reduced treatment frequency and incomplete coverage of flocks. It also covers alternative treatment options like copper oxide wire particles that have shown effectiveness against barber pole worms. Proper testing is recommended to determine the level of resistance on a given farm.
This document discusses various strategies for controlling parasites in livestock, especially protozoa. It covers grazing management techniques like rotational grazing and mixed grazing. It also discusses genetic selection of resistant animal breeds, biological controls using natural enemies of parasites, vaccines, and alternative forages that can reduce parasite loads. The overall message is that an integrated approach using many of these control methods together is needed, as there is no single solution.
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that causes cystic echinococcosis in intermediate hosts such as sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. Dogs and other canids are the definitive hosts. The tapeworm lives in the small intestine of definitive hosts. Eggs are passed in feces and may be ingested by intermediate hosts, where they develop into cysts in organs. Intermediate hosts are eaten by definitive hosts, completing the life cycle. Symptoms depend on the infected organ, but may include abdominal pain, jaundice or lung problems. Diagnosis involves imaging, serology or cyst fluid examination. Surgical removal of cysts is often effective but risky, while chemotherapy with albendazole
Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and GoatsGardening
This document discusses techniques for managing internal parasites, primarily Haemonchus contortus, in sheep and goats. It notes that internal parasites have become more difficult to manage due to widespread resistance developing to dewormers. It recommends an integrated approach using sustainable methods like pasture management, selective treatment based on anemia levels (FAMACHA system), and breeding for parasite resistance rather than relying on dewormers alone. New techniques discussed include using copper wire particle boluses and selecting more tolerant animals, while emphasizing the importance of refugia and not over-using dewormers.
Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae are protozoan parasites that cause malaria in humans. They have complex life cycles involving multiplication in the liver and red blood cells of humans, and sexual reproduction within mosquitos. Clinical symptoms of malaria include periodic fevers, which vary based on the species. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood smears, and treatment depends on the infecting species and drug resistance patterns. Preventive measures include mosquito control and chemoprophylaxis.
Cat fleas are the most common flea found on domestic cats and dogs in California. They have a life cycle of about 18 days where eggs hatch into larvae that feed and develop before pupating and emerging as adults. Fleas can transmit diseases to humans and pets and cause irritation from bites. Effective flea control requires treating pets with products like spot-on treatments or oral medications, as well as thoroughly cleaning and vacuuming pet living areas and using insecticide sprays or foggers when needed.
The document discusses various control methods for parasitic diseases, including:
1) Education to promote behavioral changes that reduce transmission.
2) Environmental modifications like improved sanitation, irrigation, and animal housing.
3) Grazing management and pasture rotation/resting to reduce parasite populations on pastures.
4) Biological control using predators, parasites, or fungi to control parasite populations.
An integrated approach combining these non-drug methods can control parasites while limiting reliance on pharmaceutical treatments.
This document summarizes a webinar on preventative health management for sheep and goats. It discusses vaccination protocols for various diseases like clostridial diseases, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, and abortion. It also covers internal parasite control through management practices, anthelmintic drugs, copper boluses, and natural options like sericea lespedeza. Coccidiosis prevention focuses on management and the use of coccidiostats in feed. Clinical cases should be treated with amprolium or sulfa drugs.
2nd lecture of fasciolahepatica by Waqas Ahmad shamsWaqas Shams
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep, cattle, and sometimes humans. It is found worldwide in temperate and tropical regions. The life cycle involves eggs passing from the host's feces and hatching in water, where miracidia infect snail hosts. In the snail, the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction and emerges as cercariae that encyst on vegetation as metacercariae. Hosts become infected by eating this contaminated vegetation, and the parasites migrate to the liver to mature and reproduce by releasing eggs into the bile ducts and feces, completing the life cycle. Symptoms in humans range
PRRS remains a major problem for producers. Controlling PRRS during periods when PCV2 was the main disease made PCV2 less severe. PRRS control involves immunizing the breeding herd, closing the herd for an extended period, and monitoring for virus circulation. Proper management of suckling pigs, gilt replacement, and pig flow between sites is important for PRRS control. Vaccination and monitoring tools can help manage PRRS, but elimination of the virus from sow herds and protection of naïve herds remains challenging.
Fleas can kill pets through blood loss from heavy infestations, especially in elderly or young animals. While current flea products are effective, many pet owners remain unaware of the dangers fleas pose. The flea life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages. Breaking the cycle in multiple places provides the best control and prevents resistance. Owners should change products periodically and use sterilizing products to avoid resistance developing in flea populations.
- Hansen first identified Mycobacterium leprae as the cause of leprosy in 1873, but experimental transmission to animals failed for 86 years until Shepard transmitted it to mice footpads in 1960.
- Since then, many animal models have been studied including mice, rats, armadillos, monkeys and others. Immunosuppressed and immunodeficient models like nude mice allow for greater bacterial growth and dissemination mimicking human lepromatous leprosy.
- Animal models are useful for studying pathogenesis, drug sensitivity, persistence of bacteria, immune responses and potential vaccines. No single model exhibits all features of the human disease however murines are most widely used for experimental chemotherapy studies
The common laboratory mouse is commonly used in biomedical research due to its abundance in literature, ease of handling, high fertility rate, short gestation period, and low maintenance. It is used as a disease model for various human disorders. Mice should be handled gently to minimize stress, which can affect experimental outcomes. Mice are nocturnal, social animals with characteristics like poor vision, acute smell and hearing, average body temperature of 37°C, and reproductive cycles of 4-5 day estrus and 19-21 day gestation. Nude mice lack a thymus and adaptive immune responses, making them useful for studying antibody formation, cell-mediated immunity, and graft rejection.
This document provides information about laboratory animal breeding and species commonly used in research. It discusses mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and rabbits. For each species, it outlines their scientific name, size, uses in research, gestation period, litter size, and other breeding details. It also provides tables with recommended room temperatures and humidity for different laboratory animals and breeding data comparisons.
This document provides information from a presentation on internal parasites for sheep given at the Meat Sheep Alliance of Florida Fall Symposium. The presentation covered topics including the American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control, an overview of common parasites, anthelmintics (dewormers), anthelmintic resistance, and alternative parasite control methods. It discussed common gastrointestinal parasites of sheep, described various anthelmintic drug classes and resistance issues, and emphasized the importance of integrated parasite management to prevent further development of anthelmintic resistance.
COWS aims to provide evidence-based information and advice on sustainable parasite control in cattle. It focuses on gut worms, lungworm, liver fluke, rumen fluke, and external parasites. Effective control requires understanding each parasite's life cycle and identifying risks through monitoring. A matrix evaluates age, weight gain, fecal egg count, and grazing history to determine risk. Control methods include targeted anthelmintic use, grazing management, nutrition, and vaccination. Proper dosing and avoiding under- or over-dosing are important to minimize anthelmintic resistance.
This document provides an overview of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. It begins by listing common parasitic diseases including toxocariasis, dipylidiasis, canine babesiosis, canine ehrlichiosis, ear mange, red mange, sarcoptic mange, isosporosis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis. It then discusses these diseases in more detail, covering topics like etiology, life cycle, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and control methods. For example, it describes toxocariasis as a roundworm infection affecting puppies and kittens, with symptoms like pot belly and vomiting of worms. Diagnosis involves finding characteristic eggs in feces. Treatment includes
Strategies Novartis can use to GROW from a Billion Dollar Company to a Trillion Dollar Company like Alphabet Inc
Novartis is a leading healthcare company which is situated in Switzerland and uses digital technologies and innovative science to come up with transformative ways of treatment in areas of great medicinal needs. This article explains what Novartis strategies and what they should employ so that they can rise from a billion dollar company to a trillion dollar company like the Google Alphabet Inc.
Novartis was formed in March 1996 by the merging of pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz companies. Thanks to the merging of the two companies, Novartis is one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Novartis is one of the largest companies which achieved a great milestone within a few decades. Novartis as a whole is divided into three major divisions: Sandoz (generics), Innovative Medicines and Alcon (eyecare). Novartis is also involved in collaborative research projects that are publicly funded.
Below are some of Novartis best selling drugs and their revenue
1.Cosenty – This is the top selling drug with a revenue of 4.788 billion dollars
2.Enfresto – This has a revenue of 4.644 billions dollars
3.Promacta – This has a revenue 0f 2.088 billion dollars
Medicine manufactured by Novartis and their uses
Medicine Medicine use
Cosentyx Used to treat psoriatic arthritis
Entresto Used to treat heart failure
Lucentis Used to block abnormal vessel growth in the back of the eye
Tasigna Used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia which has the Philadelphia chromosome
Jakavi Used to treat myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera and graft-versus-host disease
Promacta Used to treat patients with abnormal low platelet count
Sandostatin Used to treat patients with tumor experiencing symptoms like flushing and diarrhea
Xolair Used to treat moderate and severe asthma
Gilenya Used to treat multiple sclerosis
How Novartis became one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world
1.Market control through partnership
Geigy, Sandoz and Ciba combined their power so that they can compete with strong foreign firms and formed a cartel called the Basal Syndicate or Basal IG. Basal IG secured most of the manufacturing facilities all over the US and across Europe. It later joined with IG Farben and other chemical companies to form a big cartel called the Quadrapartite Cartel which dominated all of the European market and enjoyed the profits made from the joint manufacturing.
2.Growth acceleration through mergers
Since competition was very rampant in the pharmaceutical industry, Ciba and Geigy decided to merge with Sandoz AG to form Novartis. With this merge, Novartis became one of the growing giants in the pharmaceutical industry. This made Novartis gain a lot of fame and build a strong reputation over other companies. Novartis majored on agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries which made it easy to focus on a specific mar
This document provides information on preventative pet health including vaccines, parasites, and spay/neuter services. It discusses various vaccines including DA2PP, FVRCP, and rabies which protect against diseases in dogs and cats. It also covers internal and intestinal parasites that can infect pets as well as retroviruses like Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. The document provides details on symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and prevention of diseases. It includes vaccination schedules and information on services provided by the Spay and Neuter Kansas City clinic.
This document summarizes several novel approaches to combat mosquito-borne diseases. It discusses 1) a project in Australia that introduces Wolbachia bacteria into mosquitoes to block dengue virus transmission, 2) a technique used in the Cayman Islands that releases genetically modified sterile male mosquitoes to suppress wild populations, and 3) an experiment creating malaria-resistant mosquitoes by shortening their lifespan and blocking Plasmodium falciparum infection. While these techniques show promise, challenges remain regarding public opposition, the risk of other diseases persisting, and determining the optimal methods.
prevalence of fasciola hepatica in domesticated animal and its control and pr...manojj123
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The document provides a checklist for evening visualization exercises. It prompts the user to reflect on the best moments of their day, imagine their ideal life in 5 years including where they are, what they do for work and fun, what they eat, and how they feel in relationships. It then instructs the user to prepare for an astral travel by writing intentions, diffusing essential oils, envisioning their desired future for humanity and the world they want to live in, and spending 20 minutes visualizing what they wrote while looking at a candle flame at eye level.
Este documento resume la anatomía de la articulación de la rodilla en perros. Describe las superficies articulares del fémur, la tibia y la fibula, así como los meniscos. Explica los músculos, vasos sanguíneos y nervios de la región. Finalmente, presenta las estructuras palpables de la rodilla y la inserción de los músculos.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de tesis para optar al título de Médico Veterinario. Incluye una revisión de la anatomía de la articulación de la rodilla canina, las principales patologías que afectan esta articulación y la exploración ecográfica de la rodilla para identificar anomalías. El trabajo contiene ilustraciones anatómicas y ecográficas de referencia para el diagnóstico de patologías de la rodilla a través de la ecografía.
This document provides guidance on performing a neurological examination on cats to localize neurological lesions. It describes observing the cat's mentation, posture and gait. It then details examining the cranial nerves through tests like the menace response and pupillary light reflex. It also covers assessing spinal reflexes, cutaneous sensation, and pain perception. The goal is to integrate these examination findings to determine if there is a neurological abnormality and specifically localize it within the central or peripheral nervous system.
Enfermedades de las vías respiratorias altas en los felinosGuillaume Michigan
Las enfermedades de las vías respiratorias altas en los gatos incluyen rinitis aguda, causada principalmente por infecciones virales y bacterianas secundarias que forman parte de un complejo de enfermedades. La rinitis y rinosinusitis crónica pueden deberse a factores que alteran la estructura nasal como infecciones, neoplasias o anomalías congénitas. El diagnóstico y tratamiento dependen del agente causal y pueden requerir antibióticos, antivirales, terapia de soporte u otras medidas.
Este documento trata sobre afecciones digestivas y de la cavidad oral en animales menores y exóticos. Se describen varias enfermedades periodontales como la gingivitis y la periodontitis, así como el complejo gingivitis-faucitis-estomatitis que afecta a animales con retrovirus. También se mencionan la lesión odontoclástica resortiva felina y sus diferentes grados de afectación dental.
Medicina felina bordetella bronchiseptica infection in cats. abcd guideline...Guillaume Michigan
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a bacterium that can cause respiratory infection in cats. It is transmitted through oral and nasal secretions. Infection can range from mild illness with fever and respiratory signs to severe pneumonia. Diagnosis is challenging as bacterial culture and PCR lack sensitivity. Treatment involves antibiotics even for mild cases, with doxycycline often recommended. Some countries offer an intranasal vaccine, though routine vaccination against B. bronchiseptica is not advised as it usually only causes mild disease.
G Kittens need a safe space in their new home to become acclimated and should be gradually introduced to the rest of the house. They also need their daily needs for enrichment, play, and litter box access to be met.
G Socializing kittens between 3 to 9 weeks of age through early handling is important for developing less fear-based behaviors toward humans later in life.
G Scratching is normal behavior for kittens and should be directed to appropriate surfaces rather than discouraged. Providing scratching posts can prevent the need to declaw.
G With the right information and early training, owners can form a lifelong bond with their kitten and set it up for behavioral health.
This document summarizes key concepts regarding epilepsy in cats. It discusses difficulties in applying human epilepsy terminology to veterinary medicine due to limitations of diagnostic techniques like EEG in cats. Epileptic seizures in cats can have varied clinical signs and their epileptic nature can only be suspected, not confirmed. The document also attempts to describe other non-epileptic conditions that could be mistaken for seizures and discusses hippocampal lesion-associated seizures. It focuses on clinical evaluation, treatment recommendations based on limited evidence, and uncertain prognosis. Critical commentary is provided due to weaknesses in existing studies.
1) La insuficiencia renal aguda en gatos puede ser causada por factores prerrenales, renales intrínsecos o postrenales y requiere tratamiento agresivo para corregir desequilibrios hidroelectrolíticos y apoyar la función renal. 2) La obstrucción ureteral es una causa importante de insuficiencia renal aguda en gatos y requiere diagnóstico y alivio rápidos para maximizar la recuperación renal. 3) El tratamiento incluye rehidratación cuidadosa, monitoreo de la producción de or
1) The document discusses various feline soft tissue surgeries including cystotomy, perineal urethrostomy, and treatment of inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyps and idiopathic megacolon.
2) For cystotomy, a single layer closure is now often used instead of a double layer closure, and rapidly absorbable sutures like Monocryl or Biosyn that maintain support for 3 weeks are preferable.
3) For perineal urethrostomy, critical errors to avoid include failure to accurately suture urethral mucosa to skin and making the stoma in the penile urethra, which is prone to stricture.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
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The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
1. Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 6, No. 3, Fall 2005
260
become proactive and promote year-round fe-
line parasite control programs.
While cats may not be parasitized as com-
monly as dogs, there still are a large number of
cats in North America that harbor parasites.
The increased awareness of the deadly nature
of heartworm disease in cats, the realization
that the same flea species affects both dogs and
cats, and the change in the status of the cat
from the number two to the number one pet in
the United States have led to an increase in the
number of veterinary pharmaceuticals labeled
for use in cats. Veterinarians now have the op-
portunity to provide cat owners with safe and
effective methods of preventing many parasitic
infections in their beloved pets. Recurring par-
asitic infestations may now be controlled easily
and effectively.
Broad-spectrum heartworm medications
prevent many of the most common parasite in-
festations. Because prevention of heartworm in
cats using macrolides is well documented,2,3
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The monthly administration of broad-spectrum heartworm medications can ef-
fectively prevent a variety of internal and external parasitic diseases in cats. Al-
though not every parasite can be stopped, many of the common feline parasites
are susceptible to these agents. This article discusses the epidemiology and
prevention strategies for those parasites that can be controlled by the adminis-
tration of ivermectin, milbemycin oxime, or selamectin, either alone or in con-
junction with an external parasiticide.
Preventing Parasites in Cats
Michael W. Dryden, DVM, PhD
Patricia A. Payne, DVM, PhD
Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506-5606
I INTRODUCTION
Preventive health care, including the preven-
tion of common parasitic infections in cats, is
an idea whose time has come. The importance
of regular administration of broad-spectrum
heartworm medications to dogs has been un-
derstood and emphasized for more than a
decade. Veterinarians and owners now realize
that these medications not only prevent heart-
worms but also eliminate and prevent a variety
of internal and external parasites. This ap-
proach has been further clarified and approved
by the Companion Animal Parasite Council
(CAPC). CAPC recommends “year-round
treatment with broad-spectrum heartworm an-
thelmintics that have activity against parasites
with zoonotic potential.”1
The council also
states: “Pet-owner awareness of heartworms and
fleas can serve as the foundation for effective
prevention and control of other parasites.”1
These recommendations can be adopted for
both dogs and cats. We believe that it is time to
2. M. W. Dryden and P. A. Payne
261
this article discusses the epidemiology and pre-
vention of the other common feline parasites
that can be controlled using monthly heart-
worm medications. Three such products cur-
rently approved in the United States are Heart-
gard for Cats (Merial; oral ivermectin, 24
µg/kg), Interceptor (Novartis; oral milbemycin
oxime, 2.0 mg/kg), and Revolution (Pfizer;
topical selamectin, 6–12 mg/kg). In addition,
there is a spot-on topical formulation of imi-
dacloprid (10 mg/kg) and moxidectin (1.0
mg/kg) (Bayer Animal Health) that has been
approved in Europe, Australia, and New
Zealand as Advocate and Canada as Advantage
Multi. These products can be used alone or in
combination with other drugs and insecticides
to prevent a variety of feline parasites.
I INTERNAL PARASITES
Many cat owners do not want to think their
cat, a member of their family, may have preyed
on a mouse or other animal. However, this nat-
ural predator–prey relationship is a common
mode of transmission of many feline parasites,
including Alaria marcianae, Ancylostoma tubae-
forme, Isospora felis (Cystoisospora), Isospora riv-
olta (Cystoisospora), Physaloptera spp, Sarcocystis
spp, Taenia taeniaeformis, Toxocara cati, Toxas-
caris leonina, and Toxoplasma gondii.4
Toxocara cati
Predation on infected paratenic hosts is com-
monly underestimated by veterinarians and
likely completely unknown by most cat owners
as a mode of T. cati transmission. Larvae com-
monly become encysted in the tissues of chick-
ens, cockroaches, earthworms, and mice when
they accidentally ingest infective larvated eggs
in feces or contaminated soil.4
In a similar fash-
ion, children may also become infected with so-
matic tissue stages of T. cati, which can cause
visceral or ocular larva migrans.
Adult T. cati live in the small intestine of wild
and domestic cats. The worms are cream to
pinkish in color and can be up to 10 cm in
length. This ascarid passes large (65 to 75 µm),
single-celled, thick-shelled mammilated eggs in
the feces (Figure 1). In the environment, eggs
develop into infective larvated eggs in 3 to 4
weeks. Cats become infected after ingesting lar-
vated eggs or by preying on an infected
paratenic host.5
After eggs are ingested, larvae
hatch in the intestine and migrate through the
liver and lungs (tracheal migration); within 5
days, some larvae can already be recovered from
the intestine.5
Fourth-stage larvae mature and
molt to the adult fifth stage in the small intes-
tine. The adult female worms then begin to de-
posit eggs (prepatent period) within 56 days.5
Figure 1. Toxocara cati eggs (65 × 75 µm). Figure 2. Ancylostoma tubaeforme egg (61 × 40 µm).
3. Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 6, No. 3, Fall 2005
262
While female dogs commonly transmit Tox-
ocara canis larvae to their puppies through
transplacental transmission, it is well estab-
lished that this mode of transmission does not
occur with T. cati in cats.5,6
The primary mode
of neonatal transmission to kittens is through
the transmammary route.4
Infection of queens
with T. cati during pregnancy can result in
overwhelming numbers of larvae being direct-
ed to the mammary glands via somatic migra-
tion and then to kittens during nursing. How-
ever, there is some doubt as to how frequently
previously encysted somatic larvae are reacti-
vated during pregnancy and then passed
through transmammary transmission.6
Although adult cats often display no overt
clinical signs of T. cati infection, clinical dis-
ease may occur in kittens under conditions of
high worm burdens or poor nutritional status.
Moderate to heavy infections in kittens can
produce a pot-bellied appearance, kittens
smaller than normal for their age, dry skin, a
malnourished appearance, vomiting, diarrhea
or constipation, and (rarely) death due to acute
intestinal impaction.
Two of the broad-spectrum heartworm med-
ications currently approved for use in cats in
the United States are effective in eliminating T.
cati. Milbemycin was effective in eliminating
T. cati at a dose of 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg PO.7
Se-
lamectin applied topically at 6 mg/kg pro-
duced 100% reduction in adult T. cati.8
Al-
though not currently approved in the United
States, the topical spot-on imidacloprid–mox-
idectin formulation was 97.2% and 98.3% ef-
fective against fourth-stage and immature
adult T. cati, respectively.9
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Another common intestinal parasite of cats
that can be treated and prevented using broad-
spectrum heartworm medications is the hook-
worm A. tubaeforme. Female worms reside in
the small intestine and deposit thin-shelled,
four- to eight-celled eggs measuring 55 to 75 ×
34 to 45 µm in the feces (Figure 2). Eggs de-
velop quickly after being passed, and within a
few days the third-stage larvae can infect cats
by either the oral route or skin penetration. In-
gested larvae enter the lining of the stomach or
small intestine and develop over the next 10 to
12 days before moving back into the small in-
testine as adults.4
Adults mature and begin lay-
ing eggs within 18 to 28 days after initial in-
fection.4
Larvae that infect the cat via skin
penetration complete a tracheal migration
route and mature within 19 to 25 days. As pre-
viously mentioned, rodents may serve as
paratenic hosts. There is no evidence for either
transmammary or transplacental transmission
of A. tubaeforme in cats.4
Clinical signs in cats
infected with A. tubaeforme are typical of
blood-feeding hookworms and include ane-
mia, diarrhea, weight loss, and even death.
All three of the broad-spectrum heartworm
medications approved for use in cats in the
United States are effective in eliminating A.
tubaeforme. Ivermectin administered orally at 24
µg/kg was 92.8% and 90.7% effective against
adult Ancylostoma braziliense and A. tubaeforme,
respectively.10
Milbemycin oxime reduced the
numbers of fourth-stage larvae and adults of A.
tubaeforme by 94.7% and 99.2%, respectively.11
Selamectin applied topically at 6 mg/kg provid-
ed 99.4% reduction in adult A. tubaeforme.8
In
addition, the topical imidacloprid–moxidectin
formulation was 99.64% effective in reducing
Ancylostoma spp fecal eggs counts in cats natu-
rally infected with hookworms.12
Based on the efficacy data, all of these for-
mulations can be used to treat or, when applied
monthly, prevent A. tubaeforme, and all but the
ivermectin formulation will also eliminate T.
cati. It should be remembered that when these
formulations are administered as approved, the
cat is essentially “dewormed” on a monthly ba-
4. M. W. Dryden and P. A. Payne
263
sis. If a cat is frequently exposed to infective
third-stage larvae of A. tubaeforme, the worms
can mature and deposit eggs between monthly
applications, given that the prepatent period of
A. tubaeforme can be as short as 18 days. How-
ever, monthly application should prevent de-
velopment of hookworm disease.
Overview of Internal Parasite Prevention
Broad-spectrum heartworm medications are
effective in controlling T. cati and A. tubaeforme,
but cats may become infested with a variety of
internal parasites against which these formula-
tions may not be effective. Therefore, fecal ex-
aminations should be performed two to four
times during the first year of a cat’s life and one
to two times annually in adult cats, depending
on individual health and lifestyle factors.1
In ad-
dition, kittens should be given biweekly an-
thelmintic treatments beginning at 3 weeks of
age. When cats reach 8 or 9 weeks of age, they
can be put on a monthly broad-spectrum heart-
worm medication. Nursing bitches and queens
should be treated concurrently with their off-
spring because they often develop patent infec-
tions along with their young. As mentioned,
many of these parasites are transmitted though
predation, and thus cats should be fed only
cooked or commercially prepared food.
I EXTERNAL PARASITES
Although only a few intestinal parasites of
cats can be eliminated or prevented by the reg-
ular administration of broad-spectrum heart-
worm medication, these formulations can con-
trol or prevent several of the most common
external parasites of cats. Monthly administra-
tion of a single broad-spectrum heartworm
medication with activity against both internal
and external parasites, alone or in combination
with an effective external parasiticide, can ef-
fectively control fleas, ticks, lice, and several
species of mites.
Fleas
The most common external parasite of cats
is Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea. The cat flea
lays 0.5-mm pearly white oval eggs in the hair-
coat of its host. The eggs fall from the pelage to
be deposited into the surrounding indoor and
outdoor environments. Larvae hatch from the
eggs within 2 to 7 days and develop over 1 to
3 weeks in protected microhabitats that com-
bine moderate temperatures, high relative hu-
midity, and a source of adult flea fecal blood.
Larvae spin silken cocoons in which they trans-
form into pupae and then adults. Adult C. fe-
lis can begin emerging 8 days after initiation of
pupal development but, if undisturbed, may
remain quiescent in the cocoon for up to 30
weeks.13
Development from egg to adult typi-
cally ranges from 3 to 8 weeks, depending on
temperature and humidity level.
Once adult C. felis acquire a host, they begin
feeding almost immediately. The total volume
of blood ingested daily by males is unknown,
but female C. felis can consume 13.6 µl of
blood daily.13
After a rapid transit through the
flea, excreted blood dries into reddish-black fe-
cal pellets or long tubular coils (“flea dirt”).
Mating occurs after fleas have fed, and egg pro-
duction begins within 24 to 36 hours after fe-
males take their first blood meal; females can
produce up to 40 to 50 eggs/day.
Cat fleas cannot tolerate freezing; in cold cli-
mates, adults most likely survive the winter on
The primary mode of neonatal transmission of
T. cati to kittens is through the transmammary route.
5. Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 6, No. 3, Fall 2005
264
untreated dogs and cats or small wild mammals
(e.g., opossums, raccoons) in the urban envi-
ronment.13
As these animals pass through yards
in the spring or set up nesting sites in crawl
spaces, under porches, or in attics, the eggs laid
by surviving female fleas drop off and subse-
quently develop into adults. Cat fleas may also
survive the winter as preemerged adults in mi-
croenvironments protected from the cold.
Cat fleas can cause severe irritation and are
responsible for the production of flea allergy
dermatitis, often observed as miliary dermatitis
in cats. Heavy infestations can result in life-
threatening anemia. Cat fleas can also serve as
the vector of murine typhus, caused by the or-
ganisms Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, and
are considered the vector of Bartonella henselae
among cats. Cat fleas are also the intermediate
host for Dipetalonema reconditum and Dipylid-
ium caninum, the double-pore tapeworm. D.
caninum is the most common tapeworm of
dogs and cats in North America. Thus, preven-
tion of flea infestations can prevent a variety of
disease conditions in cats.
Monthly applications of selamectin can be
used to effectively eliminate and prevent flea in-
festation in cats.14,15
The other two broad-spec-
trum heartworm medications currently ap-
proved in the United States do not have activity
against fleas but can be administered in con-
junction with an effective flea-control product
to achieve comprehensive control and preven-
tion of fleas and heartworms. Monthly applica-
tion of the topical imidacloprid–moxidectin
formulation is also effective in eliminating and
controlling flea infestations on cats.3
An important point of flea control is that
on-again, off-again treatment programs are
rarely effective regardless of the product used.
By the time a pet owner notices fleas on their
cat, the fleas have already begun laying eggs
that infest the premises. Since cat fleas can ini-
tiate egg production within 24 hours after in-
festing a host, reactive treatments by pet own-
ers typically occur too late to stop infestations
of the premises. That is why establishing a pre-
ventive flea-control program is the best way to
safeguard cat health.
Ticks
While cats are not as commonly infested
with ticks as dogs are, cats can be parasitized by
ticks, including such species as Amblyomma
americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes
scapularis.16
Because these blood-sucking para-
sites can transmit pathogenic organisms to
cats, tick prevention may be vital in certain ar-
eas of North America. None of the broad-spec-
trum heartworm medications are approved for
tick control in cats, and an effective acaricide
such as fipronil must be added to the preven-
tion program if tick control is needed.
Lice
Cats, especially those that were recently pur-
chased from pet stores or catteries, may be in-
fested with lice. Since most flea adulticides
readily kill lice, lice are not commonly en-
countered in areas where fleas occur. The only
species of lice that infests cats is Felicola subro-
stratus. It should be remembered that lice are
very host specific: The cat louse will not infect
dogs or humans. Lice are usually transmitted
between cats by direct contact. All life stages
reside on the host; females attach their eggs
(nits) to the hair. Development from egg to
adult takes about 1 to 2 months. Clinical signs
of infestation in cats include pruritus and asso-
ciated alopecia and seborrhea sicca (dandruff).
Since the louse that parasitizes cats is a chew-
ing louse (Mallophaga), anemia is unlikely to
be a presenting clinical sign.
Selamectin was 100% effective against F.
subrostratus when applied once topically at 6
mg/kg.17
If the other broad-spectrum heart-
worm medications currently approved in the
6. M. W. Dryden and P. A. Payne
265
United States are used, an insecticide effective
against lice, such as fipronil or imidacloprid,
must also be administered.18,19
Mites
Notoedres cati is an uncommon yet highly
pathogenic parasitic mite (Figure 3). The dis-
ease produced by this mite is commonly called
face mange and occurs more commonly along
the Gulf Coast and southeastern United States.
The adult female mite measures approximately
240 × 200 µm and has a “thumbprint” pattern
of folds on its cuticle. The mites are easily
transmitted through direct cat-to-cat contact.
The mite burrows through the epidermis, pro-
ducing a severe inflammatory reaction likely
associated with hypersensitivity to mite feces,
salivary proteins, and shed cuticles. Clinical
signs include pruritus, alopecia, and scaly
crusts on the face, ear tips, and distal extremi-
ties. Disease can progress to self-mutilation
and even death. Selamectin has been shown to
be effective in eliminating this parasitic dis-
ease,20
and monthly administration should pre-
vent occurrence of these disease in cats.
Ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) are very com-
mon in cats. The mites spend their entire life
in the ears and are primarily transmitted be-
tween cats by direct contact. The mites feed on
epidermal debris; it is thought that salivary
proteins and feces induce hypersensitivity. Cats
exhibit pruritus and may have raw sores behind
the ears as a result of excessive scratching. Clas-
sic otitis externa is characterized by a dark
brown to black coffee-ground exudate occur-
ring in the external ear canal.
Ear mites can be treated and prevented by
the monthly application of a broad-spectrum
heartworm medication such as selamectin or
the imidacloprid–moxidectin formulation. Se-
lamectin has been evaluated in several studies
in both North America and Europe and has
been found to be 94% to 100% effective in
eliminating natural O. cynotis infections in cats
when applied at a minimum single topical dose
of 6 mg/kg.21–23
The topical imidacloprid–
moxidectin formulation was 80% effective
against ear mites after a single application and
100% effective after two applications 4 weeks
apart.24
Topical otic formulations of ivermectin
(0.01%) and milbemycin oxime (0.1%) have
also been approved for treatment of ear mites
in cats.
Cheyletiellosis, or “walking dandruff,” in
cats in North America is primarily caused by
Cheyletiella blakei. This is a relatively large
(300 to 500 µm long) mite with large protrud-
ing hook-like mouthparts or palpal claws (Fig-
ure 4). The entire life cycle is spent on the host.
These mites are considered nonburrowing as
they live on the surface of the epidermis. Mites
are transmitted primarily by direct contact, al-
though adults may live up to 10 days off the
host. Infestations are most common in catter-
ies and pet stores. The mites appear to be more
common in temperate climates, where fleas are
not as prevalent. This may be related to the
widespread use in subtropical and tropical cli-
mates of certain flea products that also have ac-
tivity against Cheyletiella spp. Afflicted cats can
have variable pruritus, crusty papules along the
Figure 3. Notoedres cati recovered from a scraping
from a cat.
7. Veterinary Therapeutics • Vol. 6, No. 3, Fall 2005
266
head, neck, and back, and a dry, scaly sebor-
rhea. Owners of affected cats are also com-
monly afflicted with a papular pruritic rash.
Although the broad-spectrum heartworm
medication selamectin is not FDA approved
for use against Cheyletiella spp in cats, it is effi-
cacious. In one study,25
cats parasitized by
Cheyletiella spp received topical selamectin (45
mg total dose) on days 0, 30, and 60. Within
30 days, no mites were observed on hair or skin
debris samples; clinical signs had subsided by
day 60 in all cats.25
Fipronil-based formula-
tions may be combined with other broad-spec-
trum heartworm medications to control
Cheyletiella spp.26
I CONCLUSION
Historically, many veterinarians and pet
owners attempted to administer broad-spec-
trum heartworm medications seasonally. Al-
though seasonal prevention of heartworm and
other parasites may seem appropriate in many
regions of North America, it is actually diffi-
cult to accomplish. Veterinarians must first at-
tempt to estimate heartworm larvae develop-
ment rates in mosquitoes so they can
seasonally time the administration of heart-
worm preventives. Then they are faced with
the difficulty—if not impossibility—of at-
tempting to estimate the rate of flea develop-
ment, tick questing patterns, mite and louse
transmission, and development of infective
roundworm eggs and hookworm larvae. Be-
cause of differences in the biologic require-
ments of each parasite, specific transmission
“seasons” will vary among parasites. Simply
put, when does the transmission season of one
parasite start and another end? In addition,
changing climatic conditions from one year to
the next can have marked effects on flea and
tick “seasonality.”
Studies have not been conducted to compare
the effectiveness of year-round versus seasonal-
ly timed prevention programs, but it is our ex-
perience that determining start and stop dates
for seasonally timed applications of broad-
spectrum parasite prevention programs is diffi-
cult. Combine these epidemiologic issues with
historically poor pet owner compliance and a
need to protect pet and human health, and it is
understandable why the CAPC recommends
year-round treatment with broad-spectrum
heartworm medications.1
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