The document provides information about sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). It discusses the preparation, physical and chemical properties, structure, and uses of SO2. The preparation of H2SO4 using the contact process is described. The physical properties, acidic and dehydrating nature, and reactions of H2SO4 are covered. Important industrial uses of H2SO4 are also mentioned.
more chemistry contents are available
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My Assignment
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS,Boron Family (Group 13 Elements )
Compounds of Boron,Orthoboric acid (H3BO3),Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na2B4O7. 10H2O,Diborane,Compounds of Aluminium,Aluminium Oxide or Alumina (Al2O3),
Aluminum Chloride AlCl3,Carbon Family (Group 14 Elements):
Compounds of Carbon,Carbon Monoxide,Carbon di-oxide,
Carbides, Nitrogen Family (Group 15 Elements),
Ammonia (NH3),Phosphorus,Phosphorous Halides,Oxides of Phosphorus,Oxy – Acids of Phosphorus,Oxygen Family (Group 16 Elements) , Allotropes of Sulphur,Halogen Family ( Group 17 Elements,Inter halogen compounds,
Hydrogen Halides,Pseudohalide ions and pseudohalogens,Some important stable compound of Xenon
more chemistry contents are available
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Oxyacids of sulphur are sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen containing compounds. Oxyacids of sulphur are sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, peroxomonsulphuric acid, peroxodisulphuric acid, thiosulphuric acid, dithionous acid, dithionic acid, polythionic acid and pyrosulphuric acid.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
My Assignment
p-BLOCK ELEMENTS,Boron Family (Group 13 Elements )
Compounds of Boron,Orthoboric acid (H3BO3),Borax (sodium tetraborate) Na2B4O7. 10H2O,Diborane,Compounds of Aluminium,Aluminium Oxide or Alumina (Al2O3),
Aluminum Chloride AlCl3,Carbon Family (Group 14 Elements):
Compounds of Carbon,Carbon Monoxide,Carbon di-oxide,
Carbides, Nitrogen Family (Group 15 Elements),
Ammonia (NH3),Phosphorus,Phosphorous Halides,Oxides of Phosphorus,Oxy – Acids of Phosphorus,Oxygen Family (Group 16 Elements) , Allotropes of Sulphur,Halogen Family ( Group 17 Elements,Inter halogen compounds,
Hydrogen Halides,Pseudohalide ions and pseudohalogens,Some important stable compound of Xenon
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Oxyacids of sulphur are sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen containing compounds. Oxyacids of sulphur are sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, peroxomonsulphuric acid, peroxodisulphuric acid, thiosulphuric acid, dithionous acid, dithionic acid, polythionic acid and pyrosulphuric acid.
Ppt acids, bases and salts , dr mona shrivastava , founder masterchemcla...DR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
A very basic topic of chemistry for grade x is acid , bases and salts. A topic with lot of scope to add activities and make students understand better. Used all possibility to add colorful activities to explain concepts. Hope its beneficial for students.
Dr MOna Srivastava
Founder-
Master chem Classes
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Ppt acids, bases and salts , dr mona shrivastava , founder masterchemcla...DR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
A very basic topic of chemistry for grade x is acid , bases and salts. A topic with lot of scope to add activities and make students understand better. Used all possibility to add colorful activities to explain concepts. Hope its beneficial for students.
Dr MOna Srivastava
Founder-
Master chem Classes
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
H2 S and SO2 removal and possible valorizationSerge Vigneron
H2S is a common pollutant in gas and air. This presentation is a review of different techniques to remove H2S ,and possible ways of valorization to sulfuric acid via SO2.
This tackles the basics and the easiest concept of Chemical reactions. This features only the four basic types of chemical reactions: synthesis, decomposition, metathesis, and ion - exchange reaction.
This is a basic concept because there is a pattern to be followed in each type of reaction.
More types of chemical reactions will be given on my next set of presentation entitled, "Everything You Want to Know About Chemical Reactions."
Similar to 4th Lecture on Elements of groups 16, 17 & 18 | Chemistry Part I | 12th Std (16)
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
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Lateral Ventricles.pdf very easy good diagrams comprehensive
4th Lecture on Elements of groups 16, 17 & 18 | Chemistry Part I | 12th Std
1. The Malegaon High School & Jr. College
Malegaon, (Nashik), 423203
4th Lecture on Elements of
groups 16, 17 & 18
Chemistry Part I, 12th Science
By
Rizwana Mohammad
2. Compounds of sulphur:
Sulphur dioxide:
a. Preparation:
i. From sulphur:
S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
ii. From sulphite:
Na2SO3 + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4 + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
iii. From sulphides: (Industrial method)
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) ՜
Δ
2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) ՜
Δ
2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)
b. Physical properties of SO2:
i. It is a colourless gas with a pungent smell.
ii. It is poisonous in nature.
iii. It is highly soluble in water and its solution in water is called
sulphurous acid.
iv. It liquefies at room temperature under a pressure of 2 atm and
boils at 263K.
3. c. Chemical properties:
i. Reaction with Cl2:
SO2(g) + Cl2(g)
charcoal
SO2Cl2(l)
ii. Reaction with O2:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)
V2O5
2SO3(g)
iii. Reaction with NaOH:
2NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O
iv. Reaction with Na2SO3:
Na2SO3 + H2O(l) + SO2 → 2NaHSO3
v. Reducing property:
SO2 acts as a reducing agent in the presence of moisture.
• Moist SO2 reduces ferric salts into ferrous salts.
2Fe3+ + SO2 + 2H2O → 2Fe2+ + SO4
-2 + 4H+
• Moist SO2 decolourises acidified potassium permangnate (VII) solution.
2KMnO4 + 5SO2 + 2H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
• Moist SO2 reduces halogens to halogen acids.
I2 + SO2 + 2H2O → H2SO4 + 2HI
4. d. Structure of SO2:
SO2 is angular with O-O-O bond angle of 119.5°
The S-O double bond arises from dπ-pπ bonding. It is a resonance hybrid of
two canonical forms.
e. Uses: SO2 is used
i. In refining of petroleum and sugar.
ii. In bleaching of wool and silk.
iii. As an anti-colour, disinfectant.
iv. As a preservative.
v. In the manufacture of H2SO4, NaHSO3, a number of organic and inorganic
chemicals.
5. Sulphuric acid, H2SO4:
a. Preparation:
Sulphuric acid is manufactured by contact process, which involves the
following three steps.
i. S(s) + O2(g) ՜
Δ
SO2(g)
4FeS2(s) + 11O2(g) ՜
Δ
2Fe2O3(s) + 8SO2(g)
ii. 2SO2(g) + O2
V2O5
2SO3(g)
Low temperature (720K) and high pressure (2 bar) are favourable conditions
for maximum yield of SO3.
iii. SO3(g) + H2SO4 → H2S2O7
oleum
H2S2O7 + H2O → 2H2SO4
6. b. Physical properties of H2SO4:
i. Sulphuric acid is a colourless, dense, oily liquid.
ii. It has a density (specific gravity) of 1.84 g/cm3 at 298K.
iii. It freezes at 283K and boils at 611K.
iv. It is highly corrosive and produces severe burns on the skin.
c. Chemical properties:
i. Acidic property:
H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+
(aq) + HSO4
-
(aq) Ka > 10
HSO4
-
(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+
(aq) + SO4
-2
(aq) Ka = 1.2 X 10-2
The greater value of Ka (Ka > 10) means that H2SO4 is largely
dissociated into H+ and HSO-
4 ions. Thus H2SO4 is a strong acid.
ii. Reaction with metals and nonmetals (oxidising property):
Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
conc.
S + 2H2SO4 → 3SO2 + 2H2O
conc.
C + 2H2SO4 → CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
conc.
7. iii. Dehydrating property:
Concentrated sulphuric acid is a strong dehydrating agent.
Sulphuric acid removes water from sugar and carbohydrates. Carbon
left behind is called sugar charcoal and the process is called charring.
C12H22O11
conc. H2SO4
12C + 11H2O
iv. Reaction with salts:
NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl
KNO3 + H2SO4 → KHSO4 + HNO3
CaF2 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2HF
8. d. Uses:
Sulphuric acid is a very important industrial chemical. It is used.
• In the manufacture of fertilizers.
e.g. ammonium sulphate, superphosphate etc.
• In the manufacture of pigments, paints and dyestuff intermediates.
• In petroleum refining.
• In detergent industry.
• In metallurgy, for cleaning of metals, electroplating and galvanising.
• In storage batteries.
• As a laboratory reagent.
• In the manufacture of nitrocellulose products.