This presentation by Benjamin Cashore was given at a session titled "Securing rights as a climate change mitigation strategy" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 6, 2014.
By discussing how securing rights can serve as proven and cost-effective climate change mitigation strategy, the session built bridges between policy-makers, practitioners, and scholars.
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Championing the Diffusion of Community Forestry Through Pathways of Influence: Towards the Co-generation of Strategic Insights
1. Championing the Diffusion of Community Forestry
Through Pathways of Influence:
Towards the Co-generation of Strategic Insights
Benjamin Cashore
Sebastien Jodoin
Michael Stone
Vivienne Caballero
Sarah Lupberger
Presentation to Global Landscape Forum, Lima Peru, Dec. 6th, 2014
2. I. Project Overview
• Co-generate strategic insights for those
promoting community forestry
• Forest dependent communities, forest livelihoods, indigenous
peoples, rights to resources
• Supported by Climate and Land Use Alliance
• Overarching questions:
• What are most promising interventions and strategies for
“diffusion” of community forestry?
• That are likely to create durable and lasting effects?
• Our approach
• We depart from scholarly work on community forestry “design
principles approaches”
• Instead we turn to transnational “pathways of influence”
framework within political science
3. II. What we are doing
• Conducted research in five case studies
• Tanzania, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru
• Assessed global policy instruments
• Including REDD+, Legality verification
• Producing
• Academic conference papers
• Strategic working papers
• Practitioner oriented tool kit/protocol
• For generating insights for “sticky” results
4. III. The Framework
• Bernstein and Cashore (2000, 2011, 2012)
• Distinguishes
• Economic globalization
• Acts as a break on on social and environmental policies as
countries compete for global capital
• Internationalization
• Four pathways of Influence
• Can counteract economic globalization pressures
• Strengthen social and environmental policies
• Each pathway has different “causal logics” of influence
• Rules, norms, markets, ‘direct access’
• Some synergistic, others countervailing
5. IV. Results: Tanzania
• Prof. Sebastien Jodoin research
• Assessed Role of REDD+ in shaping community
forestry
• Generated insights from pathways framework
• Historical context
• Significant deforestation rate of about 1% a year
• However, global commodity markets not (yet) as influential
in Tanzania than other cases
• Drivers of deforestation less costly to address than other
cases in our study
• e.g. charcoal demand from city dwellers
• Commitment to community forestry preceded REDD+
• Though emphasis in on villages, not “indigenous”
communities
6. 1) International Rules Pathway
• Causal influence:
• Whether countries feel need to comply with international law
• UNFCCC decisions
• Cancun agreements on 4 elements for national level
REDD+
• 7 safeguards including respecting local rights to
participation and local knowledge
• Impact on Tanzania: Yes
• Adopted international safeguards
7. 2) Norms/Discourse Pathway
• Causal influence:
• strength of moral evaluations
• Norms of “Indigenous rights to resources”
• now supported by leading international forest organizations
• “Free, Prior Informed Consent” norm
• increasingly accepted as “prerequisite” to REDD+ projects
• Impact on Tanzania: Yes
• Global community forestry norms reinforced Tanzania’s existing
norms
• FPIC norm expand and translated from indigenous focus to
forest dependent communities.
8. 3) Market Pathway
• Causal influence:
• strength of economic incentives and/or disincentives
• Project based carbon markets
• For example, most Verified Carbon Standard (VCS)
certifications are dual with Climate Community and Biodiversity
(CCB) standards
• National level funds for avoided deforestation
• Norway bilateral agreements
• Tanzania: Not (yet) influential
9. 4) Direct Access Pathways
• Capacity building
• Funding, education, training, assistance and capacity building,
partnerships between domestic and international public and
private actors
• Causal influence:
• resources/training/skills
• Empower marginalized domestic organizations
• Prevalent in REDD+ interventions
• “Readiness” efforts – measuring MRV, mapping technologies,
empowering marginalized peoples in stakeholder processes
• Relevance for Tanzania: highly significant
• Norway direct funding to conservation NGOs
• Helped implement forest act, strengthened community
forestry practitioners
10. V. Strategic Implications
• Three synergistic pathways led to influence
• How sticky are these results?
• Could increasing economic globalization in Tanzania weaken
results?
• We theorize synergies of three pathways have
created “stickiness”
• Should “withstand” deforestation pressures even from global
commodity markets
11. V. Strategic Implications
• Why?
• Difficult to reverse granting of community forestry certificates –
there would be significant backlash
• Norms of community forestry growing
• Capacity building gaps have been filled
• Occurred at a “critical juncture”
• Unlikely these results would have occurred if lucrative
agricultural crops had been causing deforestation
12. IV. Strategic Lessons for Elsewhere
• Undertake domestic “scoping” efforts
• Identify “critical juncture” countries
• Where economic drivers of deforestation currently relatively
modest
• But may be subject to change in the future
• More open to “locking in” community forestry
• Through ‘rules’, ‘norms’ and ‘direct access’ pathways
• If established before full fledged “economic
globalization”
• May be able to withstand deforestation pressures of
agricultural expansion
• And, will be positioned to benefit from synergistic market
pathways – if/when prices of carbon is higher.
14. Types of Policy Change
Tempo or Speed of Change
Fast Slow
Directionality
Cumulative
(heading to
a new
equilibrium)
In
equilibrium
Classic
paradigmatic
Faux
paradigmatic
Progressive
incremental
Classic
incremental
Source: Cashore and Howlett, 2007
Editor's Notes
Introductory remarks
-Thanks for the invitation
-Background on me
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Discuss my weird journey Ben this is the time to mention problem focused research
Accelerating of time
Only worked in forestry schools
Give examples
Indonesia
Climate
BC pine beetle
Start frogs
Environment – irreversibility
How you perceive me – power point forerstry political science brown green
Norms
Question today is to explore just how certification programs gain the authority to make rules. My question is to stand back a bit and say, hey where is this all headed – who is giving support for these progams and who are the groups and organizations likel to shape future dynamics. Volatile situation – not here to explain what the outcome will be – but to identify forces that seem to be shaping current and future forest certification dynamics.