The known and the unknowns: A multipathogen survey to identify diseases in cattle herds in Tanzania
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The document discusses a survey aimed at identifying cattle diseases in Tanzania, emphasizing challenges faced by livestock farmers, including limited government capacity and a lack of systematic disease surveillance. The survey confirmed the presence of known cattle pathogens and explored other rarely investigated pathogens, with findings shared with farmers and government veterinary services. Preliminary results highlighted discrepancies between laboratory findings and farmers' perceptions regarding disease importance.
![The
known
and
the
unknowns:
A
mul2pathogen
survey
to
iden2fy
diseases
in
ca;le
herds
in
Tanzania
Silvia
Alonso*1,
Phil
Toye2,
Joerg
Jores2,
James
Wakhungu1,
George
Msalya3,
Delia
Grace1,
Fred
Unger1
IntroducGon
Livestock
farmers
in
Africa
are
facing
important
challenges
on
animal
health.
DISEASES
OF
CATTLE
ARE
REPORTED
BY
FARMERS
AS
AN
IMPORTANT
FACTOR
LIMITING
PRODUCTIVITY
AND
INCOME
GENERATION.
• Limited
capacity
and
infrastructure
of
government
services
for
disease
idenGficaGon
and
control.
• Lack
of
systemaGc
disease
surveillance
–
Ad
hoc
surveys
give
biased
picture
on
priority
diseases.
Materials
and
methods
Project
objecGves:
(i)
confirm
presence
of
well-‐known
ca]le
pathogens;
(ii)
invesGgate
presence
of
other
pathogens
rarely
looked
for.
Pictures
Silvia
Alonso
s.alonso@cgiar.org
●
P.O.
Box
30709-‐00100
Nairobi
Kenya
●
+254
20
422
3465
h]p://aghealth.wordpress.com
●
www.ilri.org
Acknowledgements:
The
CGIAR
Research
Program
on
Agriculture
for
NutriGon
and
Health
(A4NH)
and
the
InternaGonal
Livestock
Research
InsGtute
(ILRI)
Funding:
Federal
Ministry
for
Economic
CooperaGon
and
Development
(Germany)
and
the
CGIAR
Research
Program
on
Agriculture
for
NutriGon
and
Health
(A4NH)
LAB
SCREENING
(ELISA)
This
document
is
licensed
for
use
under
a
CreaGve
Commons
A]ribuGon
–Non
commercial-‐Share
Alike
3.0
Unported
License
September
2014
Results
Research
into
use
153
ca]le
farmers
interviewed
• Smallholder
dairy
farmer
(intensive,
few
animals)
• Pastoralists
(extensive,
large
herds)
400
SICK
ca]le:
• Serum
sample
• Whole
blood
sample
DISEASE
PATHOGEN
Q
fever
Coxiella
burneF
East
Coast
Fever
Theileria
parva
Theileriosis
T.
mutans
Anaplasmosis
Anaplasma
marginale
Babesiosis
Babesia
bigemina
Brucellosis
Brucella
spp
Contagious
Bov.
Pleuropneumonia
Mycoplasma
mycoides
Bovine
Respiratory
SyncyGal
Virus
BRSV
Bovine
Parainfluenza
Virus
Type
3
PIV3
InfecGous
Bovine
RhinotracheiGs
IBRV
Bovine
Virus
Diarrhoea
Virus
BVDV
Neospora
Neospora
caninum
• Feedback
to
farmers
–
meeGngs
at
village/district
level
to
(i)
discuss
findings,
(ii)
share
knowledge
on
disease,
(iii)
discuss
control
opGons
(e.g.
treatments,
vaccinaGon,
biosecurity)
• Feedback
to
Government
Veterinary
Services
Photo
credit:
ILRI/Silvia
Alonso
Photo
credit:
ILRI/Silvia
Alonso
DISEASE
PATHOGEN
%
POSITIVE
(N
total)
%
FARMERS
REPORTING
THIS
DISEASE
AS
COMMON
Q
fever
Coxiella
burneF)
11.2
(392)
(only
1/153
farmers
reported
knowing
this
disease)
East
Coast
Fever
(Theileria
parva)
31.8
(402)
37%
Theileriasis
(T.
mutans)
10.2
(402)
-‐-‐
Anaplasmosis
(Anaplasma
marginale)
31.6
(402)
18%
Babesiosis
(Babesia
bigemina)
21.4
(402)
-‐-‐
Brucellosis
(Brucella
spp)
11.4
(403)
0.7%
Contagious
Bovine
Pleuropneumonia
(CBPP
–
Mycoplasma)
18.1
(381)
22%
Bovine
Respiratory
Syncy2al
Virus
(BRSV)
(lab
work
ongoing)
Infec2ous
Bovine
Rhinotrachei2s
(IBRV)
(lab
work
ongoing)
25%
Bovine
Parainfluenza
Virus
Type
3
(PIV3)
(lab
work
ongoing)
Bovine
Virus
Diarrhoea
Virus
(BVDV)
(lab
work
ongoing)
-‐-‐
Neospora
(Neospora
caninum)
(lab
work
ongoing)
-‐-‐
• Tick
borne
diseases
quite
widespread
in
the
study
areas
• Preliminary
results
suggest
discrepancies
with
farmers
percepGon
of
disease
relaGve
importance
• Se
/
Sp
of
diagnosGcs
not
considered
Table
2.
PRELIMINARY
ELISA
results
and
Top
3
diseases
(highlighted)
according
to
laboratory
results
and
farmers
percepGons.
Table
1.
List
of
ca]le
diseases
included
in
the
study
Map
of
TANZANIA
showing
study
sites:
• Tanga
region
(Lushoto
and
Handeni
Districts);
• Morogoro
region
(Mvomero
and
Kilosa
Districts)
• Further
lab
work
to
be
conducted
• Understand
IN
THE
disease
pa]erns
according
to
(i)
geographical
locaGon
(ii)
farming
systems
and
(iii)
farmers
pracGces.
PIPELINE
1
Integrated
Science
Dep.
ILRI
(Kenya);
2
Biosciences
Department,
ILRI
(Kenya);
3
Dept
of
Animal
Science
and
ProducUon,
SUA
(Tanzania)
September
2014](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tropentagposteralonso-140912082348-phpapp02/85/The-known-and-the-unknowns-A-multipathogen-survey-to-identify-diseases-in-cattle-herds-in-Tanzania-1-320.jpg)
The known and the unknowns: A multipathogen survey to identify diseases in cattle herds in Tanzania
- 1. The known and the unknowns: A mul2pathogen survey to iden2fy diseases in ca;le herds in Tanzania Silvia Alonso*1, Phil Toye2, Joerg Jores2, James Wakhungu1, George Msalya3, Delia Grace1, Fred Unger1 IntroducGon Livestock farmers in Africa are facing important challenges on animal health. DISEASES OF CATTLE ARE REPORTED BY FARMERS AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR LIMITING PRODUCTIVITY AND INCOME GENERATION. • Limited capacity and infrastructure of government services for disease idenGficaGon and control. • Lack of systemaGc disease surveillance – Ad hoc surveys give biased picture on priority diseases. Materials and methods Project objecGves: (i) confirm presence of well-‐known ca]le pathogens; (ii) invesGgate presence of other pathogens rarely looked for. Pictures Silvia Alonso s.alonso@cgiar.org ● P.O. Box 30709-‐00100 Nairobi Kenya ● +254 20 422 3465 h]p://aghealth.wordpress.com ● www.ilri.org Acknowledgements: The CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for NutriGon and Health (A4NH) and the InternaGonal Livestock Research InsGtute (ILRI) Funding: Federal Ministry for Economic CooperaGon and Development (Germany) and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for NutriGon and Health (A4NH) LAB SCREENING (ELISA) This document is licensed for use under a CreaGve Commons A]ribuGon –Non commercial-‐Share Alike 3.0 Unported License September 2014 Results Research into use 153 ca]le farmers interviewed • Smallholder dairy farmer (intensive, few animals) • Pastoralists (extensive, large herds) 400 SICK ca]le: • Serum sample • Whole blood sample DISEASE PATHOGEN Q fever Coxiella burneF East Coast Fever Theileria parva Theileriosis T. mutans Anaplasmosis Anaplasma marginale Babesiosis Babesia bigemina Brucellosis Brucella spp Contagious Bov. Pleuropneumonia Mycoplasma mycoides Bovine Respiratory SyncyGal Virus BRSV Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 PIV3 InfecGous Bovine RhinotracheiGs IBRV Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus BVDV Neospora Neospora caninum • Feedback to farmers – meeGngs at village/district level to (i) discuss findings, (ii) share knowledge on disease, (iii) discuss control opGons (e.g. treatments, vaccinaGon, biosecurity) • Feedback to Government Veterinary Services Photo credit: ILRI/Silvia Alonso Photo credit: ILRI/Silvia Alonso DISEASE PATHOGEN % POSITIVE (N total) % FARMERS REPORTING THIS DISEASE AS COMMON Q fever Coxiella burneF) 11.2 (392) (only 1/153 farmers reported knowing this disease) East Coast Fever (Theileria parva) 31.8 (402) 37% Theileriasis (T. mutans) 10.2 (402) -‐-‐ Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) 31.6 (402) 18% Babesiosis (Babesia bigemina) 21.4 (402) -‐-‐ Brucellosis (Brucella spp) 11.4 (403) 0.7% Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP – Mycoplasma) 18.1 (381) 22% Bovine Respiratory Syncy2al Virus (BRSV) (lab work ongoing) Infec2ous Bovine Rhinotrachei2s (IBRV) (lab work ongoing) 25% Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PIV3) (lab work ongoing) Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) (lab work ongoing) -‐-‐ Neospora (Neospora caninum) (lab work ongoing) -‐-‐ • Tick borne diseases quite widespread in the study areas • Preliminary results suggest discrepancies with farmers percepGon of disease relaGve importance • Se / Sp of diagnosGcs not considered Table 2. PRELIMINARY ELISA results and Top 3 diseases (highlighted) according to laboratory results and farmers percepGons. Table 1. List of ca]le diseases included in the study Map of TANZANIA showing study sites: • Tanga region (Lushoto and Handeni Districts); • Morogoro region (Mvomero and Kilosa Districts) • Further lab work to be conducted • Understand IN THE disease pa]erns according to (i) geographical locaGon (ii) farming systems and (iii) farmers pracGces. PIPELINE 1 Integrated Science Dep. ILRI (Kenya); 2 Biosciences Department, ILRI (Kenya); 3 Dept of Animal Science and ProducUon, SUA (Tanzania) September 2014