3. INTRODUCTION
Democracy without education is meaningless , it is education
and not freedom that makes a nation great but the situation
as prevailing in our country in this respect is not distressing
but disgraceful. “a state may pass a law , making education
compulsory but unless people accept such laws, no state can
enforce them by military or police measures”. National
security depends upon the education of citizens, their
knowledge of affairs their character and sense of discipline
and their ability to participate effectively in security measures
says kothari commission.
4. HISTORY OF ADULT LEARNING
Malcolm shepherd Knowles (1913-1997) was an
American educator well known for the use of the term
andragogy as synonymous to the adult education.
according to Malcolm Knowles, andragogy is the art and
science of adult learning, thus andragogy refers to any
form of adult learning.(Kearsley,2010).
The term andragogy can be supposedly equivalent to the
term pedagogy andragogy in Greek means the man-
leading in comparison to pedagogy, which means in
Greek means child- learning.
5. CONTINUED……
Malcolm Knowles have given 5
assumptions of adult learners they are ;
1, Self concept
2, Adult learner experience
3,Readiness to learn
4, Orientation to learning
5, Motivation to learn.
6. CONCEPT OF ADULT LEARNING
To begin with, it was limited to the teaching of literacy that is teaching
illiteracy adults how to read and write, with the passage of times merely
literacy was considered insufficient . the concept of adult education was
enlarged to include the knowledge of certain useful subjects such as hygiene,
civics and the problem of everyday life. A new concept emerged i.e the
concept of “ social education”,
The term ‘Adult education is back in use once again because the term adult
education was better understood by UNESCO and many other countries.
7. DEFINITION
According to Bryson-“ Adult education includes all activates with an
educational purpose , carried on by people, in the ordinary business of
life, which use only part of their energy to acquire intellectual
equipment”.
According to Ernest baker-“Adult education is a course to be taken up
concurrently with work and the earning of living”. It is to be given on
part time basis.
Adult learning is practice in which adults engage in systematic and
sustained self education activities in order to gain new forms of
knowledge , skills , attitudes or values.
8. SCOPE OF ADULT LEARNING
The scope of adult learning is very comprehensive, social education covers
all those topics that are not touched by education in general at school .
topics like religion , politics and family planning can now be discussed with
adults who have a mature understanding.
Moreover it aims at giving a new orientation to the outlook of adults to suit
the dynamic world. Then the growth grooves of each individual are different
from those of others, social education harmonizes differences in growth and
its also provides an opportunity for growth those who have not been able to
grow properly, completely earlier
9. NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ADULT LEARNING
Anew hope for the illiterate; adult education brings a new hope for the
illiterate masses who failed to get education during their schools years.
Adult education is needed to broaden the political horizon of the adults i.e
value of vote.
Adult education is needed to complete India’s political awakening.
Adult education is needed to set make adult life a happy and joyous living.
Adult education is needed to set the cultural tone of the community.
Adult education is needed to satisfy the recreational needs of rural adults.
Adult education is needed to train the adult in co operative living.
A powerful auxiliary to compulsory primary education.
Continuing education; education does not end with schooling , it is a life
long process
10. PURPOSES OF ADULT LEARNING
1, INDIVIDUALS POINT OF VIEW;
Remedial; adult education provides education to
those adults who could not receive education
because of certain reasons, it provides
opportunity to such adults to make up their
deficiency in this respect.
Development of physical health; adult education
aims at educating the adult in the fundamental
principles of health for prevention of diseases
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Development of social skills; adult education aims
at training the adult for social living so teach them
the sense of rights and duties and live in harmony
with their colleagues.
Vocational development; adult education aims at
improving vocational efficiency of the individual by
providing him training in his respective vocation.
Self development; adult education aims at training
creative faculities of the adult for their self-
development.
Recreational aim; adult education aim at training the
adults for the best use of leisure with proper
recreation
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SOCIAL POINT OF VIEW;
Promotion of social cohesion ;It means to
promote unity in diversity. Adult education
aims at creating a common culture where
social cohesion can be brought at functional
and emotional level.
Building co- operative groups :Aims at
building co- operative groups for healthy co-
ordination and cohesion between individual
happiness and social progress.
13. CONTINUED…….
Conservation and improvement of national resources;
adult education aims at conservation and improvement
of natural resources by creating new awakening among
the adults.
Inculcation of social ideology; aims of inculcation of
social ideology in adults to prepare them to subordinate
their private welfare to national welfare.
So that adult education aims at the improvement of the
life is people socially economically and also it conveys
the idea for self help.
14. ORGANIZATION OF ADULT LEARNING
It has to be organized in sound likes to so that all the adults in the
country may get benefit from it.
1, Village level: youth clubs and Mahila mandals are organized for the
purpose . in village panchayats, secretary of co- operative society if any,
primary school teachers should combine their efforts.
2, Block level: there should be 2 full time officers at the block level one
woman, one men.
3, District level: every district should have a district social education
officer whose main job would be to supervise the work of all social
education officers both male and female
15. 4, State level: there should be an officer of the
rank of ajoint or deputy director at the state
level to look after the administration of all
aspects of adult education.
5, Central level:
ministry of education is in in – charge of all the
programes of adult education . so all the see
programes are directly implemented by it
either through central scheme of through the
state education department.
16. METHODS OF ADULT LEARNING
According to munro, the chief methods of teaching
the adults are;
1, learner- dominated methods.
2, Teacher – dominated methods
3, co- operative methods.
1, learner – dominated methods: in these methods
the learner dominates he initiates and mostly
depends upon himself. These are the following 3 sub
groups within these methods
17. METHODS OF ADULT LEARNING
TRAIL &ERROR METHOD:
Here experience dominants along with drill and
practice.
The learner concentrates his efforts by repeating
an activity a number of fines and thus acquires
skill.
PROJECT METHOD:
It combines the essentials of first two methods
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INDIVIDUAL INVESTIGATION METHOD:
Here the process involves thinking out a thing
or learning by insight supplemented by use of
library, use of laboratory, questionnaire, survey
and field trips
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2, TEACHER- DOMINATED METHODS:
In this the teacher is more active and
dominates the learning process. It includes :
Lecture method
Counselling
Case work
Demonstration
Method demonstration
Result demonstration
22. PROBLEMS OF ADULT EDUCATION
Numerous problems in the way of social education act as obstacles and hinder the
progress of social education.
1, Non co- operation of adults:
In the rural areas, especially in several backward regions, there is severe orthodoxy
among the adults, and they refuse to co- operate with teachers.
Solution- to solve this problem , the help of panchayats of municipal committee
should be taken.
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2. Problem of social education workers:
For a successful programme of social education it is necessary to get honest
and devoted teachers with missionary goal.The difficulty is that we do not
have such workers.
Solution- the economic status of adult education workers should be
considerably raised.
3, Problem of attendance;
The attendance of adults in adult education is generally very poor they do not
come regularly.
Solution- to make the programme so interesting and inspiring that adult feel
great pleasure in attending.
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4, Problem of vocational training;
Teachers working in the field of adult education are hardly competent to teach about
vocation of adults.
Solution- the experts should frequently invite to give lectures and practical
demonstration to adults.
5, Problem of equipment;
The centers for adult education are not property equipped the books copies and
other materials not available.
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6, Problem of social backwardness;
Differences of caste and creed give to numerous problems in this regard.
Many people do not like to site by the side of scheduled caste or backward class people.
7, Problems of suitable literature;
Adults need easy and interesting for self – study after they picked up reading and writing.
8,Problems of finance;
Lack of funds available for adults, education is great handicap in the way of its promotion.
