4th Lecture on Chemical Equilibrium | Chemistry Part II | 11th Std

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The document is a lecture outline on chemical equilibrium problems for an 11th grade chemistry class at The Malegaon High School & Jr. College in Malegaon, Nashik, India. It was presented by teacher Rizwana Mohammad and covers topics like the concept of chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium, and sample equilibrium problems.

The Malegaon High School & Jr. College
Malegaon, (Nashik), 423203
4th Lecture on Chemical Equilibrium
Problems
Chemistry Part II, 11th Science
By
Rizwana Mohammad

ABSTRACT:The aim of this paper is to explore the various difficulties encountered by the Moroccan high schoolers (senior high) as they relate to the modelling of chemical reactions, microscopic concepts (electronic structure of atoms, valence band, valence electron...) and macroscopic (colour change, gas emission...) linked to the chemical reaction; hence the distinction between chemical transformation and physical transformation. All studies on this topic have shown that most learners still suffer from numerous unresolved difficulties in this area. The symbolic register of the balanced equation represents a chemical reaction; its reading can be done at a macroscopic level (observed phenomenon) and/or a microscopic level (interaction of particles, imagined phenomenon). The originality of our study consists of suggesting, for the first time, a progression between both the microscopic and macroscopic phenomena: Lewis structure (Lewis diagram of atoms and molecules), Gram’s model, and spatial representation of simple molecules in order to reach a symbolization of a chemical reaction. Consequently, our study was successful in reducing the degree of difficulty of obstacles encountered by learners at the level of symbolization of a chemical reaction by 55% and the representations aligned with the concept of a chemical reaction by 65%. Keywords:modelling; chemical reaction; microscopic level; macro-level; symbolization; Lewis diagram; spatial representation; Gram model; high school.

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Normal Cell Metabolism: Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function. Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP. The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process. Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP. The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos). It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation. If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use. IN CANCER CELL: Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA: WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside. Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.

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