5 types of Law
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John Locke believed that in the state of nature life was without laws or government and it was a survival of the fittest. He argued that all persons have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Locke's social contract theory holds that individuals give up some rights and freedoms to join society and enjoy safety by following laws. The document then discusses four principles of law: the harm principle which protects people from harm by others through laws like those against murder; the donation principle which provides public services through taxes; the personal morality principle which can be based on religion and cover things like hate speech; and the statist principle intended to protect government through laws against treason but which can threaten civil liberties.
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Public law governs relationships between individuals and the government as well as relationships between individuals that directly impact society. It includes constitutional law, which establishes the supremacy of law and the basic framework of government and human rights protections, administrative law which regulates government agencies, and criminal law which allows the state to impose sanctions for crimes committed. While public law relationships are asymmetric with the government able to make decisions impacting individuals, authorities must still act within the law and provide means for judicial review of decisions. Public rights like welfare benefits are also distinguished from private rights between individuals.
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Criminal law aims to punish offenders and protect society, with cases prosecuted using public funds. Civil law instead focuses on resolving conflicts between private individuals and providing damages, with each party bearing their own costs. The key differences are that criminal law must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt while civil requires only the balance of probabilities, and criminal law pits the state against the defendant while civil sees a plaintiff versus defendant.
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This document defines law and discusses different concepts of law. It outlines that law is a system of regulations that governs conduct in a society or nation. There are several concepts of law, including:
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2) The philosophical concept, which sees law as being based on principles of right and good and aims to promote justice and social good.
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2) The philosophical concept, which sees law as being based on principles of right and good and aims to promote justice and social good.
3) The sociological concept views law as a product of social needs to serve society.
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LAW088 Notes
INCLUDED:
- Statehood and Sovereignty
- Non-state as Legal Actors
- United Nations
- Globalisation
- Global Human Rights Issues & Refugees
- Genocide
- European Union
- Environmental Degradation
- Overpopulation
- Terrorism
- World War I
- Communism vs Democracy
- Arm Race and Arm Control
- Biodiversity Loss
Note: Some parts, such as the advantages and disadvantages, has the '@' or has multiple options. This is because they were taken from various sources from the internet and books and there are just too many of them to choose from. Just choose the ones that you are able to memorise. If there's anything else that you don't understand from the notes, do leave a comment.
Chapters/topics that are NOT INCLUDED in the notes are:
- USA as Sole Superpower
- Primary Healthcare
- Other Regional Organisations such as OIC, ASEAN, etc.
- Poverty/Global Economic Issues/World Bank/IMF
- Others that are not stated in the included above
TIPS!
- Print on both sides but make sure to separate the chapters (don't mix two chapters on both sides of a piece of paper).
- Do not abandon the lecture notes that are given to you by the lecturers completely. Instead, combine those notes with this (in case there are incomplete information anywhere -- you'll get the best of both worlds).
- The font might seem to be too small but they're actually readable after printed.
If anyone wants the slides for any UiTM Foundations in Law subjects for Semester 2, feel free to leave a comment too.
Good luck and all the best!
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Georg Ohm was a German physicist who experimentally determined Ohm's Law in 1827, which states that the current through a resistor is directly proportional to the voltage across it. However, his ideas were initially rejected by his peers and he lived in poverty for several years before gaining recognition. Ohm's Law can be expressed mathematically as V = I * R, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance. Kirchhoff's laws provide relationships for the analysis of electric circuits: Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed loop is zero, and Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero.
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This document provides an overview of the Australian legal system and the study of law. It discusses how there are many career paths that can come from studying law, such as becoming a solicitor, judge, or police officer. It also explains how the legal system has become more uniform over time, moving away from methods of trial like trial by combat. Key terms related to the legal system are defined. Additionally, the document discusses how Australia has a representative democracy and the importance of the rule of law in maintaining a just society where all people are treated equally under the law.
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The document provides an introduction to law, including definitions and goals of the legal system. It discusses how laws are based on moral, political, economic, and social values of a society. Two main types of laws are described: criminal laws that regulate public conduct and civil laws that regulate relations between individuals/groups. Additional topics covered include legislation, types of laws, interpreting legislative intent, characteristics of a good law, and methods for settling disputes such as negotiation, arbitration, and mediation. Court action is described as a last resort.
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The three major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law and religious law. However, each country often develops variations on each system or incorporates many other features into the system.
Ll.b i j1 u 2 law and legislation
This document provides an overview of law and legal systems. It defines law and discusses its aims and branches, including public law (constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, international law) and private law (civil law, commercial law, international private law). It then contrasts the two major legal systems: the civil law system and the common law system. The document focuses on the common law system, outlining its historical development in England, structure, and sources, with a primary emphasis on judge-made case law as the main source of common law.
Advantages and disadvantages of law
Law has several advantages:
1) It avoids arbitrary, biased, and dishonest decisions by having fixed principles that are certain and known, preventing judges from twisting the law based on improper motives.
2) The fixed principles of law protect the administration of justice from errors of individual judgment, as judges are expected to apply the clear law rather than substitute their own opinions.
3) Law is more reliable than individual judgment, as the wisdom of the legislature that represents the people is a safer means of protection than a judge's temporary view.
Importance Of Law Presentation
Laws are necessary in society to regulate behavior and correspond with what is acceptable to the majority. Law is a set of legal rules that governs how members of society interact. Law promotes order and helps resolve conflicts while protecting basic human rights and minorities. Different branches of law include constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law, civil law, and commercial law. Understanding business law is important for management professionals to ensure their business operates properly and ethically according to legal requirements.
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LAW037 Notes - EXCEPT COURTS W/ SPECIAL JURISDICTION
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Good luck and all the best!
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The document discusses the nature, function, and classification of law. It defines law and distinguishes it from morality and justice. Several schools of thought on defining law are examined, including natural law, legal positivism, and Marxist theory. The functions of law in society are also outlined. Laws are classified as public or private, substantive or procedural, and international law is discussed.
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This document discusses different types of law and legal systems. It outlines two main types of law: common law and statute law. Common law refers to unwritten laws based on customs and precedents, while statute law is written law passed by a legislative body. Statute law is further divided into civil law, which deals with disputes between individuals or groups, and criminal law, which involves crimes and punishments. The document also discusses legal concepts like courts, plaintiffs, defendants, witnesses, evidence, and the court hierarchy in Pakistan.
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Constitutionalism refers to ideas and theories that place limitations on political power and a government's control over its citizens. It is concerned with both establishing a framework of rights protections and structural provisions, as well as fostering commitment to constitutional values. Some key aspects of constitutionalism include limiting government power, respect for the rule of law, an independent judiciary, protection of fundamental rights and liberties, accountability of the government through elections and oversight bodies, and entrenchment of constitutional principles to prevent easy amendments that weaken safeguards. However, free and fair elections alone do not guarantee that a system respects constitutional values.
LAW088 Notes
INCLUDED:
- Statehood and Sovereignty
- Non-state as Legal Actors
- United Nations
- Globalisation
- Global Human Rights Issues & Refugees
- Genocide
- European Union
- Environmental Degradation
- Overpopulation
- Terrorism
- World War I
- Communism vs Democracy
- Arm Race and Arm Control
- Biodiversity Loss
Note: Some parts, such as the advantages and disadvantages, has the '@' or has multiple options. This is because they were taken from various sources from the internet and books and there are just too many of them to choose from. Just choose the ones that you are able to memorise. If there's anything else that you don't understand from the notes, do leave a comment.
Chapters/topics that are NOT INCLUDED in the notes are:
- USA as Sole Superpower
- Primary Healthcare
- Other Regional Organisations such as OIC, ASEAN, etc.
- Poverty/Global Economic Issues/World Bank/IMF
- Others that are not stated in the included above
TIPS!
- Print on both sides but make sure to separate the chapters (don't mix two chapters on both sides of a piece of paper).
- Do not abandon the lecture notes that are given to you by the lecturers completely. Instead, combine those notes with this (in case there are incomplete information anywhere -- you'll get the best of both worlds).
- The font might seem to be too small but they're actually readable after printed.
If anyone wants the slides for any UiTM Foundations in Law subjects for Semester 2, feel free to leave a comment too.
Good luck and all the best!
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Introduction and the concept o administrative law, its meaning, definition, objects, nature, functions, sources, theories and need.
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Law is defined in various ways but generally refers to a system of rules that regulates behavior and is enforced through social institutions. The document discusses different perspectives on law, including definitions from legal theorists like Jean Jacques Rousseau, John Austin, HLA Hart, and Roscoe Pound. It also outlines the key functions of law in guiding activities, enforcing rules, and maintaining order and justice. The sources and evolution of law are explored, such as through custom, religion, judicial decisions, and legislation. Different types of law are also introduced, including public law, private law, substantive law, and procedural law.
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LAW037 Notes - EXCEPT COURTS W/ SPECIAL JURISDICTION
LAW037 Notes - EXCEPT COURTS W/ SPECIAL JURISDICTION
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Law includes all the rules that regulate relationships between individuals and the state. The objectives of law are to maintain order, establish justice, and remove imbalances. For a contract to be valid and enforceable, there must be an offer and acceptance, consideration, lawful purpose, capacity and consent of the parties, certainty of terms, and possibility of performance. Contracts can be classified based on their validity, formation, or performance requirements.
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The document discusses concepts related to law, human rights, and HIV/AIDS. It outlines an activity where participants will be divided into groups to discuss one of the three topics, with guidance questions provided. Each group will then present to the full participants. The facilitator will conclude with a presentation wrapping up key points. It also provides more detail on the topics of law, human rights, and the Nigerian framework for protecting human rights.
Rights presentation.pdf
The document discusses different types of rights including negative and positive rights, civil and political rights, legal rights, natural rights, utilitarian theory of rights, and human rights. It describes the justification and characteristics of each type of right. It also discusses different generations of human rights and criticisms of traditional rights theories from feminist perspectives.
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Human rights are fundamental rights that every person possesses simply due to being human. They range from basic rights like the right to life to those that enhance life, such as rights to food, education, work, health, and liberty. Human rights are divided into groups and are based on principles of universality, inalienability, and equal dignity for all people without discrimination regarding factors like race or gender. Violating economic or social rights can negatively impact civil and political rights, and advancing certain rights makes exercising others easier.
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Human rights are fundamental moral principles that establish standards for human behavior and are regularly protected as legal rights. They include rights such as freedom from unlawful imprisonment and torture. Human rights doctrines have been highly influential in international law and institutions, and continue to be debated in terms of their precise meaning and justifications. Human rights include both negative rights that require inaction, like freedom of speech, as well as positive rights that require action to fulfill, like rights to education and healthcare.
democratic rights.ppt
Democratic rights require more than just elections and institutions - fundamental rights are also needed. Without rights, society is reduced to might makes right. Two examples are given of life without rights: prisoners in Guantanamo Bay who were secretly imprisoned and denied legal rights by the US, and citizens of Saudi Arabia who have no rights to free speech, religion, or assembly. A third example describes the ethnic massacre of thousands of Albanians in Kosovo by Serbian nationalists in the 1990s. Fundamental rights protect minorities and prevent the majority from taking away others' rights. The Indian constitution enshrines several fundamental rights like equality, freedom of religion, speech and others, and gives citizens the right to constitutional remedies if these are violated. There
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The document discusses the basic concepts of human rights. It defines human rights as those rights essential to protecting human dignity and allowing individuals to develop their personality. These rights are inherent in all people irrespective of attributes and become operative at birth. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948 and outlines 29 core civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. Human rights are characterized as inherent, universal, indivisible, and inalienable.
Rights & freedoms of americans
The document discusses the rights and freedoms of Americans as protected by the Constitution. It outlines the key freedoms protected by the 1st Amendment - freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition. While these rights are important, there are also limits to protect national security, public safety, and the rights of others. New technologies pose challenges to privacy and free expression. The Supreme Court works to balance these rights with changing circumstances.
Law ch 1 notes
This document provides an overview of the concept of law. It discusses how laws reflect societal values and human rights. It also describes the different types of laws, including criminal vs. civil laws, and the levels of required proof in each. Additionally, it examines the balance between rights and responsibilities and how the US Constitution works to limit government powers through the principles of separation of powers and judicial review.
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This document provides an overview and introduction to a course on human rights law. It discusses key concepts including the definition of human rights and how they relate to concepts like rights, freedoms, justice, and rule of law. It also explores the influences of religion, culture, and philosophical thought on theories of human rights. Specifically, it examines influences from Judeo-Christian doctrines, Islam, European secular ideas, and African cultural ideas. When analyzing approaches to human rights, it discusses natural law theory, natural rights theory, positivism, neo-naturalism, and how feminism has related to and expanded human rights frameworks.
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This document discusses political ideologies and compares the platforms of liberalism, conservatism, and libertarianism. It provides samples of core beliefs and policy positions for each ideology, including views on taxes, the role of government, social issues, and the environment. Students engaged in activities to explore their own values and compare them to the different party platforms. They were assigned a reflection comparing whether they believe government should be smaller or larger, supported by examples from the reading.
positive and negative right of consumer
This document discusses and compares positive and negative rights. It defines negative rights as the right to be free from government interference or coercion, such as freedom of speech or private property rights. Positive rights oblige the government to provide something, like healthcare or education, which requires taxes and restrictions on individuals. Most countries recognize both types of rights to varying degrees. The US Constitution is viewed as primarily protecting negative rights by restricting government actions rather than mandating actions. Conservatives generally prefer traditions and oppose rapid changes, seeking to conserve existing power structures and ways of life.
Fundamental rights in nepal
fundamental right is basic right for the people under the rule of law, fundamental rights is effectively guaranteed by constitution of Nepal -2072
Fundamental rights in nepal
Fundamental rights in Nepal's constitution (part 3) are summarized as follows:
The document discusses 48 fundamental rights guaranteed by the Nepali constitution, including the rights to life, freedom, equality, communication, justice, health, education, employment, and remedies. It explains that fundamental rights determine the relationship between the state and its citizens and must be enshrined in law. Independence of the judiciary and democratic principles help safeguard these rights.
Slideshare demo with narration
This document provides an overview of what constitutes law and the legal system. It discusses how laws are created by government to regulate society and are based on moral, economic, political and social values. Laws must balance various goals like rights and responsibilities. The document also covers human rights established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though the US has not ratified certain treaties protecting economic and social rights. It presents several hypothetical problems analyzing potential human rights issues.
Global Issues - Human Right
Child labor remains a significant issue, with an estimated 250-304 million children aged 5-17 involved in economic activity globally. While laws and NGO efforts aim to curb exploitation, some argue it provides needed income and reduces family debt, though it does not truly reduce labor costs or improve living standards long-term.
Freedom of expression is protected for public employees and contractors under the First Amendment, but private employers can restrict speech as long as it does not threaten harm. There is no way to fully eliminate discrimination as people will always have differing beliefs and opinions, though government should ensure basic rights are protected.
Human trafficking is a $40 billion industry that exploits an estimated 40 million victims worldwide, mostly women and children
2009-09-12 FNF - What is Liberalism?
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 6
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5 types of Law
- 1. John Locke’s ideas State of Nature- life without laws, rules, or government. Survival of the fittest Natural rights-All persons are guaranteed life, liberty, and property Social Contract Theory- in order to be a part of society and enjoys safety each person must give up some rights and freedoms this includes following laws.
- 3. The Harm Principle • THESE LAWS PROTECT PEOPLE FROM BEING HARMED BY OTHERS. • Examples include • Violent crimes such as murder and rape • Property crimes such as vandalism and robbery
- 4. • These laws act as the parent and prevent self-harm • Examples • Compulsory attendance ( education) • Child neglect laws • Illegal drugs
- 6. • Law that promote personal morality they can be grounded in religious beliefs. Example -Hate speech laws in Europe -Prostitution and other sex industry
- 7. Donation Principle • This law donates or grants goods or services of some kind to its citizens. • These goods or services are not free as they come from taxes that citizens are mandated to pay. • Examples • Social Security • Free education • Tax breaks for purchasing energy efficient products
- 10. The Statist Principle • Laws that are intended to protect government from harm, these can be the most dangerous to civil liberties. • These may be essential for stability and national security. Examples -Laws against treason and espionage -Patriot Act- giving government the opportunity to spy without a search warrant on suspected terrorist -Japanese Internment camps