Test Identification Parade & Dying Declaration.pptx
4736 4740.output
1. * GB785143 (A)
Description: GB785143 (A) ? 1957-10-23
An automatic control for the air circulating fans of liquid-coolant
radiators in internal combustion engines
Description of GB785143 (A)
PATENT R Pi',Tcl Tn, A TT N 9 P
Date of Application and No 22826/55.
A q r' Complete Specification P
Index at acceptance: C Iass 7 ( 2), B 2 C( 3 A 1: 7 H: 9).
International Classification: -F 02 b Ail, m %A an,ta,, 785143 filing
Complete Specification Aug 8, 1955.
ublished Oct 23, 1957 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
An Automatic Control for the Air Circulating Fansof LiquidCoolant
Radiators in Internal Combustion 'Engines We, WILLI FRANK of 26,
Albrechtstrasse, Ludwigsburg/Wurttemberg and GE Rii ARD CAROLI, of 49,
Klopstokstrasse, Stuttgart-W, Germany, both German Subjects, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
The present invention relates to a device for automatically
controlling, in conformity with the requirements of an internal
combustion engine liquid-coolant radiator, the air circulated
thereover by a fan It is frequently impossible, for instance for
reasons of space, to drive the radiator fan of an internal combustion
engine directly from the engine In such cases it is usual to arrange
for the internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator and
to use the current generated by the same for the purpose of driving
the fan or fans Apart from the unavoidable loss in power which such an
arrangement entails, the automatic control of the fan to vary the rate
at which air is circulated over the radiator calls at least for the
provision of cumbersome and complicated arrangements.
Electric motors with change-over poles have been used to give at least
a limited measure of control, and it has also been proposed to drive
the fan by means of synchronous motors and to use a synchronous
2. generator to control the motor speed in ratio with the engine speed.
However, in such an arrangement the fan velocity is strictly
proportional to the engine speed and this is not entirely in accord
with actual requirements.
Hydrokinetic hydraulic transmissions have also been used with a view
to controlling the circulation of air but they entail a considerable
wastage in power especially as such transmissions themselves require
to be cooled.
It is the object of the present invention to provide for the automatic
control, for a liquid coolant radiator of an internal combustion
engine, of the rate at which air is circulated over the radiator so as
to maihtain, under varylPrice 3 s 6 d l ing operating conditions of
the engine, an air circulation rate adapted to the rate at which heat
is conveyed to the radiator, by means of 50 a device -that does not
suffer from the disadyantages inherent in the known types of
arrangement and also ensures that the power consumed is efficiently
utilised.
According to the present invention this is 55 achieved by driving the
radiator fan by means of a hydrostatic hydraulic motor the speed of
which can be controlled by a hydrostatic liquid pump which delivers
hydraulic fluid to the motor at an infinitely variable rate which is
60 controlled thermostatically' in dependence on the temperature of
the liquid coolant The arrangement may be such -that the output -of
the liquid pump, is determined by variation of -the speed at which the
pump is driven and/or 65 by a controlling device which acts in
dependence upon the temperature of the coolant by varying, for
instance in the case of direct drive from the engine, the displacement
volume of the pump or alternatively or additionally the 70 rate at
which fluid is delivered to the hydraulic motor may be controlled in
dependence upon the liquid-coolant temperature by means of a
controllable by-pass Such an arrangement will have a high efficiency
and at the same time 75 allow the speed of the fan to be infinitely
varied in conformity with the amount of air required for cooling Both
the liquid pump and the hydraulic motor can be adapted to the needs of
existing circumstances For example, 80 the liquid pump, may be
directly coupled with the shaft of the internal combustion engine and
it may form a structural unit with the hydraulic motor On the other
hand, the liquid pump may be structurally separate from the 85
hydraulic motor and connected with the same only through the pressure
lines.
The drawing illustrates an exemplary form of construction in order
that the invention, and the manner wherein the same is to be per 90
formed, may be the more readily understood.
In the drawing, the internal combustion engine 1 transmits torque to
3. the hydrostatic liquid pump 2 which is connected by means Die O 4 Ei
"-1, ' ' J t ' 1', 2 785,143 of pressure pipes 3 with the hydrostatic
the output of the hydraulic pump is controlled hydraulic motor 4 of
the fan 5 for the liquid by variation of the speed at which the pump
coolant radiator -6 The pipe line 7 which is driven and/or by a
controlling device which 35 carries -thei c 6-lmit 2 finy;'mcluide-a
themrnostat regulates for instance the displacement volume 8 which
acts directly or through a pipe-line of the-pump in dependence upon
the tempera9 on a controlling device 10, which, for ture of the liquid
coolant.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785144 (A)
Description: GB785144 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to aircraft arresting gear
Description of GB785144 (A)
p_ m 'Th
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug IS, 1955.
785,144 No 23431/55.
Application made in United States of America on Jan 13, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 4, G 7.
International Classification:-B 64 f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Aircraft Arresting Gear We, ACME
PRECISION PRODUCTS, Inc, a corporation organised and existing under
the laws of the State of Ohio, United States of America, of 215 North
4. Findlay Street, Dayton, County of Montgomery, State of Ohio, United
States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
The invention relates to aircraft arresting gears and more
particularly to aircraft arresting gears designed to absorb the
kinetic energy of jet propelled aircraft.
The aircraft arresting gears with which we are familiar are designed
for use principally on aircraft carriers and are comprised essentially
of a series of arresting cables raised at the proper time to engage
either a lateral hook or the forward and central parts of the aircraft
and then to pick up a drag attached to both ends of the arresting
cables (weights of different -kinds such as sand bags, or to engage
air compressor devices or to actuate spring loaded cables and the
like) which gradually increases the retarding force on the forward
speed of the aircraft until its forward motion is stopped.
The problem of deceleration of jet propelled aircraft on aircraft
carriers is relatively simple since the runway (flight deck of
carrier) is narrow, about eighty feet wide At present, several lengths
of material such as woven nylon are strung in the form of a net
between two stanchions which may be raised from the flight deck and
will require little or no intermediate support A more recent type of
aircraft arresting gear utilizes an actuator strap or cable of woven
nylon raised about three or four feet above the runway when in
position to be employed This actuator strap is attached to an
arresting cable of wire rope or the like by means of a plurality of
lifter straps The arresting cable is attached at either end to a drag
When the aircraft engages the woven nylon actuator strap, it stretches
and ultimately lPrice 3 s 6 d l breaks This action raises the
arresting cable by means of the lifter straps into the air Since, at
the point of impact, the actuator strap is stretched the furthest, the
lift exerted on the arresting cable will be greatest at this point 50
Hence, an arc or loop is formed in the arresting cable at this point
It is this arc or loop which is designed to engage the landing gear of
the aircraft.
It has been found in practice that the speeds 55 of jet propelled
aircraft using land runways requiring the emergency use of the
aircraft arresting gear such as the invention range from thirty miles
per hour to one hundred ninety miles per hour which is frequently 60
encountered during an abortive take-off.
Since the transverse widths of the present land runways vary from one
hundred fifty feet to four hundred feet, many problems not present in
carrier aircraft arresting gears must 65 be faced and solved before a
5. gear is feasible for use on land runways.
The main problem present in designing an aircraft arresting gear for
any runway is to provide a means to absorb the kinetic energy of 70
the moving aircraft without causing substantial damage to the
structural parts or to the skin of the aircraft The speeds that are
likely to be encountered make it impracticable to employ the well
known dependent hook and cable 75 arrangement The woven nylon net also
has proven unsatisfactory for use on land runways because of the
problems involved as will appear from this specification The most
desirable method to stop a moving aircraft is to provide 80 some means
to engage the running gear of the swiftly moving aircraft to a
gradually increasing drag.
An aircraft arresting gear that is adapted to normally lay on the
runway and which can be 85 raised instantly to stop an aircraft is
highly desirable since only emergency use is contemplated The means of
raising such an aircraft arresting gear are well known For that
reason, the means of raising our arresting 9 Q gear herein described
will not be set forth except in general terms since it forms no part
of our invention.
However, the aircraft arresting gears with which we are familiar
employing an arresting cable flung into the air to engage an aircraft
have proven unsatisfactory from the standpoint of uniformity of
performance We have found that attaching the arresting cable directly
to the drag produces a very erratic performance.
Sometimes the arresting cable is flung into the air in the form of an
arc or loop outside the point of engagement of the aircraft with the
barrier and thus entangles the aircraft This causes the arresting
cable to engage parts of the aircraft not stressed for the forces
exerted with the result that substantial damage is done to the skin
and frame of the aircraft If the arc or loop of the arresting cable is
not sufficiently high at the proper time to engage either the main
landing gear, the bomb or rocket launcher racks, or the in-board fuel
tank hangers, the arresting gear will fail and the aircraft will not
be engaged to the drag If there are no bomb or rocket launcher racks,
or inboard fuel tank hangers on the aircraft, the arc or loop in the
arresting cable must be sufficiently high to engage the main landing
gear struts over the main landing gear wheels.
The arc or loop of this type of arresting cable must be raised into
the air after the nose wheel of the aircraft has passed over the
arresting cable to a height of approximately three feet while the
aircraft moves forward only approximately six feet if the arresting
cable is to engage bomb or rocket launcher racks, or in-board fuel
tank hangers The arc or loop of the arresting cable must also be
approximately two and onehalf feet to three feet high if it is to
6. engage the main landing gear struts which are approximately nineteen
and one-half feet in the rear of the nose wheel, depending upon the
type of aircraft The speed of the aircraft will vary from thirty miles
per hour to one hundred and ninety miles per hour as set forth above.
Hence, the performance of the arresting cable takes place in a very
short space of time.
The invention is directed to controlling the performance of the arc or
loop in the arresting cable as it is flung into the air to engage the
aircraft In the practice of the invention, we employ, as far as
possible, the present arrangement of this type of aircraft arresting
gear.
Thus, we employ the usual actuator strap and lifter straps to snap or
raise the arresting cable into position to engage the aircraft
However, we have-discovered a means of controlling the performance of
the arc or loop developed in the arresting cable upon an aircraft
crashing the arresting gear.
In order to provide an aircraft arresting gear that is uniform for any
width runway, we have found it is necessary that the actuator strap be
supported at substantially the same height above the runway We provide
internmediate supports for installation approximately every fifty feet
of transverse distance so that the actuator strap will not sag more
than approximately two inches between stanchions These intermediate
stanchions are so constructed that 70 they do not endanger the
aircraft when relieved of their supporting function, even if hit by
the aircraft.
As set forth above the problem encountered in using arresting cables
of the kind herein 75 described is that the nose wheel of the aircraft
must pass over the arresting cable which must then be flung into a
wave or loop sufficiently high at the point where the nose wheel
travelled over it to engage one of the two main points 80 which are
braced to hold such a cable without damage to the aircraft These
points are the main landing gear struts or the bomb hangers which may
also be employed to hold fuel tanks or rocket launchers The loop has
to be ap 85 proximately three to four feet high to pass over these
fuel tanks or bombs and engage the hangers, while the aircraft has
travelled only a distance of approximately six feet If the main
landing gear struts are to be engaged, then the 90 loop must be higher
than two and one-half feet but less than five feet after the aircraft
has travelled about fifteen to nineteen and one-half feet from the
point where the nose wheel passed over the arresting cable, depend 95
ing upon the type of aircraft Accordingly, it is easy to understand
why an uncontrolled wave engendered into the arresting cable produces
erratic results.
In practice we prefer to employ a 1 ' wire 100 rope as an arresting
7. cable Of course this cable size may be increased for greater loads The
arresting cable is snapped into the air by the lifter straps
beingstretchedwhenthe nose wheel strut of the aircraft engages the
actuator strap 105 and carries it forward The manner of accomplishing
this snapping is very important to the performance of the arresting
cable The lifter straps, which are attached to both the actuator strap
and the runway, are folded over the cable 110 intermediate their ends
and secured by sewing or by snap fasteners and formed into a loop
enfolding the cable Upon the actuator strap being stretched by the
nose wheel strut, the arresting cable is freed and snapped into the
115 air in the form of a loop or wave just before the lifter strap
becomes unfastened from the runway The loop is formed in the arresting
cable at the point of engagement and it is this loop which engages the
aircraft To form this 120 loop we provide excess cable that is lying
on the runway In other words, if the runway is one hundred fifty feet
wide, we provide that the cable will be approximately one hundred
fifty-three feet long This excess cable forms 125 the loop which
engages the aircraft and then the cable is carried along, picking up
the drag as the aircraft travels down the runway Obviously, the
actuator strap must be permitted to break at a predetermined point
This is 130 785,-144 satisfactorily and is less expensive; Our: means
of accomplishing -the reflection as above set forth is to provide that
the arresting cable is connected to the side stanchions in such a
manner that just after the 70 arresting cable: is raised by the lifter
straps and before the arresting cable picks up the drag; it is jerked
sharply This jerk causes substantially all of the tension wave to be
reflected along: the cable toward the point of 75 impact Thus, if the
point of impact is roughly at the center of:the actuator -strap, the
reflected tension wave acts to increase the arc or loop in the
arresting cable Even if the point of impact is off center, we have
found the re 80 flected tension wave does not adversely affect the
size or performance of the arc or loop in the arresting cable.
The principal object of the invention is to provide an aircraft
arresting gear for use on 85 runways of any width, that will absorb
the kinetic energy, or speed, of a jet propelled aircraft.
Another object of the invention is to provide that the arresting cable
of an aircraft arresting 90 gear will uniformly engage either the bomb
or rocket launcher racks, the fuel tank supports; or the main landing
gear struts, of a jet propelled aircraft without doing substantial
damage 95 Another object of the invention is to provide an aircraft
arresting gear which will absorb the speed of jet propelled aircraft
from thirty to one hundred ninety miles per hour without adjustment,
100 Another object of the invention is to provide an aircraft
arresting gear actuator strap stanchion or support that will
8. disassemble upon the actuator strap being engaged by a moving aircraft
by the stanchion being triggered to 105 release engagement.
Another object of the invention is to control the reflected tension
wave created in the arresting cable of an aircraft arresting gear when
it is snapped into position to engage a 110 moving aircraft, thereby
permitting a loop to develop in the arresting cable which will rise
the correct distance to uniformly engage the proper portions of an
aircraft Our means of accomplishing the foregoing 115 objects may be
more readily apprehended by having reference to the drawings which are
appended hereto and are made a part hereof in which:Figure 1 is a
perspective view somewhat 120 diagrammatic, showing an arresting gear
made in accordance with our invention about to be engaged by an
aircraft.
Fig 2 is a perspective view similar to Fig 1 after engagement of the
arresting gear by an 125 aircraft showing the beginning' of the loop
formed in arresting cable.
Fig 3 is a perspective view of the actuator:
strap and arresting cable with the arresting gear in erected position
with two intermediate 1-30 usually accomplished by means of a shear
pin arrangement which parts the actuator strap upon a predetermined
certain pressure being exerted on it We have found in practice that __
a shear pin in each end of the actuator strap adapted to shear when
3,000 pounds pressure is applied to it gives sufficient snap to the
lifter straps at the point of engagement to form the desired loop in
the arresting cable.
ID We have also found that a drag formed by anchor chains six hundred
feet long attached to each end of the arresting cable performs very
satisfactorily As stated above, by long experimentation, we have found
that unless some method to control the size and performance of the
loop of the arresting cable is developed, the uncontrolled loop
performs so erratically that no dependence can be placed upon the
results When it is realized each aircraft saved by the use of an
aircraft arresting gear represents the saving of the life of the pilot
as well as the saving of an aircraft valued at many hundreds of
thousands of dollars, the desirability of developing an arresting
cable which will uniformly engage the proper parts of an aircraft
regardless of the speed of the aircraft (within certain limits) is
evident After considerable study of the problem, we discovered that a
transverse wave travelling at approximately two hundred feet per
second and a partially reflected tension wave travelling approximately
ten thousand feet per second were combining to act on the loop of the
arresting cable after it was snapped into the air to engage the
aircraft These uncontrolled waves prevented any uniformity of action
in the arc or loop of the arresting cable being achieved The loop,
9. after it was released, into the air, frequently became catenary in
shape, softening to a circle and then running back into an ellipse,
all in the short space of time We then endeavored to separate the
partially reflected tension wave in its effect from the transverse
wave We discovered that the tension wave would tend to bring the ends
of the arresting cable, if free to move, directly inwardly toward the
point of impact However, when the arresting cable was attached to the
drag and the stanchion, the tension wave was reflected into several
directions in varying strengths We discovered that since the
proportion of reflection of the tension wave back toward the point of
impact along the arresting cable depended upon the degree of
dissipation of the tension wave by the drag and the stanchion, we
could control the reflection of the tension wave, and hence control
the action of the arc or loop in the arresting cable, if we could
direct substantially all of the tension wave back toward the point of
impact Of course, if we could completely absorb all the tension wave,
we could also control the performance of the arc or loop in the
arresting cable However; we have found that reflecting substantially
all of the tension wave works:
i 85,144 stanchions in place Fig 4 is a detailed view of a shear pin
arrangement attached to one end of the actuator strap.
Fig 5 is a detailed view of one end of the arresting cable with the
tension wave control in position.
Fig 6 is a detailed view of the lifter strap engagement of the
arresting cable:
Fig 7 is a detail view of our intermediate stanchion.
Fig 8 is a schematic drawing of the progress of the unsnapping of a
lifter strap as an aircraft engages the actuator strap.
Fig 9 is a detail view, partly in section of a portion of our
intermediate stanchion.
Fig 10 is a detail view of Figure 2.
Fig 11 is a schematic view of our intermediate stanchion in a "down"
position.
Similar numerals refer to similar parts throughout the specification.
As shown in the drawings, we provide an actuator strap 2 for the
aircraft arresting gear indicated generally as 1, which is preferably
made of woven nylon approximately one and three-quarters inches wide
and three-sixteenths of an inch thick with a 10,000 pound test
strength For safety, we provide dual straps 2 but we shall refer to
one only One end of this -strap 2 is attached through a shear pin
assembly 4 to a cable 6 which is held by the end stanchion 8 Since
each end is a duplicate, we have described only one The stanchion 8 is
adapted to be raised into a vertical position when the arresting gear
is required by means of bungee cord 9 or in any suitable manner As
10. shown in Fig 4, the shear pin assembly 4 is comprised of a yoke 10
riveted to a finger 11 and pivotedly attached by means of a bolt 12 to
a bifurcated tongue 14 which is swedged to the cable 6, which is
attached to the stanchion 8 While we have described one shear pin
assembly 4 for the actuator strap 2, it is understood there are two of
these, one at each end A shear pin 16 -which will shear at 3,000
pounds pull on the actuator strap 2 is inserted in the hole 18 in the
pin 17 which is attached by means of a bolt 20 to the bottom 13 of the
yoke 10 as shown.
We provide a plurality of lifter straps 22 which also may be made of
woven nylon, each of which may be attached to the actuator strap.
2 by loops 24 around the actuator strap 2 The length of the lifter
strap 22 must be as nearly exact in its measurements as possible.
For safety, we provide two straps 22 for each lifter, but for
convenience we shall describe only one The straps 22 are formed into
restraining loops 24 provided when the snap fasteners 26 are snapped
together and are folded over an arresting cable 30 as shown in Fig 6.
When the fasteners 26 are snapped together the strap 22 is firmly but
detachably fastened to the arresting cable 30 Of course, the straps
-65 22 may be lightly sewed together instead of employing the snap
fasteners -26 if desired.
We provide inertia straps 27 with snap fasteners 29 to insure the
restraining loops 24 against premature release We provide that the
snap fasteners 26 will open on a pull of 90 to 100 70 pounds It will
be noted that the lower end 31 of the lifter strap 22 is firmly
buttoned to an anchor plate 32 set in the runway by means of a grommet
34 However, this grommet 34 will resist separation far beyond the
release 75 load of the actuator strap fasteners 26 because the
direction of pull on the grommet 34 effects a shearing action rather
than a pulling force.
We have provided that the grommet 34 will separate upon a pull of
approximately 250 80 pounds.
It will thus be clear that when the actuator strap 2 is engaged by the
nose wheel strut of an aircraft as shown in Figs 2 and 10 and pulled
forwardly with enormous force, first the lifter 85 strap 22 nearest
the nose wheel will unfasten at the loop 24 surrounding the arresting
cable and then upon further stretching of the actuator strap 2, the
lifter straps 22 straighten out and snap the cable into the air upon
the 90 runway grommet 34 being pulled out This is schematically shown
in Fig 8 Referring to Fig 10, it will be clear that the lifter straps
A, B, C, D, E and F, have separated but that the lifter straps X and Y
have not yet been 95 forced open.
As set forth above, the actuator strap 2 should not be permitted to
sag more than approximately two inches because the function of the
11. actuator strap 2, as its name implies, is to 100 actuate the cable 30
In order to accomplish this purpose, the straps 22 should be in a
position to uniformly affect the cable 30 wherever the actuator strap
2 is engaged.
Consequently, we provide that an intermediate 105 stanchion indicated
generally as 40 is positioned approximately every fify feet of
transverse runway In this manner, a runway of any width may be covered
by our arresting gear without adjustment by merely inserting the 110
stanchion 40 as set forth above The stanchion comprises a lower bar 42
which is hinged to a base plate 44 set into the runway As shown in Fig
9 the lower bar 42 is hollow at its upper end 46 to receive a tube 48
The lower 115 end 62 of the tube 48 rests in the end 46 of the lower
bar 42 and is inserted at its upper end into a cap 50 attached to the
actuator strap 2 as shown in Figs 1 and 7.
A key 52 is mounted by a pivot 53 on a 120 flange 54 extending
outwardly from the extension 43 of the lower bar 42 substantially as
shown in Figure 9 The key 52 has an ear 56 extending upwardly and a
bifurcated finger 58 The tube 48 has a slot 60 adjacent its 125 lower
end 62 into which the finger 58 of the key 52 falls when the tube 48
is inserted into the bar 42 As shown in Figs 3, 7, 9 and 11, a bungee
cord 64 is attached to a base plate 66 in the runway and is slipped
around the ear 56 130 -4 785,144 785,144 5 of the key 52 It will be
noted that the bungee cord 64 rests just below the plane of the pivot
53 and will normally tend to keep the key 52 into a locked position A
trigger wire 68 is attached to the cap 50 and runs somewhat parallel
to the tube 48 and around the bifurcation in the finger 58 just behind
the bungee cord 64 The bungee cord 64 keeps the lower bar 42 in an
upright position until the actuator strap 2 is engaged by an aircraft
At this point, the cap 50 which is attached to the actuator strap 2 is
lifted from its position and causes the trigger wire 68 attached to it
to pull upwardly on the finger 58 of the key 52 As soon as the finger
58 is raised sufficiently that the bungee cord 64 is above the plane
of the pivot 53 due to the raising of the finger 58 caused by the
trigger wire 68 pulling thereon, the bungee cord 64 pulls the key 52
completely up and releases the tube 48 which falls along the runway
Thus the intermediate stanchion 40 disassembles and cannot injure the
aircraft even if the aircraft hits it during its forward movement A
recess may be formed in the runway for the intermediate stanchion 40
when it is in a downward position as shown in Fig 3.
The bungee cord 64 will be forced to stretch further when the
arresting gear is in a "down" position as shown in Fig 11 but it-will
be in substantially the same plane as the lower bar 42 and hence will
not cause it to raise until the entire arresting gear is raised
approximately 30 The lower bar 42 is curved as shown to hold the
12. arresting cable under it when in a downward position as shown in Fig
11.
As shown in the drawings we provide an arresting cable 30 which is
positioned substantially parallel to the actuator strap 2 but is laid
upon the runway In practice we have found a '," wire rope very
satisfactory As shown in Figs 2 and 10, the arresting cable 30 is
snapped into the air by the lifter straps 22 when they become "sprung"
i e unsevered or -45 unsnapped at the point of engagement Obviously,
not all of the lifter straps will be C"sprung" at the same time nor
with the same degree of force Hence, as shown in Fig 10, a curve or
loop 71 is developed into the arresting cable 30 This loop 71 will
have its greatest arc directly behind the nose wheel strut.
Thus the dimensional geometry of the lifter straps is very important
in timing the lifting of the arresting cable 30 For this reason near
-55 uniformity is highly desirable When the arresting cable 30 is
snapped into the air, the tension wave created in it tends to draw the
ends 70 and 72 of the cable directly towards each other at the center
of the point of engagement If the ends 70 and 72 of the arresting
cable were unattached, the result would be a loose V formed by the
arresting cable behind the main landing gear struts or other point of
engagement as the aircraft travelled down the runway with the ends 70
and 72 approaching each other If the ends of the arresting cable are
attached to the drag only (in this case, anchor chains) the ends of
the cable would jerk the loose chain links in a perpendicular
direction to the path of travel of the aircraft 70 thereby increasing
the amount of the cable in the loop 71 and distorting it We have seen
this happen and have found that if the reflected tension wave can be
controlled, the transverse wave unites into forming a uniform loop of
the 75 desired characteristics Accordingly, we provide a pair of
tension control cables 74 and 78 attached to each end 70 and 72 of the
cable 30.
One set of these is shown in Fig 5 Since they are identical, we shall
describe only one A 80 small cable 74 is attached firmly to the
stanchion 8 near the base, approximately one foot above the runway,
and extends to a shear pin device 76 which is similar to the shear pin
4 except that it will shear at 4,000 pounds Another 85 cable 78 of the
same dimensions as the cable 74 extends from the shear pin device 76
to the arresting cable 30 and may be attached by member 78 ' as shown
The end of the arresting cable 30 may be attached to the drag 33 by 90
means of a loop 30 ' passing through a shackle held by a screw pin 82
and attached to the cable by clamp 61 Since the success of our
invention resides in the cables 74 and 78 controlling the reflected
tension wave created 95 when the lifter straps 22 snap the cable 30
into the air, we carefully measure the cables 74 and 78 to assure that
13. as soon as the arresting cable is first lifted above the runway the
cables 74 and 78 become taut When the further 100 travel of the
aircraft against the actuator strap 2 forces the lifter straps nearest
the point engaged by the nose wheel strut to snap the arresting cable
30 into the shape of a loop as shown in Fig 10, the cables 74 and 78
have 105 been tightened to the shearing point of the shear pin device
76 At this instant, just before the shear is effected and the cables
74 and 78 are separated, the reflected tension wave is controlled by
directing the reflection through 1-10 the cables 74 and 78 back
thfouagh cable 30.
From the drawings it will be clear that when the shear pin device 76
separates, the arresting cable 30 is free to begin to pick up the
first links of the drag 33 in a turn of approximately 115 1800 and
gradually pick up more and more links which sweep into a drag forming
a rough cuneiform figure behind the aircraft as it progresses down the
runway Since the reflected tension wave is controlled, the loop 71
formed 1,20 in the arresting cable 30 can be regulated with almost
mathematical certainty by changing the length of the lifter straps 22
If it is desired to delay the time of forming the loop 71, the lifter
straps 22 may be lengthened In practice we 125 have found the actuator
strap 2 should be supported approximately 38 to 40 inches above the
runway From a great many tests, we have found this control of the
performance of the loop 71 is impossible without our tension wave 130
785,144 control means as set forth above.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785145 (A)
Description: GB785145 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to a flexible casing for use with the core of a
push-pull cable assembly
14. Description of GB785145 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug 15, 1955.
No 23480/55.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 3) D( 1 B: 313), D 5 (A: B: C: D: E).
International Classification -FO Sc.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to a Flexible Casing for use with the core
of a Push-pull Cable Assembly I, Jo HN FRANKLIN MORSE, a citizen of
the United States of America, of 21 Clinton Street, Hudson, Summit
County, Ohio, United States of America, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to what ateknown in the art as
"push-pull" cables, in which a flexible core member, usually in the
form of a cable, is employed to transmit mechanical motion in either
direction This type of mechanism is well known in the art and it is
the purpose of the present invention to improve upon the construction
and design of the outer casing member through which the core member
slides.
The usual existing forms of casing have a number of objections which
are overcome by the present invention The type of casing shown and
described herein is of a design which is adaptable for installation at
the point of use.
This enables the user to purchase the casing in long lengths, which
are cut on the job to fit the requirements thereof The new form of
casing also adapts itself to the attachment of end fittings either of
the permanently swaged on type or of the detachable type.
One of the advantages of the new form of casing is its ability to
withstand high compression or tension loads without buckling or
stretching In the operation of the core member of the push-pull cable
assembly the force which is applied to the end of the core member to
shift it in the casing is transmitted to the casing, but in the
opposite direction.
The casing of the present invention is constructed so that 'it will
resist much heavier forces than is possible with ordinary types of
casings, hence much greater loads may -be applied to the core member.
The casing is also designed so that it will withstand high compressive
loads which would crush casings made in accordance with prior art
practices Should heavy tools or machinery bump against or be placed on
15. the casing, it will not crush The casing is also designed to resist
kinking or excessive bending at localized points, but it has
sufficient flexibility so that it 50 may be bent around corners or
over beams, or other obstacles when installed.
The -casing is also water and oil tight and will remain so under
severe conditions of wear and rough usage, and will resist abrasion or
55 other forces which would injure older forms of casings.
One of the main advantages of the invention resides in the fact that
the construction of the casing permits a substantial reduction in the
60 clearance between the inner wall of the casing and the outer
surface of the slidable core member Reduction in clearance between the
casing and the core member reduces the opportunity for bending or
buckling of the core 65 member In older forms of casings it has been
necessary to provide an excessive amount of clearance between the core
and the interior of the casing because of the possibility of the
casing becoming deformed, for various reasons 70 The present form of
casing also provides -a yielding layer between the inner and outer
walls of the casing, which will absorb compression loads placed upon
the casing and thus the clearance between the core and the interior 75
of the casing may -be substantially reduced.
The casing shown and described herein has a degree of inherent
springiness which causes it to lie in a straight line when free to do
so,rather than tending to curl or bend, as is the 80 case with older
types of casings This feature is especially valuable when the core
member has a like tendency to lie in a straight line:
because it reduces the frictional drag between the core and the casing
The form of casing -85 shown herein has the further advantage that it
will not tend to unravel when cut, thus eliminating any necessity for
holding the wires which constitute the casing at the points, -of
cutting to prevent untwisting of the casing 90 785; 145According to
the invention there is provided a flexible casing for use with the
core of a pushpull-cable-assembly having an inner reinforcing member
to withstand high compressive loads without deformation and an outer
reinforcing member to withstand high tensile-loads without elongating,
said inner reinforcing member consisting of a flattened wire ribbon
tightly wrapped in a helix with the edges of the turns of the ribbon
in contact, the contacting edges being rounded with the common tangent
at each contact perpendicular to the axis of the casing to permit the
casing to be bent without-relative transverse displacement of the
turns and the inner surface of the helix forming a constant diameter
sliding bearing for the core, said outer reinforcing member consisting
of'a plurality of wires spirally wrapped about the O casing 1 N
relatively long spirals and havingi a permanent set in the spiral
form, and a sheath of rubber or rubber-like material interposed
16. between said two reinforcing meimbers.
In, order that the invention may be understood, it-will now be
described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:Fig 1
is a side elevation of one end of a push-pull cable-assembly:
comprising the improved casing of the present invention In this
embodiment of the invention, a pivoted operating lever-is attached to
the core and the casing-is extended beyond the clamping means
thlrefor-so as to aillow for the rocking mover ment of the lever by
the bending of the casing.
Fig 2 is a side elevation of an alternative type of mounting in which
the rocking, movement of the operating lever, is permitted -by a ball
and socket connection between the operating lever and the fitting on
the end of : the casing.
Fig 3-is a lqngiotiinal section through-the.
casing and the-end fitting shown in Fig 2.
Fig 4 is an enlarged= section through one sid&e of-the casing
on,the-line 4-4 of Fig 3.
Figi 5 is an enlarged section through one side of the casing at the
point of attachment of tlhe end fittingsi the location of this view
being indicated by the line-5-5 of Fig 3.
In the draw-ings, the movable core member is indicated generally by
the numeral 1 This core member may be any of the standard forms of
cores but it is preferred to employ that type of core member which
consists of a central cables usually; co Ranpsed of nineteen
strands-of wre spirally wrapped to form an inner cable 2 and an outer
covering consisting of a flat metal ribbon 3-spirally-wrapped about
the inner cable and compressed thereon, the core
assemblyconstijtuting:an armored strand which is common in the art
This type of core member is preferrpd because of its high efficiency
and also because ithas a smooth outer surface and tends to lie, in a
straight line.
Hen ce it-does not create as much friction with the interior of
the,-casing as other types of core members.
The outer casing is indicated as a whole by the numeral 5, the details
of which will be described later In making the installation the user
cuts off a length of the casing sufficient for the requirements and
secures it in location 70 by any suitable means, an ordinary clip for
this purpose being shown at 6 in Fig 1 The user then cuts off a length
of the inner core member sufficient so that a substantial portion of
the core member will project from either 75 end of the casing for
attachment of the end fittings for the core.
While many types of core end-fitting may be used, the preferred form
is that shown in the drawings The core member 1 is extended 80 into an
end fitting 10 which is a bar of metal having a bore 11 to receive the
17. core member, which is securely clamped to the fitting by screws 12
threadedinto-the fitting and holding the core by deforming it as shown
in Fig 2 85 This preferred means of securing the core to its end
fitting is covered in U S Patent Specification 2,643,146.
The end fitting 10 is pivotally connected at 14 -to the operating
member here shown as a 90 pivoted lever or crank arm 15 Secured in a
socket, in the outer end of the fitting 10 is a guiding member in the
form of a tube 16 which surrounds the core member and is
telescopically received, in a sleeve 18 attached 95 to the end-of the
casing by an end fitting By this means any movement of the operating
lever imparts a direct thrust to the core member.
The end fitting for the casing is indicated, 100 as a whole in both
Figs 1 and 2 by the-numeral The means by which this end fitting is
secured to the casing is the same, in both embodiments of the
invention and will be later described The means by which the sleeve 18
105 is attached-to this end fitting in the form shown in Fig 1
consists in providing a socket 22 in the member 21 of the end fitting
The end of the sleeve 18 is force fitted-and brazed in the socket so
that the sleeve is rigid with the end 110 fitting In this embodiment
of the invention the necessary flexibility for operating, the lever
and providing for free sliding movement of the tube 16 in the sleeve
18 is provided for by the end of the flexible casing 5 which is ex 115
tended for a sufficient distance beyond the nearest clip or holder 6
to allow for the movemesit of the operating lever.
This method of assembling is usually emiployed on light duty cable
assemblies where 120 the loads exerted by the operation of the-lever
are not excessive However, it is not well suited for assemblies
in-which the loads transmitted by the core member are extreme and for
this reason the modification shown inm Fig,2 12-5 has been devised.
In the form of the invention shown in Figs 2 and 3, the member of the
casing end fitting corresponding to the part 21 in Fig 1 is given the
reference-numeral 25 This mem 130 wire wrapping which is given the
reference numeral 40 This is composed of a plurality of steel wires
wrapped in long spirals, with the turns thereof closely spaced but not
in actual contact, as shown in Fig 4, and with 70 the spiral on the
opposite hand from the spiral.
of the inner wire 36 The wires 40 are preformed before being wrapped
about the outside of the casing, by which is meant that the wires are
formed, in substantially the condition in 75 = which they will lie -in
the finished product before wrapping them about the sheath By
preforming the wires 40 in the manner described, the casing does not
exhibit any tendency to twist or writhe, and hence it will: 80 i
remain in a straight line when no bending.
force is applied to the, casing, but the casing may be flexed when it
18. is installed The preforming of the wires also eliminates any tendency
of the wires to untwist or ravel when the 85 casing is cut When the
wires 40 are applied over the intermediate rubber sheath, the
wireswill embed themselves to a limited, extent in, the rubber, as
shown in Fig 4.
The casing which has been described is, 90ideally suited for
attachment of the casing end fittings as will be understood from a
further description of this element of the assembly.
The outer spiral wire gives an exceedingly durable and abrasive and
wear resisting outer 95.
covering for the casing and also, provides a high tensile strength
when the push-pullcable is working under heavy compression.
loads The heavy inner coil of wire 36 provides the desirable
compressive strength when the 100 Q push-pull cable is working under
heavy tensile loads Both inner and outer coils, together with the
intermediate cushion 38 prevent the:
casing from crushing under heavy external loads, and the combination
of the inner-, and 105 outer coils all tends to resist excessive local
bends and to maintain-an even and fairly large radius where bends
occur, all of which contributes to the -smooth operation of the inner
cable in its movement to and fro in the casing 110.
Referring now to the casing end fitting: In the forms of the invention
shown in both Figs 1 and 2, the member 21 or-25 is the malemember of a
threaded coupling by which the operating elements for the core are
securely 115 attached,to the end of the casing The female member in
each case is indicated by the numeral and-both elements of the
coupling are provided with flattened areas by which they may be
rotated relatively to one another in making 120 or detaching the
coupling.
The male member is provided with a threaded extension 46, which is
received within the internally threaded extension 47 on the female
member, and the inner end of the male 125 member is formed with the
cone shaped socket 48 At the base of the threads on the female member
of the coupling or joint is a shoulder and in the space between the
two elements of the coupling is the clamping ring 52, one 130 her is
provided with a threaded extension 26 in which is formed a spherical
socket 27.
The guiding sleeve 18 a in this case is provided with a mating
spherical head 28 which fits in the socket 27 and is apertured at 29
providing for the angular movement between the core end fitting and
the casing, on the rocking of the lever 15; The end of the extension
26 is peened or spun over the head, 28 to hold the elements together.
In the form shown in Fig 2, the casing end fitting is held in position
by a bracket 32, one arm of which is apertured to fit over the
19. threaded outer end of the member 25 and is held-in position against a
flange 33 by the nut 34 on the extension The other, arm of the
brack-et-is adapted to be fastened in location-by bolts or-screws 37,
which give a rigid support for the end of -the casing The method of
securing the end of the casing in position has advantages where the
loads exerted on the core are extremely heavy and also where there is
little room to mount the operating:member.
Referring now to the details of the casing design: This is composed of
an inner member made of a substantially rectangular wire 36 which-is
wrapped in a tight coil-or helix, the inner diameter of which is
slightly greater than the outer diameter of the core member 1 As
explained above, one of the advantages of the invention is that it
enables the clearance between the core and the casing to b e reduced
substantially over old forms of cable assemblies, thus reducing any
tendency of the core to buckle or bend-in the casing under heavy loads
and giving much smoother operation In-the present invention the
clearance need be only sufficient to provide a free sliding bearing
between core and casing, with a small amount of lubricant.
It will be noted that the inner and outer surfaces of the wire 36 are
flat but that the edges thereof are formed on an arc, which permits a
certain amount of flexing in the casing necessary to permit its
installation It will also be noted that the common tangent of the
curved edges at each contact point is perpendicular-to the axis of the
casing to permit the casing to bend without relative transverse
displacement of the turns As a result the inner surface of the casing
is maintained at constant diameter during-bending.
Placed about the inner lining formed by the spiral wire 36 is a sheath
of an oil resistant rubber or rubber-like material 38 which is
ordinarily extruded and cured over the coil 36.
While rubber is normally used, rubber substitutes, plastics, or other
resilient materials having waterproofing and yielding properties
comparable to rubber may be employed This sheath is of substantial
thickness and not only gives the oil and waterproof protection to the
interior of the casing but also serves as a cushion to protect the
inner wire helix from crushing.
Over the sheath 38 is applied the outer spiral 785,1,45 4 785,145 side
of which bears against the shoulder The other side of the ring is
formed with a reduced skirt or extension 54, which fits into the
conical socket on the male member of the coupling and is preferably
split so that as the two coupling members are brought together the
skirt will be contracted by the cone-shaped socket and will bite into
the outer surfaces of the wires 40 The edge of the skirt should be
sharpened so as to dig into the several wires as shown in Fig 3 In
this view one of the lowermost wires 40 a is shown in extension so as
20. to illustrate this operation; a true section at this point will show
the wires as elongated ovals as they appear in the upper portion of
the view.
The action of the coupling is illustrated by comparing Figs 4 and 5
Tightening of the two elements of the coupling causes the edge of the
skirt to dig into the wires It also crowds the wires 40 together and
causes the rubber of the sheath 38 to flow into the interstices
between the wires This makes an extremely secure anchorage for the
casing end fitting.
It will be noted, however, that the tightening of the coupling cannot
reduce the innermost diameter of the casing due to the fact that the
wires 36 are in a tight coil and also due to the fact that the rubber
cushion between the inner and outer coils will permit a contraction of
the inner diameter of the outer coil without crushing of the inner
coil.
It will be seen that the assembly shown and 357 described herein is
one which may be easily cut and assembled on location, which reduces
the cost of push-pull cable installation The casing is ideally adapted
for the attachment of Xa casing end fitting and particularly for that
shown herein There is no reduction in the inner diameter of the casing
so that it is possible to make a push-pull cable installation in which
there is the mi Tnmum amount of clearance between the cable and the
casing, resulting in the minimum amount of bacldash The casing
assembly is unusually rugged and adapted to withstand all loads placed
upon it It is practically indestructible and protects the interior of
the casing from oil and water.
Where the term "rubber" or "rubber-like" 50 is used in the claims, it
is intended to cover all types of rubber or rubber-like or composite
material which gives the desired yielding and waterproofing
characteristics to the assembly.
While the "high efficiency" type of core mem 55 ber is preferred,
other core elements may be employed and while zother types of
couplings may be susbstituted for that shown, the form shown is best
adapted for use with the casing which has been described 60
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21. * GB785146 (A)
Description: GB785146 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Yarn treatment
Description of GB785146 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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US2859605 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
Oil 1
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,146 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug 30,
1955.
Application made in United States of America on Aug 31, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 2 ( 3), B 1 (E: J).
International Classification:-D Olf.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Yarn Treatment We, CELANESE CORPORATIONOF AMERICA, of 180 Madison
Avenue, New York 16, New York, United States of America, a company
incorporated in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware,
United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which
we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:-
This invention relates to apparatus suitable for the treatment of
yarns with liquids.
22. Apparatus in accordance with the invention comprises a plurality of
rotatable rolls, adapted to support yarn to be treated, means for
applying liquid to one or more of the rolls, and a wiper element or
elements having an upper surface resiliently engaging one of the rolls
and a lower surface engaging another of the rolls, the said element or
elements preferably extending along at least the greater part of the
length of the said rolls, whereby liquid can be wiped off the first of
the said rolls and transferred to the second It will be understood
that when the apparatus comprises more than two rolls, more than one
of them may be provided with a wiper element whereby liquid can be
removed from it and transferred to another roll.
In an important embodiment of the invention at least one of the rolls
has its axis skew with respect to that of the other roll or rolls, so
that a yarn can be caused to travel simultaneously round the system of
rolls in a number of convolutions, and along the length of the rolls,
in the well known manner Rolls so arranged are commonly termed
"advancing rolls", and are usually arranged in pairs.
Apparatus according to the invention and comprising a system of
advancing rolls may be constructed in such a way as to allow the yarn
to be treated either with a single liquid or with two or more
different liquids In the latter case each roll may be divided into
sections separated by barrier means whereby the flow lPrice 3 s 6 d l
of treating liquid from one section to another is prevented or
hindered, separate means being provided for applying the different
-liquids to the several sections It is moreover advantageous to
provide an auxiliary wiping means 50 adapted to remove liquid from
each section after the first, preferably only over a short length
adjacent to the preceding section, in combination with means for
transferring liquid so removed to the preceding section of 55 a lower
roll, for example an inclined trough.
By this means contamination of a particular treating liquid by liquid
carried over with the yarn from the preceding section can be largely
eliminated 60 The invention will be described in more detail by
reference to the accompanying draw ing, in which:
Figure 1 is a fragmentary view of a preferred form of apparatus in
side elevation, 65 Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the
line 2-2 of Figure 1, and Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken
along the line 3-3 of Figure 1 Like reference numerals indicate like
parts 70throughout the several views of the drawing.
Referring now to the drawing, the apparatus comprises a pair of
advancing rolls 11 and 12 mounted one above the other and having their
axes skew with respect to each other, and both 75 driven in the same
direction as shown by the arrows in Figure 2 Owing to the mutual
orientation of the rolls a yarn 13 supplied continuously to the upper
23. roll 11 and carried in a number of spaced convolutions round the rolls
80 will travel from the left or input side to the right or discharge
side of the apparatus (as shown in the drawing) in the manner well
known in the art Sprinkler means 14 and'16 are positioned above the
upper roll 11 for sup 85 plying different treating liquids t 6 it (For
the l sake of clarity only two separate treatment zones 17 and 18 are
shown in the drawing, but it will be understood that any particular
apparatus may comprise any desired number 90 No 24842/55.
of treatment zones, in accordance with the number of different
treatments it is desired to perform on it) In order to prevent
uncontrolled mixing of the different liquids on-the rolls 11 and 12,
the rolls are divided into axially spaced sections by means of barrier
means 19 and 21 The barrier means may each comprise two rows of
grooves 22 inclined to the generating elements of the surface of the
rolls The grooves 22 may be evenly spaced round the rolls and may be
inclined at an angle of about 300 to about 600, preferably about 450,
to the generating elements of the surfaces of the rolls The bottom
surface of each groove 22 may be either arcuate or straight in the
direction of the -length of the groove, and the grooves of adjacent
rows may be staggered as shown in the drawing or in line Other barrier
means may however be employed; for example when the treating liquids
are aqueous in nature the appropriate parts of the rolls 11 and 12 may
be treated to make them water-repellent, for instance by coating them
with polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene or
polytrifluoromonochloroethylene, the uncoated parts of the rolls being
of course easily wetted by aqueous liquids For example a film of the
desired coating material may be applied to the appropriate parts -of
the smooth surfaces of the rolls, preferably over a suitable
undercoating, and fused to the rolls by means of heat.
The apparatus comprises also wiper blades 23 and 24 mounted on a blade
support 26 between the rolls 11 and 12 and substantially parallel to
the lower roll 12 The blade support 26 is adjustably mounted on a
fixed bar 27 as by means of screws 28 (Figure 1) The wiper -blades 23
and 24 are preferably made of natural or synthetic rubber or of some
other flexible and chemically inert material, and are secured in any
suitable manner, as by clamping with a metal strip, to the blade
support 26 -Each blade 23 and 24 extends for almost the entire length
of the corresponding treating zone of the apparatus, and is arranged
so that the whole length of the upper edge of the blade rests against
and wipes the lower surface of the upper roll 11, thus removing liquid
from the roll as.
it rotates Under the influence of gravity the liquids so removed flow
along the upper surfaces of the blades 23 and 24 and onto the upper
surface of the lower roll 12 The lower surfaces of the blades 23 and
24. 24 are serrated evenly along their lower edges 29 and 31 so as to
distribute the liquid uniformly over the lower roll 12, and so into
contact with the yarn 13 passing over the lower roll, with the
mini-mum of disturbance to the yarn.
The wiper blades 23 and 24 are uniform in cross-section and in the
relaxed position are flat and rectangular, but as installed they are
bent owing to their engagement with both the blade support 26 and the
lower part of the upper roll-11 The top of the blade support 26 is
formed in a smooth curve at 32 to aid in maintaining the blades in
even contact with the upper roll 11 Since the blade support 26 extends
substantially parallel to the lower roll 12, the serrated edges 29 and
31 of the blades 70 23 and 24 engage the lower roll 12 along a line
parallel to its axis Since the axes of the upper and lower rolls are
skew with respect to each other, the line along which the upper edges
of the blades 23 and 24 engage the upper roll 75 will not be parallel
to the axis of the roll.
However the spans of the blades 23 and 24 between the top of the blade
support 26 and the upper edges of the blades are made sufficiently
great to ensure that the flexible blades 80 will maintain close
contact with the upper roll 11 along the whole length of their upper
edges.
The wiper blades 23 and 24 are so mounted that they do not make
contact with the grooves 85 22 making up the barriers 19 and 21 (or
other barrier means if such are employed), and that part of the blade
support 26 which is opposite the barriers has notches in at least one
edge, and preferably both, as shown by the reference 90 numerals 33
and 34 These notches serve to prevent or hinder liquid from flowing
along the blade support 26 from one zone to another.
In the second zone 18 there is provided an auxiliary wiper blade 36,
which, like the blades 95 23 and 24, is preferably made of rubber.
This auxiliary blade 36 is mounted on any suitable support (not shown)
and is situated further back than the blade 24, as viewed in Figure 1,
with its upper edge in close contact 100 with the lower part of the
upper roll 11 (See Figures 2 and 3) At least part of the auxiliary
blade 36 extends closer to the barrier 19 than the edge 37 of the
blade 24, so that that part of the upper roll 11 which is between the
105 barrier and the edge 37 is engaged solely by the auxiliary blade
The auxiliary blade 36 serves to remove liquid which has been carried
over by the yarn 13 from the first to the second section of the upper
roll, and which may have 110 been partly diluted by the liquid
supplied by the sprinkler 16 A tilted trough 38 is fixed to the lower
edge of the auxiliary blade 36 and serves to transfer liquid which has
been removed by the auxiliary blade from the upper 115 roll 11 to the
upper part of the lower roll 12 in the preceding zone A trough 39 is
25. provided below the lower roll 12 to receive liquid falling from it,
and this liquid can be recycled to the sprinkler head 14 by a pipe 41,
fresh make-up 120 liquid being added through an inlet 42.
The effective width of the auxiliary blade 36, and therefore the
amount of liquid which it transfers from the second zone 18 to the
first zone 17, may be varied by adjusting the position 125 of the
wiper blade 24 on the support 26 so as to vary the extent to which the
blade 24 and the auxiliary blade 36 overlap In the area = where-the
blade 24 and the auxiliary blade 36 overlap, the blade 24 will remove
most or all 130 t 785,146 system for circulating the saponification
liquid may be kept in balance That is to say, when the rate of supply
of concentrated sodium hydroxide or other alkaline saponification
liquor through the inlet 42 and the rate of supply of 70 wash water
through the sprinkler head 16 are kept constant, the position of the
blade 24 may be so adjusted that the net amount of liquid withdrawn
from the saponification zone 17 by the wet yarn 13 is exactly equalled
by 75 the sum of the amount of liquid -returned to the zone by the
action of the auxiliary blade 36 and the amount added at the inlet 42
In addition the provision of the auxiliary blade 36 reduces the amount
of sodium acetate lost from 80 the system with the wash water.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785147 (A)
Description: GB785147 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Glyceride molecular rearrangement process
Description of GB785147 (A)
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26. The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECITI CA-TION -
Date of Application and filing Complete
Specification: Sept 2, 1955.
785,147 No 25339/55.
t W i x t to Application made in United States of America on Sept 2,
1954.
Complete Spocification Published: Oct 23, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 82 ( 1), A 8 G, A 9 B( 1 F: 2 A: 3 E),
AX; and 91, C 3 A 7.
International Classification:-Cllc C 22 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Glyceride Molecular Rearrangement Process We, THOMAS HIEDLEY & Co
LIMITED, a company organised under the laws of Great Britain, of
Phoenix Buildings, Collingwood Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1, do
hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention relates to catalysis of glyceride molecular
rearrangement processes, and more particularly to the catalysis of
interesterification reactions as applied to glycerides.
The use of alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, to catalyse
molecular rearrangement reactions in glycerides is well known, but it
is believed that the manner of such priof use, at least in part
necessitated by the physical properties of the alkali metal, has not
led to ' realization of the maximum effectiveness in catalyst activity
The processes of the prior art have either involved dispersion of the
sodium orpotassium in the glyceride at substantially elevated
temperatures, or have involved the addition to the glyceride of
preformed dispersions of the solid alkali metal in an inert,
non-aqueous solvent such as xylene, toluene, or kerosene fractions.
In the-first instance, those temperatures which ' are required to melt
sodium-and potassium are in a range of temperatures conducive to
undesirable side reactions with the glyceride, thusresulting in a
marked reduction of the catalytic activity of the alkali metal, and in
a darkening and even charring of the glyc'eride beingtreated Potassium
and sodium melt -at about TF and 2080 F, respectively, and according
to experience, the exposure-of the glyceride-to such highly active
alkali metals at temperatures substantially above 120 'F, even for
27. short periods of time, results in appreciable reduction in catalyst
activity and quality of the glyceride derived from the treatment.
If, for example, the molecular rearrangement reaction is conducted at
the tempetature -of lP dispersion or perhaps at some lower temperature
which, however, is above the melting point of the sodium or potassium,
the aforementioned undesirable side reactions proceed to an
objectionable degree Even exposure of 50 the glyceride to the sodium
or potassium at such temperatures for short periods of time, as are
normally required for dispersion and activation of the catalyst, has
adverse effect on the catalytic activity in subsequent opera 55 tions
at temperatures below 120 'F Thus, a dispersion of sodium in lard at
250 OF, at a conventional concentration of about O; 2 %, has resulted
in complete inactivation of the sodium for catalysis of subsequent
directed rearrange 6 ment of the lard at temperatures in the range of
-900 F Such inactivation is not observed in practising the present
invention, and pre sumably at the higher temperatures of prior
practice, the sodium or the active catalyst 65 formed thereform is
consumed or poisoned in side reactions In the second instance, the use
of preformed dispersions of solid alkali metal in a suitable solvent
obviously embodies the addition of the 70 ' solvent as a foreign
substance whichi,: -in the case of edible pfoduicts, must later be
removedat some stage of processing to enable intended use The step of
deodorization, of course, can be conducted in such manner as to
accomplish solve'it"remnoval, but'it is difficult to recover the
solvefit 'economically' in a form which permnits reuse, and therefore
employment of the solvent as a dispersion, vehicle usually represents
a net loss Moreover, in 80 cominetcial installations, the handling of
combustible solvents-presents undesirable'fire and explosion hazards.
Iii additionr, when temperatures of molecular rearrafigeifient are
below the melting point' of 8 the sodiuii or potassium, the alkali
metal exists as a solid phase, Which even though of a.
malleable nafttre and fin-ely dispersed throughout the glyceride,
shows not only some resistance' to' prelifinary activation but also a
90susceptibility to poisoning.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved
catalytic material of the alkali metal class for glyceride molecular
rearrangement reactions The above object is achieved and the
disadvantages of prior teachings are obviated by the use according to
the invention, at temperatures not substantially higher than 1200 F,
of a metallic sodium and potassium alloy which is liquid at such
temperatures While sodium and -potassium each have melting points
above 1200 F', certain mixtures or alloys of the two metals have
melting points which are much lower than the melting point of either
constituent The present invention is therefore directed to the process
28. of conducting glyceride rearrangement reactions with the aid of liquid
sodium-potassium alloys which have melting points not substantially
higher than 120 'F.
Alloys meeting this specification are those having by weight about 75
% to about 3 % sodium and ab 6 ut 25 % to about 97 % potassium.
The lowesitmelting alloy within this composition range, having a
-melting point bf about -100 F S contains about 77 % potassium and
about 23 % sodium.
Those compositions containing from about % to about 15 % sodium and
about 50 % to about 85 % potassium are particularly suitable for low
temperatures directed rearrangement reactions since their melting
points are below 'F, and, in general, rearrangement in accordance with
the invention is carried out at a temperature not substantially lower
than 500 F For general use, serving demand for economy and liquidity,
the 50-50 alloy is preferred The sodium-potassium alloys are
obtainable by passing sodium vapour through fused potassium chloride
whereby a mixture of potassium and sodium vapours is formed, and
second, appropriately fractionating the vapour mixture.
In the use of the sodium potassium alloy in accordance with the
present invention, the same precautions are observed as in the
customary use of sodium or potassium alone Thus for example, any free
fatty acids, peroxides, and moisture present in the glycerides tend to
consume the catalytic material and sufficient alkali metal must be
used to insure an excess over that which might be inactivated by the
presence of such materials In general, an excess of 0 02 %,-calculated
as percent sodium, has been found to give a reasonable reaction rate,
and greater amounts may of course be used, but for economic reasons
such amounts do not normally exceed 1 % If the acid and moisture in
the glyceride is such as to require such larger usage, then it is
usually more economical to purify the glyceride as by preliminary
alkali refining and/or drying steps In the treatment of glyceride fats
such as dry lard, for example, having a fatty acid content of 0 25 %
to 0 5 %, an amount of 50-50 alloy equal to 0 2 % to 0 5 % by weight
(calculated as sodium) of the glyceride will usually be found
adequate.
The liquid sodium potassium alloy can be 70 dispersed directly in the
glyceride by means of conventional mechanically agitated dispersing
equipment adapted for use with liquids, an example being the Premier
Dispersator manufactured by the Premier Mill Corporation of 75 Geneva,
New York This is an enclosed mixing device having a relatively small
barrel-shaped rotor cage mounted on a vertical axis, this cage being
driven at very high speed (from about 15,000 RPM in smaller models to
about 80 3,600 RPM in larger units) and being adapted to suck the
heavier liquid into its open lower end and to sling, by centrifugal
29. force, subdivided portions of this heavier liquid into the surrounding
lighter liquid through vertical 85 slits in its outer wall Other
dispersing devices of well known design, preferably employing a
centrifugally induced shearing action, will serve the purpose
Expensive special equipment, such as a homogenizer or a colloid mill,
90 although suitable for the purpose, is not necessary However, it
should be pointed out that the efficiency of the alloy in catalysis
has been found to be in part dependent on its droplet size in the
dispersion, higher efficiencies being 95 observed with smaller
droplets It is preferable, therefore, that the intensity of agitation
during dispersion be such as to give an average droplet diameter not
substantially exceeding 50 microns 100 It is believed that the sodium
potassium alloy does not immediately possess catalytic activity on
introduction into the glyceride, but rather requires a briefperiod for
activation, after which catalytic activity is noted This may possibly
105 be due to the reaction of the alloy with glyceride or fatty
material in some way to produce the actual catalyst.
The use of the present alloys has not only resulted in shorter
activation periods but also 110 in appreciably higher activity in
bringing the rearrangement reaction to equilibrium This is
particularly advantageous in the production of directedly rearranged
glycerides wherein sufficiently low reaction temperatures are employed
115 to permit crystallization of higher melting triglycerides formed
during the course of interesterification In many instances of such
treatment, the temperature will be below 1200 F, such as 40 'F to 950
F, depending on 120 the glyceride being processed.
The ability of the alloy to become activated in a relatively short
time and to maintain an outstanding high degree of activity throughout
the rearrangement reaction is perhaps directly 125 due to the
existence of the alloy as droplets, rather than malleable or plastic
solid particles, in the presence-of the glyceride during reaction.
A liquid is more readily dispersed in finely divided form than a
semi-solid, and it would 130 785,147 785,147 appear that complete
poisoning of the catalyst as by formation of coatings on the
particles, would be delayed in the case of a liquid droplet, which,
compared to a semi-solid particle, is relatively easy to deform or
subdivide, thereby presenting a fresh surface for catalysts during the
reaction.
The manner in which the sodium potassium alloys are employed will be
readily evident from the following Examples.
In these Examples a standardized procedure for determining the "cloud
point" was employed to obtain a rough measure of the extent of
rearrangement In the cloud point procedure a portion of the material
to be examined is heated to about 60 TC and is placed in a tall form
30. electrolytic type beaker (No 1140 Corning Glass Works, Corning, New
York).
Means for agitating the sample and for reading its temperature are
provided A flowing stream of cold water at a temperature of less than
about 70 C is passed around the outside of the beaker at such a rate
that the temperature of the glyceride mixture in the beaker drops from
60 to 40 'C in about 1 minute A beam of white light is passed through
the beaker and the sample, the transmitted beam intensity being such
that a photo cell registers 2 microamperes while the sample is wholly
liquid.
The temperature at which the transmitted beam intensity is reduced to
31 4 % of its initial intensity as a result of crystal formation
throughout the sample is taken as the cloud point temperature The
parts and proportions mentioned in the Examples are by weight.
EXAMPLE 1
Vacuum dried prime steam lard having a cloud point of 17 40 C was used
in this Example.
To 2,000 parts of this lard under a nitrogen blanket at a temperature
of 970 F were added 5.4 parts of a sodium potassium alloy constituted
of equal parts by weight of sodium and potassium The mixture of liquid
lard and alloy was then mechanically agitated vigorously to achieve
dispersion of the alloy throughout the lard in very finely divided
form At the end of about 2 i minutes mixing time, the colour of the
mixture changed from light gray to brown, indicating that the catalyst
had become activated and that interesterification was taking place At
the end of 5 minutes total mixing time, the agitation was stopped, the
temperature having risen to about 1151 F.
About ' of the reacted mixture was removed and treated with an excess
of water to inactivate the catalyst and hydrate the soaps formed by
reaction of fatty material with the alkali metal alloy Thereafter the
mixture was settled and -the treated oil was filtered to remove
suspended sodium and potassium soaps The cloud point of the thus
treated lard was 22 60 C, an increase of 5 20 C over the cloud point
of the original lard This change in cloud point was sufficient to
indicate that substantial interesterification had been effected The
five minute reaction period required to obtain this result was much
shorter than that required with metallic sodium even at substantially
higher temperature.
EXAMPLE 2 70
The remaining 5 of the mixture of Example 1 was transferred to a heavy
duty mixing device especially adapted to effect the mixing of thick
viscous substances or slurries The mixture of glyceride and catalyst
was agitated and cooled 75 in the mixer to about 720 F in about 10
minutes.
31. This cooling brought about crystallization of a substantial portion of
higher melting glycerides.
Agitation of the slurry was continued and the stock temperature was
allowed to rise to 80 Sa 850 F as a result of liberation of the heat
of crystallization, and was then held between these temperature limits
for a period of one hour At the end of this time, the catalyst was
first inactivated with an excess of water while 85:
the temperature was held within the 80 'F range, and the resulting
mixture was then heated to 120 'F to melt the solidified portion -of
the fat The soaps formed by reaction of the alkali metal with the fat
were allowed to 90 settle and the decanted oil was filtered to remove
suspended sodium and potassium soaps The cloud point on the filtered
oil was found to be 29 40 C, a 6 80 C rise over the rearranged product
of Example 1 and 12 'C 95 rise over the original lard, indicating that
a substantial portion of the combined saturated fatty acids in the
lard had been converted to trisaturated glycerides which did not exist
in the original or in the Example 1 compositions 00 An equal amount by
weight of a 60-40 potassium sodium alloy can be employed in the
practice of Examples 1 and 2 with substantially equal results.
The improvement in the speed of catalyst 105 activation and of
catalysis resulting from the use of the liquid sodium potassium alloy
in accordance with the invention, is of outstanding advantage in
continuous glyceride rearrangement processes, both of the random and
of the 110 directed type Such improvements have made possible the
simplification in design of equipment and have resulted in economies
due to the permissible use of smaller "holding" or reacting tanks,
coils, etc The following 115 Example is exemplary of a continuous
process for producing a directly rearranged lard shortening product.
EXAMPLE 3
Prime steam lard having a cloud point of 120 18.60 C was continuously
heated to about 330 'F and pumped at a rate of 100 pounds per hour
through a two-stage vacuum drying unit which reduced the moisture
content of the lard to about 0 01 % The stream of lard 125 leaving the
vacuum drier was continuously cooled to a temperature of 104 -108 'F
and was continuously pumped without exposure to air to a high speed
mixing and dispersing device, Premier Dispersator, having sufficient
130 volumetric capacity to provide a "hold" or "dwell" time of about 3
minutes At the point of introduction of the dried lard into this mixer
there was also continuously introduced a stream of a 50-50 sodium
potassium alloy at a rate of 0 23 pounds per hour The dispersion of
finely divided alloy in lard leaving themixet was then continuously
passed through a coil of sufficient volume to provide a "hold" EC time
of about 15 minutes The mixture leaving this coil had a temperature of
108 1100 F, and a sample taken at this point, after treatment to
32. inactivate catalyst and remove soap stock, had a cloud point of 23 90
C, indicating substantial interesterification of the lard.
The mixture of liquid lard and catalyst leaving the reaction coil was
-discharged into a small surge tank -from which it-was pumped
continuously through a standard scraped-wall heat exchanger in which
the "hold" time was about 05 minutes The stock leaving the heat
-exchanger had a temperature of 68 -710 F and contained a heavy cloud
of fine crystallized fat solids This partially crystallized mixture
was next passed continuously through a small "picker" tube in which
th& mixture wasagitated for an average times of about 21 minutes
Interesterification with simultaneous precipitation of insoluble
glycerides proceeded 3 D rapidly in the picker box as shown by the
fact that the temperature of the mixture leaving the picker box had
risen to 81 -830 F without the addition of -external heat Such
directed interesterification was confirmed by a cloud point 331
analysis of 29 7 "C on the interesterified lard at this point The rate
of directed interesterification thus far noted in the process of
thisExample was substantially -greater than that which had been
experienced with the use of -40 other catalytic materials.
For some purposes, the degree of directed rearrangement thus far
effected in this Example is sufficient, and the catalyst can be
immediately inactivated without substantial change in 4 temperature to
preserve the reactants formed For other purposes, however, the
reaction can be -carried -to a greater degree of completion, but it
should be understood that the rate of the directional reaction is
somewhat 507 lower, and this is demonstrated by further processing as
follows.
Without inactivating the catalyst, the mixture resulting from the
above treatment was f passed through a second scraped-wall heat
exchanger having a "hold" time of about five minutes The-mixture
leaving this second heat exchanger had a temperature of 69 -720 F.
This mixture was thence passed continuously through a large reactor
equipped with means = for gently agitating the slurry of liquid and
solid fat undergoing directed interesterification.
This reactor had a "hold" time of about 1-Hv hours, the stock leaving
the reactor -being at a temperature of 86 -900 F While the temperature
of -the stock leaving the reactor was still within the range of 86 900
F, sufficient water was added to neutralize the catalyst and to
hydrate soaps formed during the reaction Subsequently the melted
interesterified lard, which now had a cloud 70 point of the order of
31 7 C was separated from soap stock and processed into an acceptable
finished shortening in a conventional manner.
EXAMPLE 4-
To 3 parts by weight of refined, bleached 75 and deodorized cottonseed
33. oil having a cloud point of 330 C were added 015 parts by weight ( 0 5
%) of a sodium potassium alloy constituted of equal parts by weight of
sodiumand potassium The temperature of the oil 80 at the time of the
addition of catalyst was 790 F The mixture was mechanically and
vigorously agitated with a Premier Dispersator under an atmosphere of
nitrogen, effecting dispersion of the-alloy throughout the oil in 85
finely divided form At the end of four minutes agitation, the colour
of the mixture became brown, indicating that the catalyst had become
activated At the end of a total mixing time of 13 minutes, the
agitation was stopped, the 9 Otemperature having risen to 118 'F The
catalyst was then inactivated by incorporating about 15 parts by
weight of water The potassium and sodium soaps were allowed to settle
and the decanted oil was filtered to remove 95 suspended soap
particles The cloud point on the filtered -oil was determined as 11 90
C, an 8.60 C rise over the cloud point of the originaloil, indicating
that a substantial rearrangement in fatty acid radicals, or
interesterification, had 100 been effected X Ex AMPLE 5 -Example 4 was
repeated using a sodium potassium alloy catalyst constituted of 10 %
by weight of sodium and 90 % by weight of 105 potassium The initial
temperature was 820 F, the total time of reaction was 20 minutes
(agita tion being discontinued after 13 minutes), and the final
temperature was 116 'F The cloud point of the oil was increased from
330 C to 110 13.8 MC indicating substantial interesterification.
The above Examples deal with the molecular rearrangement of lard and
cottonseed oil as catalysed by the addition of the sodium potassium
alloy, but it is to be understood that, 115 as is well known in the
art, all animal, vegetable, and marine glyceride fats and oils can be
modified in molecular structures by application of the rearrangement
reaction Therefore the process is equally applicable with
corresponding 120 advantages in the treatment of other glycerides,
especially those which are constituted of combined fatty acids whose
molecular structures differ in respects affecting solubility of
glycerides thereof in the glyceride system, in 125 cluding tallow,
palm oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, linseed oil, coconut oil, and
the like, as well as mixtures thereof Also the invention can be
employed with advantages in other glyceride molecular rearrangement
reactions 130 785,147 4 droplets averaging not substantially more than
microns in diameter.
7 Process according to any of claims 1-6 in which the sodium potassium
alloy is introduced as a flowing stream of liquid and the combined
streams are subjected to a mixing and dispersing action whereby
activation of catalyst is effected and the molecular rearrangement is
permitted to take place at a temperature not substantially higher than
120 TF.
34. 8 Process according to any of claims 1-7 in which the molecular
rearrangement is effected at a temperature not substantially lower
than 50 TF.
9 Process according to any of claims 1-8 in which the rearrangement
reaction is accompanied by the precipitation of solid glycerides
formed during the course of rearrangement.
Process according to any of claims 1-9 performed on lard.
11 Process according to any of claims 1-10, in which the catalytic
amount of sodium potassium alloy, based on the glyceride mixture, is
within the range of 0 2 % to 1 % by weight, calculated as sodium.
12 Process of catalytically effecting molecular rearrangement of
glycerides substantially as described in-any of the foregoing
Examples.
CARPMAELS & RANSFORD, Agents for Applicants, 24 Southampton Buildings,
Chancery Lane, London, W C 2.
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