This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given at the 2019 Catchment Management Notwork meeting, which was held on the 11 October in Tullamore. All our local authorities and other bodies responsible for implementing the Water Framework Directive in Ireland attended to share knowledge and learn from each other.
This presentation was given at the 2019 Catchment Management Notwork meeting, which was held on the 11 October in Tullamore. All our local authorities and other bodies responsible for implementing the Water Framework Directive in Ireland attended to share knowledge and learn from each other.
Coastal and Marine Environment Protection
International Roundtable on Protection and Sustainable Use of Trans-boundary Waters in South East Europe, 15-16 December 2011, Zagreb, Croatia
What is a Shoreline Management Plan?
Developed in partnership by local authorities, regulators and other stakeholders, a Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) is a high level non-statutory policy document designed to assist coastal flood and erosion risk management planning. It provides a large-scale assessment of the risks (to people, property, the natural and historic environment) associated with coastal erosion and flooding at the coast over the long-term. It also proposes policies to help manage these risks sustainably over the next hundred years.
The SMP enables planners and regulators to plan for and manage the way that the coast will change. This could be by maintaining or improving defences, by enabling the natural processes to play a greater role, creating new natural habitat or by helping areas that are at risk of flooding at some point in the future to cope with and limit the impact of flooding events.
The SMP2 for the Severn Estuary updates an earlier SMP1 (2000) for the estuary. It aims to provide more certainty for landowners, residents and businesses; to know how the coast will be managed by regulators during the next 100 years, so that they can plan ahead and make decisions about investments, homes, development and the management of their resources.
Great Lakes coastal wetlands exist in severely altered watersheds and landscapes that can result in degraded wetland conditions (e.g., monotypic vegetation, invasive species), and management actions required to maintain biologically diverse wetlands can be ecologically limiting (e.g., diked wetlands with minimal hydrologic exchange). We report on three GLRI-funded projects designed to improve coastal wetland ecosystems by restoring hydrologic connectivity, increasing fish passage, and enhancing wetland ecosystem functions and services. Biological monitoring is an integral component of each project and includes traditional and innovative research efforts focused on results with broad application across the Great Lakes basin.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Gary Free from the EPA is on measuring the environment from space using satellite images.
Rising Seas in California: an update on sea level rise scienceJennifer Fox
We wrote this to provide a synthesis of the state of the science on sea-level rise. It provides the scientific foundation for the pending update to the California Sea Level Rise Guidance.
Problem of Water Quality Control in the Niger BasinIwl Pcu
M. Ould Aly Oumar
Niger-HYCOS Project Coordonator
Niger Basin Authority, Niamey, NIGER REPUBLIC
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE NIGER BASIN AND SUB-REGIONAL COOPERATION
3. RIVER NIGER HYDROLOGY
4. IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY
5. PROBLEMATIC OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL WITHIN THE NIGER BASIN
5.1 THE ACTUAL SITUATION
5.2 THE WAYS FORWARD
6. CONCLUSION
Presented at the Black Sea – Danube Regional Conference on Nutrient Pollution Control in Chisinau, Moldova – October 2006
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
Coastal and Marine Environment Protection
International Roundtable on Protection and Sustainable Use of Trans-boundary Waters in South East Europe, 15-16 December 2011, Zagreb, Croatia
What is a Shoreline Management Plan?
Developed in partnership by local authorities, regulators and other stakeholders, a Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) is a high level non-statutory policy document designed to assist coastal flood and erosion risk management planning. It provides a large-scale assessment of the risks (to people, property, the natural and historic environment) associated with coastal erosion and flooding at the coast over the long-term. It also proposes policies to help manage these risks sustainably over the next hundred years.
The SMP enables planners and regulators to plan for and manage the way that the coast will change. This could be by maintaining or improving defences, by enabling the natural processes to play a greater role, creating new natural habitat or by helping areas that are at risk of flooding at some point in the future to cope with and limit the impact of flooding events.
The SMP2 for the Severn Estuary updates an earlier SMP1 (2000) for the estuary. It aims to provide more certainty for landowners, residents and businesses; to know how the coast will be managed by regulators during the next 100 years, so that they can plan ahead and make decisions about investments, homes, development and the management of their resources.
Great Lakes coastal wetlands exist in severely altered watersheds and landscapes that can result in degraded wetland conditions (e.g., monotypic vegetation, invasive species), and management actions required to maintain biologically diverse wetlands can be ecologically limiting (e.g., diked wetlands with minimal hydrologic exchange). We report on three GLRI-funded projects designed to improve coastal wetland ecosystems by restoring hydrologic connectivity, increasing fish passage, and enhancing wetland ecosystem functions and services. Biological monitoring is an integral component of each project and includes traditional and innovative research efforts focused on results with broad application across the Great Lakes basin.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Gary Free from the EPA is on measuring the environment from space using satellite images.
Rising Seas in California: an update on sea level rise scienceJennifer Fox
We wrote this to provide a synthesis of the state of the science on sea-level rise. It provides the scientific foundation for the pending update to the California Sea Level Rise Guidance.
Problem of Water Quality Control in the Niger BasinIwl Pcu
M. Ould Aly Oumar
Niger-HYCOS Project Coordonator
Niger Basin Authority, Niamey, NIGER REPUBLIC
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE NIGER BASIN AND SUB-REGIONAL COOPERATION
3. RIVER NIGER HYDROLOGY
4. IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY
5. PROBLEMATIC OF WATER QUALITY CONTROL WITHIN THE NIGER BASIN
5.1 THE ACTUAL SITUATION
5.2 THE WAYS FORWARD
6. CONCLUSION
Presented at the Black Sea – Danube Regional Conference on Nutrient Pollution Control in Chisinau, Moldova – October 2006
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given on 26.11.15 at the Catchment Management Network Meeting in Tullamore.
The day included presentations on the approach to characterisation for the 2nd Cycle of the Water Framework Directive and how this would involve both the EPA and Local Authorities, along with other public bodies.
A key focus was the new Local Authority Water and Communities Office and its role in the 2nd cycle.
Presentations on integrating planning and the WFD, the UK 'Love Your River Telford' project and 'The Living Loobagh' from Limerick were also included.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
This presentation was given as part of the EPA-funded Catchment Science and Management Course focusing on Integrated Catchment Management, held in June 2015. This course was delivered by RPS Consultants. If you have any queries or comments, or wish to use the material in this presentation, please contact catchments@epa.ie
It is increasingly being recognised internationally that integrated catchment management (ICM) is a useful organising framework for tackling the ongoing challenge of balancing sustainable use and development of our natural resource, against achieving environmental goals. The basic principles of ICM (Williams, 2012) are to:
• Take a holistic and integrated approach to the management of land, biodiversity, water and community resources at the water catchment scale;
• Involve communities in planning and managing their landscapes; and
• Find a balance between resource use and resource conservation
ICM is now well established in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. In Europe the ICM approach has been proposed as being required to achieve effective water and catchment management, and is the approach being promoted by DEFRA for the UK, where it is called the “Catchment Based Approach” (CaBA). The principles and methodologies behind ICM sit well within the context of the Water Framework Directive with its aims and objectives for good water quality, sustainable development and public participation in water resource management. In Ireland it is proposed that the ICM approach will underlie the work and philosophy in developing and implementing future River Basin Management Plans.
Donal Daly, EPA Catchment Science and Management Unit outlines a possible approach to integrating Water Framework Directive and Biodiversity goals at the catchment scale.
CaBA Startup Conference 02 - A response to the challenge from the third sectorCaBASupport
Sets the context for the Catchment based Approach, describing the decline in ecosystem functionality and the challenge that still faces the UK in achieving improvements under the Water Framework Directive. Outlines the roles of the new CaBA Partnerships, the National Steering group, and the EA in helping to shape the next round of River Basin Managment Plans, and also in achieving improvements that go beyond WFD.
Once you have your list, respond to the followingList the current.pdfaliracreations
Once you have your list, respond to the following:
List the current events you selected in Weeks 14. Write a one-sentence summary of each current
event.
Week 1-
This week's current event is about water policy and environmental health. The article discusses
the EPA's recent approval of chromium-6 in drinking water.
Week 2- The topic of the article is the overfishing and climate change-related decline in the
North Sea fish population.
Week 3- The article focuses on the significant rise in sea level and its causes.
Week 4- world has failed to meet any of the biodiversity targets set for 2020 is the current event
that I have chosen to highlight the urgent need for action to protect the planet's ecosystems.
Discuss the scientific accuracy of the statements within the selected current event articles and
how they might impact public environmental science literacy. Be specific and explain your
thinking.
How has searching for and synthesizing these current event articles impacted the way you think
about your role as environmental scientist? Explain your thinking.
How has your awareness of processes and practices that enable organizations to reduce
environmental impacts influenced your thinking on how to manage the current events?.
C5.02: The Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network: data for decisions -...Blue Planet Symposium
Ocean acidification describes the changes in seawater chemistry that result from the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the ocean. The changes this century are predicted to have profound impacts on marine ecosystems with potential flow-on effects to economic and environmental services the ecosystems provide, including fisheries and aquaculture, coastal protection, and tourism. The Global Ocean Acidification - Observing Network (GOA-ON) has been developed in response to the widespread concern of the impacts of ocean acidification. The network is an internationally coordinated effort, combining ‘bottom up’ collaboration by the research community with ‘top down’ encouragement and support from a range of international bodies and organisations, including the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). The aim is to provide chemical and biological data from local to global scales that can be used to improve understanding of ocean acidification conditions and ecosystem responses, and to provide uniformly collected and quality-controlled data to assist policy making through research products and model-based projections of ecosystem responses. Capability development is a key aspect of the network. The status and future plans of the GOA-ON initiative will be described – providing the opportunity for additional involvement in its implementation.
Introduction to Permaculture - FELC February 8th 2014Vince Kirchner
Basic of permaculture provided to a group of Master Gardeners, and environmentally aware citizens. Key concepts were presented with a discussion around each topic. This is a precursor to a full PDC class starting in April. www.greatlakespermaculture.com
People, planning and the opportunities to make a difference- Bob Earllrebeccalynam
Dr. Bob Earll, founder of Communications and Management for Sustainability, will share information on marine planning in and around the Irish Sea as well as fisheries, biodiversity and ‘society’ with a focus on the difference individuals
and organisations can make.
Jenny Deakin from the EPA Catchments Unit gave a Teagasc Signpost Seminar on April 20 2021. The seminar covered water quality, focused on the agricultural sector, and the solutions needed to improve water quality, and new tools to target the right measure in the right place. This includes upgraded Pollution Impact Potential Maps for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, together with overland flow and focused delivery points.
On 25 November 2020 the EPA published Ireland’s Environment - An Integrated Assessment 2020 which provides an assessment of the overall quality of Ireland's environment, the pressures being placed on it and the societal responses to current and emerging environmental issues.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s rivers.
Ireland has more than 73,000 km of river channels. If placed end-to-end, they could encircle the Earth almost twice. Three-quarters of these channels are very small streams that typically flow into larger rivers.
Biological monitoring has been carried out in Irish rivers since 1971. The current national river monitoring programme covers more than 13,000 km of river channel.
The national monitoring programme is run by the EPA and focuses on the main river channels rather than the smaller streams. The programme includes more than 2,800 sites sampled for biology, with almost half of these being sampled for physical and chemical parameters.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring phytoplankton in Ireland's marine environment.
The EPA and the Marine Institute sample phytoplankton in estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland. They carry out sampling three times during the summer and once during winter. At each location, they take water samples just below the surface and above the seabed. They use the samples to assess how much phytoplankton is in the water and what species are present.
Phytoplankton are tiny, free-floating plants found suspended in the world’s oceans. Their name comes from Greek and means ‘plant drifter’. They are carried along by ocean currents and are usually found floating near the surface of the water. Like all plants they need sunlight to grow.
The main sources of nutrients around Ireland’s coast are discharges from wastewater treatment plants and run off from agricultural land. Phytoplankton in the estuaries and coastal waters around Ireland are monitored by the EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA) and the Marine Institute. They monitor phytoplankton to assess the quality (status) of our marine environment. They must do this as part of the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s marine environment.
Ecologically healthy marine waters are a valuable natural resource. They support a rich and diverse range of ecosystems, habitats and species, and they are also a source of food – from wild fisheries and aquaculture. They are also important for recreational activities and tourism.
Transitional and coastal waters are assessed under the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Having coordinated frameworks for water quality for all the water bodies in Ireland, and across Europe, allows us to compare our results with other countries. It allows us to see what works to help us make sure all our water bodies achieve at least ‘good’ status, and no deterioration occurs.
This plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring Ireland’s lakes.
A total of 225 lakes are currently included as part of the national surface waters monitoring programme run by the EPA, this covers around 80% of the surface area of all lakes in Ireland.
This includes:
• all lakes greater than 50 hectares
• lakes that are used for supplying drinking water
• lakes that are of regional, local or scientific interest
This Plain English fact sheet outlines the work done by the EPA in monitoring aquatic plants in Irish lakes.
Aquatic plants are good at showing if the quality of the water is good or bad and play an important role in lake ecology by providing food and a habitat for many smaller plants, animals and birds.
They also:
• provide shelter for young fish
• help to improve the clarity of the water
• help stabilise lake shore banks
• reduce the amount of sediment being suspended in the water
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitors these aquatic plants at more than 10,000 sites in over 200 lakes once every three years.
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This presentation was by Con McLaughlin, Donegal County Council and Andy Griggs, Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon District Council.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
On 17 and 18 June 2020 the EPA held its National Water Event as an online conference.
This year's theme was 'Restoring our waters'.
This years event was free to attend. It was the EPA's largest water event ever, with over 1250 attending.
To everyone who joined us: thanks for attending; thanks for your probing questions; thanks for your passion; thanks for caring about our waters. We can achieve more working together.
Special thanks to all our presenters and the team who worked behind the scenes to make sure this years conference happened.
For science and stories about water quality in Ireland, check out www.catchments.ie
More from Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland (20)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
1. Catchment Science & Management
Training Course
Photograph: Loch An Dúin,
Catchment Science & Management
Training Course
Exercises
Dingle, Co. Kerry ( J. Doheny)
Catchment Science & Management
2.
3. Day 1 - Morning Session
ICM STEP 2: CREATE & COMMUNICATE A VISION OF ICM
Stakeholder Perspective
You are currently living within the catchment of a lake that has been
experiencing pollution problems, manifesting
blooms.
During the summer the Local Authority placed warning notices about
toxic algae around the lake, there are headlines in the local and
national press, and questions are being asked in Dáil Éireann about
what is to be done regarding this problem.
Please draw a role from the “hat” on your table. As a group go round
the table and introduce your selected role to the others.
Record your selected role
From your selected stakeholder’s perspective discuss
What is the potential significance of these water quality issues
What actions do you think you and your
What impacts might these actions have on
What support might help change take place?
1
CREATE & COMMUNICATE A VISION OF ICM –
You are currently living within the catchment of a lake that has been
manifesting in the form of algal
the Local Authority placed warning notices about
toxic algae around the lake, there are headlines in the local and
and questions are being asked in Dáil Éireann about
problem.
” on your table. As a group go round
the table and introduce your selected role to the others.
From your selected stakeholder’s perspective discuss the following with your stakeholder group
What is the potential significance of these water quality issues for you and your stakeholder
and your stakeholder group could take in response to these issues?
What impacts might these actions have on you and your stakeholder group’s activities?
help change take place?
with your stakeholder group:
stakeholder group?
take in response to these issues?
4. 2
What actions do you think others could take in response to these issues?
Discuss the following with the other stakeholders at your table:
If a catchment wide group were to be formed to focus on addressing pollution in the lake, list what groups its likely
membership might include?
Draft a short statement to describe what your group’s collective future vision of the lake would be?
6. 4
Lough Leane experienced severe algal blooms in 1997 and a Working Group was formed in response. The parties
participating are listed as follows (some departments have changed name in the intervening period):
• An Taisce
• Coillte
• Cork/Kerry Tourism
• Department of Agriculture and Food
• Department of the Environment and Local Government
• National Parks and Wildlife Service
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Forestry Services
• Irish Creameries and Milk Suppliers Association
• Irish Farmers’ Association
• Irish Hotels Federation
• Kerry County Council
• Killarney Chamber of Commerce and Killarney Traders Association
• Killarney Nature Conservation Group
• Killarney of the Welcomes
• Killarney Salmon and Trout Angling Club
• Killarney Urban District Council
• Lough Leane Anglers Association
• Munster Regional Trout Angling Council
• Save Our Lakes and Valley Environment
• Southern Health Board
• South Western Regional Fisheries Board
• Teagasc
Discuss how this compares to the membership of the group that you had proposed:
Are there parties that you are surprised to see there or are there additional parties that might be of relevance?
Do you consider this group membership to be balanced?
What would you see as being the main benefits of such a group?
Which of these two visions about the lake do you think the Lough Leane Working Group wrote?
1. A catchment based approach for reducing nutrient inputs from all sources to the Lakes of Killarney
2. Let’s not be remembered as the generation that destroyed Lough Leane
What does Loch Léin mean?
7. Day 1 - Afternoon Session
ICM STEP 3: CHARACTERISE THE CATCHMENT
Desk study produced a catalogue of characterisation maps showing physical features
Review the characterisation maps for the Lough Leane Catchment
Physical Characteristics - The catchment can be generalised into two different zones (northern and southern)
- What are the key features and descriptors of the northern zone
- What are the key features and descriptors of the southern zone
What is the principal physical characteristic that is dictating this contrast?
5
CHARACTERISE THE CATCHMENT – Desk Study
esk study produced a catalogue of characterisation maps showing physical features and
for the Lough Leane Catchment and comment on the following:
catchment can be generalised into two different zones (northern and southern)
What are the key features and descriptors of the northern zone
What are the key features and descriptors of the southern zone
characteristic that is dictating this contrast?
and anthropogenic pressures.
the following:
catchment can be generalised into two different zones (northern and southern)
12. 10
Pressure Characteristics - Which of these two zones do you consider the main pressures on water quality in the
catchment to be found?
Using the table below and considering the catchment as a whole:
• Suggest the top three sources of point and diffuse pressures and which main pollutants might these
activities give rise to?
• What pathways and receptors might these pressures manifest in terms of water quality?
Water Quality Status Characteristics: The desk study considered water quality status data from existing monitoring
programmes. This included lake monitoring as shown in the graph below and Table 1 and river Q status.
Killarney WWTP was upgraded in the mid 1980s resulting in an improvement in water quality.
Point Source Pressures? Potential Pollutants? Pathway? Receptor?
Diffuse Source Pressures Potential Pollutants? Pathway? Receptor?
14. 12
River Biological Status
Considering these existing sources of status information:
What conclusion might you draw from initial examination of these data? (Comment on lake status versus river status
and therefore where the main pressures appear to be originating from.)
Can you suggest an additional dataset that would help with the initial assessment of these data?
15. 13
River Phosphorus Regulation Status
Does the above map suggest that there may be potential pressures or critical zones that influence water quality
which might have been overlooked by considering only the biological data?
What extra information might be useful to examine before field visits?
What would you aim to learn from a field programme?
What expertise would you bring to the field alongside your own?
16. Day 2 - Morning Session
ICM STEP 4: FURTHER CHARACTERISE THE CATCHMENT
Assessment of data gaps and catchment inspection led to investigative monitoring being put in place,
special study areas. Nutrient concentrations and flows were recorded daily at key sites throughout the catchment to
enable analysis of nutrient concentration variations and nutrient loadings
The comprehensive monitoring programme
data, groundwater chemical and bacterial sampling,
undertaken of lake sediments, dangerous substances, farm surveys, sheep dip
tank condition, treatment plant performance
Monitoring Sites
Review the results from the Lough Leane
Which catchment is most significant in ter
Which catchment is most significant in ter
Are there typical patterns in the variation of the datasets
14
ICM STEP 4: FURTHER CHARACTERISE THE CATCHMENT – Estimation Methods
ssessment of data gaps and catchment inspection led to investigative monitoring being put in place,
utrient concentrations and flows were recorded daily at key sites throughout the catchment to
enable analysis of nutrient concentration variations and nutrient loadings/export rates.
monitoring programme also entailed: lake nutrients and ecology,
groundwater chemical and bacterial sampling, wastewater and industrial effluent and flow
of lake sediments, dangerous substances, farm surveys, sheep dip disposal, aerial fertilization, septic
treatment plant performance and audit of Local Authority activities.
Lough Leane investigative monitoring programme and comment on the following:
most significant in terms of phosphorus concentration loading?
most significant in terms of phosphorus export rate?
patterns in the variation of the datasets daily, seasonally, annually?
ssessment of data gaps and catchment inspection led to investigative monitoring being put in place, targeted in
utrient concentrations and flows were recorded daily at key sites throughout the catchment to
lake nutrients and ecology, river biology, hydrometric
wastewater and industrial effluent and flow. Once off study was
disposal, aerial fertilization, septic
and comment on the following:
18. 16
Example 1 Calculate Nutrient Export Rates
RiverName StationNo SampleCode SampleDate
Flow
(m
3
/s)
Orthophosphate
(P) (mg/l)
Orthoload
(mg/s)
FLOW CONCENTRATION LOAD
TRIB1 0940 98601107 11/06/1998 14 0.026 364
TRIB1 0940 98601299 18/06/1998 9 0.030 270
TRIB1 0940 98601431 24/06/1998 6 0.016 96
TRIB1 0940 98601589 01/07/1998 11 0.023 253
TRIB1 0940 98601852 09/07/1998 33 0.015 495
TRIB1 0940 98601996 16/07/1998 5 0.022 110
TRIB1 0940 98602107 23/07/1998 30 0.057 1710
TRIB1 0940 98602136 27/07/1998 15 0.032 480
TRIB1 0940 98602491 06/08/1998 9 0.031 273
TRIB1 0940 98602643 12/08/1998 7 0.027 178
TRIB1 0940 98602936 20/08/1998 6 0.016 90
TRIB1 0940 98603000 24/08/1998 8 0.031 248
TRIB1 0940 98603452 08/09/1998 11 0.033 363
TRIB1 0940 98603724 23/09/1998 5 0.031 167
TRIB1 0940 98604102 08/10/1998 12 0.024 288
TRIB1 0940 98604256 14/10/1998 28 0.047 1316
TRIB1 0940 98604529 22/10/1998 47 0.039 1833
TRIB1 0940 98604826 05/11/1998 28 0.021 588
TRIB1 0940 98604999 11/11/1998 26 0.022 572
TRIB1 0940 98605152 17/11/1998 32 0.020 640
TRIB1 0940 98605370 24/11/1998 13 0.029 377
TRIB1 0940 98606006 16/12/1998 7 0.028 185
TRIB1 0940 9960128 07/01/1999 50 0.027 1350
TRIB1 0940 9960280 12/01/1999 16 0.025 388
TRIB1 0940 9960622 25/01/1999 11 0.023 253
TRIB1 0940 9960923 03/02/1999 13 0.022 275
TRIB1 0940 99601196 11/02/1999 20 0.021 420
TRIB1 0940 99601324 16/02/1999 16 0.024 384
TRIB1 0940 99601604 24/02/1999 22 0.031 682
TRIB1 0940 99601923 09/03/1999 20 0.020 400
TRIB1 0940 99602289 25/03/1999 11 0.027 292
MEAN 17 0.027 495
The area of this catchment is 1,207km2
The factor to convert units from mg/s to T/yr is (60 x 60 x 24 x 365)/(1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000) = 0.032
What is the catchment annual load in T/yr?
The factor to convert units from mg/s/km2
to mg/yr/m2
is (60 x 60 x 24 x 365)/(1,000 x 1,000) = 31.54
What is the catchment export rate in mg/m2
/yr?
What nutrient loading is the measured approach potentially missing?
19. 17
Example 2 Calculate Sectoral Load Contributions
Agriculture
(Load = loads for cattle and sheep + loads associated with chemical fertiliser usage * nutrient loss factors)
Agricultural P Input 900,000 kg
P losses from agriculture 0.04 of total agricultural P load
Agricultural Load 36,000 kg/yr
Forestry
(Load = area under forestry * standard export coefficient)
Forestry area 9,000 ha
P losses from forestry 0.33 kg/ha/yr
Forestry Load 2,970 kg/yr
Unsewered Industries (IPPCs and Section 4s)
(Load = 25% of maximum allowable discharge)
Maximum Total P discharge 2,000 kg/yr
Unsewered Industry Load 500 kg/yr
Unsewered Rural Populations
(Load = non-sewered population * per capita nutrient emission value)
Unsewered population 16,000 person
P loss from septic tanks 0.25 kg/person/year
Unsewered Load 4,000 kg/yr
Urban Areas
(Load = area under urban cover * standard export coefficient)
Urban area 600 ha
P losses from urban areas 2.15 kg/ha/yr
Urban Load 1,290 kg/yr
Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP)
(Load = PEs * assumed nutrient production loadings * treatment reduction factors)
Population equivalent 145,000 persons
Total P contribution 0.0027 kg/person/day (x365 days/year)
Treatment Reduction 0.1 (nutrient removal)
WWTP Load 14,290 kg/yr
Calculate the proportion of loads from the various sectors in the catchment.
Sector Load kg/yr %
Agriculture 36,000
Forestry 2,970
Unsewered_Industry 500
Unsewered Population 4,000
Urban 1,290
WWTP 14,290
There is no aquaculture or peatland in this catchment - what other contribution &factor have been omitted?
• Contribution
• Factor
20. Background Losses
(Load = Area * standard export coefficient)
Area
P loss from background runoff
Background load
Sectoral loads from the Laune Water Management Unit
Sector
Agriculture
Forestry
Unsewered_Industry
Unsewered Population
Urban
WWTP
Background
Laune Water Management Unit Sectoral Contributions
18
coefficient)
81,000 ha
0.05 kg/ha/yr
4,050 kg/yr
Water Management Unit catchment
Load kg/yr
36,000
2,970
500
4,000
1,290
14,290
4,050
Laune Water Management Unit Sectoral Contributions
%
57
5
1
6
2
23
6
AGRICULTURE
BACKGROUND
FORESTRY
UNSEWERED_INDUSTRY
UNSEWERED
URBAN
WWTP
21. Day 3 - Afternoon Session
ICM STEP 5: IDENTIFY & EVALUATE POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Target load reductions
Assessment of the historic monitoring database for the lake established
which confirmed that management, in particular reduction in Phosphorus input to the lake,
lake status.
Lake Water Quality Conclusions – Lough Leane Monitoring & Management System 1999
The extent of the blooms, which occurred in 1983 and 1984, was primarily due to
from the Killarney Wastewater Treatment Plant;
Improved facilities at the works were commissioned in 1985 resulting in an immediate improvement in water
quality in the Ross Bay area where the WWTP effluent discharges via the Fo
This indicates that reduction in Phosphorus input can result in lake water quality improvements;
Further improvements in WWTP facilities and the sewerage network have been provided in 1995
yet to be evaluated (at the time of writing)
The weather conditions most associated with blooms in Lough Leane are calm, warm water conditions in the
lake during the spring and summer preceded by showery weather in Spring. Even when these conditions prevail
(e.g. 1995) extensive blooms have not occurred unless there is sufficient Phosphorus levels in the lake i.e. in
excess of 20 μg P/l;
The high Phosphorus levels in the algal bloom year of 1997 were not due to the Killarney WWTP but were due to
a rising trend in Phosphorus inputs from the general catchment. In particular monitoring data of the River Flesk
input at Castlelough Bay provides evidence of a significant increase in Phosphorus level over the period 1989
1997;
The findings of the study indicate that diffu
most likely cause of recent increased algal growth and the extensive cyanoabacterial blooms;
The River Flesk is the primary source of Phosphorus input due to the size and nature of the ca
Phosphorus trapped in sediments is a secondary source of nutrients. There is strong circumstantial evidence that
recycling of Phosphorus from the sediments of Lough Leane has not been a significant primary factor in the
eutrophication of Lough Leane. The sediment did not release sufficient nutrients to initiate an algal bloom in
years such as 1995 when nutrient inputs from the general catchment were not above 20 μg P/l;
It was concluded that if the external sources of nutrient input are managed and
extensive algal blooms could be reduced.
The special studies and investigative monitoring allowed the
to be estimated by sector.
Urban Agglomerations:
• Based on sampling of concentration and flow in the Folly Stream and Killarney WWTP the
established at 2.4 T/yr.
• The treatment plant was providing nutrient removal resulting in reduction of a 10 T annual input load to a 1
T annual effluent load.
• Due to misconnections in the town the Folly Stream was receiving an untreated loading of 1.4 T per year.
19
ICM STEP 5: IDENTIFY & EVALUATE POSSIBLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES – Management Strategies
database for the lake established a conceptual understanding of the s
, in particular reduction in Phosphorus input to the lake,
Lough Leane Monitoring & Management System 1999
The extent of the blooms, which occurred in 1983 and 1984, was primarily due to
from the Killarney Wastewater Treatment Plant;
Improved facilities at the works were commissioned in 1985 resulting in an immediate improvement in water
quality in the Ross Bay area where the WWTP effluent discharges via the Folly Stream and in the general lake.
This indicates that reduction in Phosphorus input can result in lake water quality improvements;
Further improvements in WWTP facilities and the sewerage network have been provided in 1995
evaluated (at the time of writing);
The weather conditions most associated with blooms in Lough Leane are calm, warm water conditions in the
lake during the spring and summer preceded by showery weather in Spring. Even when these conditions prevail
1995) extensive blooms have not occurred unless there is sufficient Phosphorus levels in the lake i.e. in
The high Phosphorus levels in the algal bloom year of 1997 were not due to the Killarney WWTP but were due to
hosphorus inputs from the general catchment. In particular monitoring data of the River Flesk
input at Castlelough Bay provides evidence of a significant increase in Phosphorus level over the period 1989
The findings of the study indicate that diffuse sources of Phosphorus (i.e. from the general catchment) are the
most likely cause of recent increased algal growth and the extensive cyanoabacterial blooms;
The River Flesk is the primary source of Phosphorus input due to the size and nature of the ca
Phosphorus trapped in sediments is a secondary source of nutrients. There is strong circumstantial evidence that
recycling of Phosphorus from the sediments of Lough Leane has not been a significant primary factor in the
ne. The sediment did not release sufficient nutrients to initiate an algal bloom in
years such as 1995 when nutrient inputs from the general catchment were not above 20 μg P/l;
It was concluded that if the external sources of nutrient input are managed and reduced the likelihood of further
extensive algal blooms could be reduced.
The special studies and investigative monitoring allowed the existing annual Phosphorus loading to the Lough Leane
mpling of concentration and flow in the Folly Stream and Killarney WWTP the
The treatment plant was providing nutrient removal resulting in reduction of a 10 T annual input load to a 1
e to misconnections in the town the Folly Stream was receiving an untreated loading of 1.4 T per year.
Management Strategies
a conceptual understanding of the system
, in particular reduction in Phosphorus input to the lake, could be effective for
Lough Leane Monitoring & Management System 1999
The extent of the blooms, which occurred in 1983 and 1984, was primarily due to high inputs of Phosphorus
Improved facilities at the works were commissioned in 1985 resulting in an immediate improvement in water
lly Stream and in the general lake.
This indicates that reduction in Phosphorus input can result in lake water quality improvements;
Further improvements in WWTP facilities and the sewerage network have been provided in 1995-1998 and were
The weather conditions most associated with blooms in Lough Leane are calm, warm water conditions in the
lake during the spring and summer preceded by showery weather in Spring. Even when these conditions prevail
1995) extensive blooms have not occurred unless there is sufficient Phosphorus levels in the lake i.e. in
The high Phosphorus levels in the algal bloom year of 1997 were not due to the Killarney WWTP but were due to
hosphorus inputs from the general catchment. In particular monitoring data of the River Flesk
input at Castlelough Bay provides evidence of a significant increase in Phosphorus level over the period 1989-
se sources of Phosphorus (i.e. from the general catchment) are the
most likely cause of recent increased algal growth and the extensive cyanoabacterial blooms;
The River Flesk is the primary source of Phosphorus input due to the size and nature of the catchment;
Phosphorus trapped in sediments is a secondary source of nutrients. There is strong circumstantial evidence that
recycling of Phosphorus from the sediments of Lough Leane has not been a significant primary factor in the
ne. The sediment did not release sufficient nutrients to initiate an algal bloom in
years such as 1995 when nutrient inputs from the general catchment were not above 20 μg P/l;
reduced the likelihood of further
annual Phosphorus loading to the Lough Leane
mpling of concentration and flow in the Folly Stream and Killarney WWTP the existing load was
The treatment plant was providing nutrient removal resulting in reduction of a 10 T annual input load to a 1
e to misconnections in the town the Folly Stream was receiving an untreated loading of 1.4 T per year.
22. 20
Agriculture and Background:
• Based on sampling of concentration and flow in the agricultural subcatchments the existing combined
agricultural and background load was established at 23.9 T/yr.
• The associated export rates in these subcatchments were established. Southerly subcatchments had low
export rates whereas those in the northerly catchments were higher.
• Farm survey established prevalent shortage of slurry storage and elevated soil nutrient levels in the
northerly Deenagh/Quagmire subcatchments. Contemporaneous data from similar catchments in which a
higher REPS uptake level had taken place revealed a typical export rate which was lower by 15 mg/m2
/yr (i.e.
TP export rate reduced from 50 to 35 mg/m2
/yr).
• The agricultural areas within these northerly subcatchemnts are 480km2
.
Septic Tanks:
• Based on groundwater monitoring and conceptual modelling, the loading from septic tanks in areas of
shallow overburden was estimated at 3.0 T/yr.
• The villages of Kilcummin and Barraduff are in critical source areas and provision of packet plants would
reduce the loading in these areas by 0.5 T/yr.
• Due to the introduction of P free detergents (ICDA voluntary agreement) the loading from septic tanks would
reduce by a further 0.9 T/yr.
• The groundwater special study assessment of tank condition and maintenance established a further
reduction of 0.6 T/yr.
Forestry and Background:
• Based on sampling of concentration and flow, the export rates in the subcatchments were established with
the existing combined forestry and background load established at 1.4 T/yr.
• Aerial fertilisation had been suspended in the catchment. The deciduous and coniferous TP export rates
were similar and typically low at 20 - 30 mg/m2
/yr.
Source Baseline Load (1999) (T/year)
Urban Agglomerations 2.4
Agriculture + Background 23.9
Septic Tanks 3.0
Forestry + Background 1.4
Total (T/year) 30.7
Based on both the evidence of historical data and assessment of theoretical assimilative capacity of Lough Leane, a
target annual loading of 20 T/yr of Total Phosphorus was established. This necessitates are reduction by one third of
the nutrient inputs.
Can you suggest one measure that each sector could take to achieve a reduction in their sectoral contribution?
SECTOR SUGGESTED MEASURE
• Urban Agglomerations
• Agriculture + Background
• Septic Tanks
• Forestry
23. Using the information provided above,
the following combination of measures:
Source Baseline Load (1999)
Urban Agglomerations
Connection and treatment of
flows bypassing the WWTP
Agriculture + Background
Improved storage & agricultural
practices in line with REPS
Septic Tanks
Plants for two villages, improved
tank practices and adopt ICDA
Forestry + Background
Ongoing adoption of recent best
practice guidelines
Total (T/year)
Lough Leane Sectoral Contributions
Comparing this pie chart to that in example 2
contributions and what does this tell you about the Lough Leane catchment
Urban & Industry
15%
21
, calculate the load reduction and the future load for the sectors based on
the following combination of measures:
Baseline Load (1999)
(T/year)
Target Reduction
(T/year)
2.4
23.9
3.0
1.4
30.7
Comparing this pie chart to that in example 2 (Laune WMU), do you note any differences in the sectoral
and what does this tell you about the Lough Leane catchment?
Background
23%
Agriculture
47%
Septic Tanks
12%
Forestry
3%
future load for the sectors based on
Future Load
(T/year)
, do you note any differences in the sectoral
Septic Tanks
Background
Urban & Industry
Agriculture
Septic Tanks
Forestry
24. 22
Discuss these load reduction measures with your stakeholder group:
Do you concur with the measures listed; do they seem equitable or unbalanced?
What other considerations should be taken into account when working towards this annual load target?
Suggest other measures that should be incorporated from your sector’s perspective (which sector is addressed)?
Measure Sector
25. 23
The full suite of Lough Leane management measures included the following:
(Discuss and score them; 1 = very important, 2 = important, 3 = least important; also consider if the programme fails
to address any issues, is it balanced/biased, are the key measures clear, achievable and relevant at present)?
Catchment-Wide Management Measure Score
Establish a staffed catchment management center within the Lough Leane area
Organise a water quality education & awareness programme & maintain a Phosphorus Awareness
Campaign
Implement ICDA (Irish Cosmetics & Detergents Association) proposals
Develop the role of the Working Group & create a Management Proposal Implementation Sub-
Committee
Secure additional resources for the implementation of management proposals
Local Authority Environment Section Structure Management Measure Score
Formalise responsibility structures and job specifications
Develop formalized reporting structures
Establish a liaison forum regarding environmental issues to address catchment issues
Develop and implement water quality strategies and initiatives
Local Authority Industrial Discharges Management Measure Score
Review and upgrade of all existing Local Authority discharge licenses
Establish monitoring and policing procedures
Enforce existing & newly introduced licenses by providing resources for inspection & monitoring of
industrial sites
Local Authority Waste Management Measure Score
Establish a Transfer Station and Operational Procedures Manual
Undertake additional monitoring and reporting
Implement a Closure Plan for Coolcaslagh landfill site
Upgrade effluent treatment or transfer effluent to Killarney WWTP
Provide a bund around diesel storage tank
Stream organic wastes for recycling initiatives
Local Authority Water Supply Management Measure Score
Establish a water abstraction Operational Procedures Manual
Ensure that Chlorine is stored in suitable locked internal stores
Undertake a review of activities and planning control in the Lough Guitane catchment to address
domestic sewage discharges, agricultural activity and forestry development
Make a byelaw for the Lough Guitane catchment regarding agricultural priorities
Secure additional resources for the monitoring and implementation of management proposals
Local Authority Municipal Discharges Management Measure Score
Investigate Killarney WWTP’s capacity and performance including provision of additional levels of P
removal and stormwater tanks
Provide an additional technician at Killarney WWTP
Continue the pilot fat removal trials at Killarney WWTP
Develop and implement a Sludge Disposal Strategy under the County Sludge Management Strategy
Include NMPs on spreadlands
Undertake a sewerage study to investigate, monitor and model the performance of pumping stations
and the operation of storm water overflows and foul system overflows
Undertake further flow and water quality monitoring of the Folly Stream
Investigate alternative effluent discharge systems for Killarney WWTP
Undertake cost benefit analysis of connecting appropriate outlying plants
Upgrade/review operation of outlying treatment works and prioritise provision of treatment at Barraduff
and Kilcummin
Secure additional resources for the monitoring and implementation of management proposals
26. 24
Local Authority Laboratory Facility Management Measure Score
Upgrade the lab’s capacity and investigate the feasibility of new facilities
Continue & extend participation in the EPA intercalibration programme & develop towards ILAB.
Establish a Laboratory Procedures Manual
Upgrade the monitoring database and improve data distribution
Develop water quality monitoring programmes in response to new legislation
Secure additional resources for the implementation of management proposals
Local Authority Pollution Response Management Measure Score
Appoint an Executive Engineer/Scientist to fully establish and lead the pollution response team
Develop a Procedures Manual
Raise Pollution awareness through site visits
Identify risks and develop a contingency plan for response to pollution incidents
Tourism Sector Management Measure Score
Formulate a policy requiring provision of facilities for separation of fats, oils and greases at source to be
implemented by the LA by introduction of Byelaw/notice/licence under the Water Pollution Act
Formulate a policy to develop a fats, oils and greases collection and disposal facility
Extend towel re-use scheme
Participate in Kerry County Council’s composting scheme
Introduce Eco-tourism awards/recognition
Secure additional resources for the implementation of management proposals
Agricultural Management Measure Score
Make Bye-Laws under the water pollution acts regard the storage and management of wastes
Implement policies relating to additional agriculture initiatives including: NMPs, Farmyard surveys, REPS,
Education/Environmental programmes, Funding mechanisms/storage alternatives, Farm slurry disposal
Groundwater/Septic Tank Management Measure Score
LAs should initiate an awareness campaign regarding the proper maintenance of septic tanks
Local Authorities should undertake random sampling and the verification of percolation test results
Local Authorities should achieve better enforcement of regulations concerning the installation of septic
tanks and percolation areas
LAs should draw up a register of approved persons/contractors for acceptable certification of percolation
tests and septic tank/treatment system design and installation. This register to be revised as needed
Forestry Management Measure Score
The Forestry Act 1946 should be altered to give a derogation regarding the replanting requirements
The Forest Service, in the issue of all felling licences in the Lough Leane Catchment should consider
location and extent of felling, the time interval between felling activities in the area and on the basis of
nutrient deficiency and site suitability
Replanting to be based on the Code of Best Forest Practice and also on suitability of soil type
Submission of Forestry Management Plans including foliar analysis for the Lough Leane catchment to
Kerry County Council for consideration.
New guidelines for forestry development to be implemented by all developers
Resources to be provided by the Forest Service to ensure the monitoring and enforcement of the
guidelines within the Lough Leane catchment
Developers to submit site suitability plans and water quality monitoring data to the Forest Service in
support of new developments
Forest Service to undertake random site visits to ensure compliance with the forestry guidelines and to
consider the accumulative effects on adjacent developers
The Local Authority will be required to monitor any new activities as well as further aerial fertilization
activities to evaluate potential loading and to ensure compliance
Designate sensitive areas which should not be planted/replanted within the catchment
27. Day 5 - Morning Session
ICM STEP 6: DESIGN AN IMPLEMENTATION
For Lough Leane, it was considered that all sectors needed to manage nutrients and provide reductions wherever
possible, however, in another catchment there might be alternative strategies or measures, not all of which
going to be effective in the same timescale.
In such a scenario please suggest factors that might assist with prioritising measures under the MCA approach.
Killarney WWTP example
Criteria Factor
Technical
Environmental
Social
Economic
25
NTATION PROGRAMME – Multi Criteria Analysis
For Lough Leane, it was considered that all sectors needed to manage nutrients and provide reductions wherever
possible, however, in another catchment there might be alternative strategies or measures, not all of which
going to be effective in the same timescale.
In such a scenario please suggest factors that might assist with prioritising measures under the MCA approach.
For Lough Leane, it was considered that all sectors needed to manage nutrients and provide reductions wherever
possible, however, in another catchment there might be alternative strategies or measures, not all of which are
In such a scenario please suggest factors that might assist with prioritising measures under the MCA approach.