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460.03a subjectivity objectively
- 1. SUBJECTIVITY: OBJECTIVELY SPEAKING Modern Concepts in Taste and Aesthetics
- 2. MODERNITY Us orThem?
- 3. ! 1. Foundations 2. The objective nature of the subject 3. Objectivity/ Subjectivity 4. Natural Philosophy to Science 5. Static to Dynamic Rationalism Descartes 1596-1650 Empiricism Hume 1711-1776 Leibniz 1646-1716 Berkeley 1685-1753 Galileo 1564-1642 Newton 1642-1727 Linneaus 1707-1778 Lavoisier 1743-1794 Darwin 1809-1882
- 4. ! 1. Foundations 2. The objective nature of the subject 3. Objectivity/ Subjectivity Rationalism Descartes 1596-1650 Empiricism Hume 1711-1776
- 5. HUME Taste andthe Critic
- 6. All knowledge comesfrom experience HUME images from http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n16/mente/senses1.html
- 7. All knowledge comesfrom experience HUME images from http://www.create-a-healthy-flexible-body.com/images/pain-relief-using-the-mind.jpg
- 8. Gold All knowledgecomes from experience HUME
- 9. Mountain All knowledgecomes from experience HUME
- 10. All knowledge comesfrom experience Gold Mountain + HUME
- 11. I have setbefore you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live Moses, Deuteronomy 30:19 Practice loving kindness: do not do utno others as you would not have them do to you Confucius, The Confucian Analects “On a long journey of human life, faith is the best of companions; it is the best refreshment on the journey; and it is the greatest property.” Gautama Siddharta, the founder of Buddhism, 563-483 B.C. 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.' Jesus, Mark 12:28-31 But with love, we are creative. With it, we march tirelessly. With it, and with it alone, we are able to sacrifice for others. Chief Dan George
- 15. Is beauty merelyin the eye of the beholder?
- 16. Milton: Paradise Lost Ogilby Mount Teneriffe
- 17. The Standard ofTaste and The Test of Time Homer’s Popularity Over Time 100 75 50 25 0 Rome Athens Paris London 700 BCE 350 BCE 0 350 ACE 700 ACE 1050 ACE 1750 ACE 2000 ACE Bach’s Popularity Over Time 700 BCE 350 BCE 0 350 ACE 700 ACE 1050 ACE 1750 ACE 2000 ACE
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- 19. The Character ofthe Critic 1.Strong Sense 2.Delicate Sentiment 3.Practice 4.Comparison 5.Free from Prejudice
- 20. Rachmaninov: Symphony No.2 in E Minor, Op. 27: III. Adagio Baltimore Symphony Orchestra & David Zinman
- 21. Rachmaninov: Symphony No.2 in E Minor, Op. 27: III. Adagio Mikhail Pletnev & Russian National Orchestra
- 22. Like a Virgin Madonna
- 23. Like a Virgin Marylin Manson
- 24. KANT The Aestheticand the Free Play of the Imagination
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- 27. Phenoumenal logic concept intuition aesthetic
- 28. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The analytic + the aesthetic constitutes an object. Both are needed, neither by itself is enough.
- 29. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Part of the concept of an object is that it is a thing in itself— a Ding an Sich that exists outside the phenoumenal, in the noumenal Ding an Sich concept intuition
- 30. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Noumenal Ding an Sich concept intuition Noumenal
- 31. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition Noumenal aesthetic Noumenal Ding an Sich concept intuition In this technical sense judgements about beauty are intuitive, aesthetic, and non-conceptual
- 32. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Noumenal Ding an Sich concept Judgements about facts, intuition by contrast, are conceptual Noumenal
- 33. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich concept intuition Such judgements are objective in that they have four conceptual vectors: quality, quantity, relation, and modality Noumenal
- 34. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition Noumenal aesthetic Noumenal Ding an Sich concept intuition Judgements about beauty have analogous vectors but without conceptual or objective grounding
- 35. FIRST MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The judgement of taste is aesthetic. Ding an Sich concept intuition Noumenal Definition of the Beautiful derived from the First Moment: Taste is the faculty of estimating an object or a mode of representation by means of a delight or aversion apart from any interest. The object of such a delight is called beautiful.
- 36. FIRST MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The judgement of taste is aesthetic. Ding an Sich concept intuition Noumenal In order to distinguish whether anything is beautiful or not, we refer the representation, not by the understanding to the object for cognition, but by the imagination (perhaps in conjunction with the understanding) to the subject and its feeling of pleasure or pain.
- 37. FIRST MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The judgement of taste is aesthetic. Ding an Sich existence intuition Noumenal We wish only to know if this mere representation of the object is accompanied in me with satisfaction, however indifferent I may be as regards the existence of the object of this representation. We easily see that, in saying it is beautiful and in showing that I have taste, I am concerned, not with that in which I depend on the existence of the object, but with that which I make out of this representation in myself.
- 38. FIRST MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The judgement of taste is aesthetic. Ding an Sich representation as sensation/ existence feeling/ desire Noumenal If a determination of the feeling of pleasure or pain is called sensation, this expression signifies something quite different from what I mean when I call the representation of a thing sensation. For in the latter case the representation is referred to the object, in the former simply to the subject. The green color of the meadows belongs to objective sensation; the pleasantness of this belongs to subjective sensation.
- 39. FIRST MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The judgement of taste is aesthetic. Ding an Sich utility feeling/ desire Noumenal That which pleases only as a means we call good for something (the useful), but that which pleases for itself is good in itself. In both there is always involved the concept of a purpose, and consequently the relation of reason to the (at least possible) volition, and thus a satisfaction in the presence of an object or an action, i.e. some kind of interest.
- 40. Good you purpose is good for object is pleasing to you object purpose object you Pleasant Beautiful
- 41. FIRST MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quality. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic the beautiful is disinterested Ding an Sich … Noumenal Taste is the faculty of estimating an object or a mode of representation by means of a delight or aversion apart from any interest. beautiful
- 42. SECOND MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quantity. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic The beautiful is that which, apart from concepts, is represented as the Object of a universal delight. Ding an Sich … Noumenal Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the Second Moment: The beautiful is that which, apart from a concept, pleases universally. beautiful
- 43. SECOND MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of Quantity. Phenoumenal … Noumenal For since it does not rest on any inclination of the subject (nor upon any other premeditated interest), but since the person who judges logic object concept intuition aesthetic feels himself quite free as regards the satisfaction which he attaches to the object, he cannot find the ground of this satisfaction in any private conditions connected with his own subject, and hence it must be regarded as grounded on what he can presuppose in every other person. Ding an Sich feeling/ desire
- 44. THIRD MOMENT. OfJudgements of Taste: Moment of the relation of the Ends brought under Review in such Judgements. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich finality Noumenal Definition of the Beautiful drawn from the Third Moment: Beauty is the form of finality in an object, so far as perceived in it apart from the representation of an end. beautiful
- 45. THIRD MOMENT. OfJudgements of Taste: Moment of the relation of the Ends brought under Review in such Judgements. Phenoumenal finality Noumenal the causality of a concept in respect of its object is its purposiveness (forma finalis). Where then not merely the cognition of an object but the object itself (its form and logic object concept intuition aesthetic existence) is thought as an effect only possible by means of the concept of this latter, there we think a purpose. The representation of the effect is here the determining ground of its cause and precedes Ding an Sich it. purposiveness/ beautiful purpose
- 46. THIRD MOMENT. OfJudgements of Taste: Moment of the relation of the Ends brought under Review in such Judgements. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich finality Noumenal Therefore it can be nothing else than the subjective purposiveness in the representation of an object without any purpose (either objective or subjective), and thus it is the mere form of purposiveness in the representation by by which an object is given to us, so far as we are conscious of it, which constitutes the satisfaction that we without a concept judge to be universally communicable; and, consequently, this is the determining ground of the judgment of taste. beautiful purposiveness/ purpose feeling/ desire
- 47. THIRD MOMENT. OfJudgements of Taste: Moment of the relation of the Ends brought under Review in such Judgements. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich finality Noumenal Objective purposiveness can only be cognized by means of the reference of the manifold to a definite purpose, and therefore only through a concept. From this alone it is plain that the beautiful, the judging of which has at its basis a merely formal purposiveness, i.e. a purposiveness without purpose, is quite independent of the concept of the good, because the latter presupposes an objective purposiveness, i.e. the reference of the object to a definite purpose. Objective purposiveness is either external, i.e. the utility, beautiful purposiveness/ purpose feeling/ desire
- 48. THIRD MOMENT. OfJudgements of Taste: Moment of the relation of the Ends brought under Review in such Judgements. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich finality Noumenal an aesthetical judgment is unique of its kind and gives absolutely no cognition of the object. On the contrary, it simply refers the representation, by which an object is given, to the subject, and brings to our notice no characteristic of the object, but only the purposive form in the determination of the representative powers which are occupying themselves therewith. The judgment is called aesthetical just because its determining ground is not a concept, but the feeling (of internal sense) of that harmony in the play of the mental powers, so far as it can be felt in sensation. beautiful purposiveness/ purpose feeling/ desire
- 49. FOURTH MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of the Modality of the Delight in the Object. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich … Noumenal The judgment of taste requires the agreement of everyone, and he who describes anything as beautiful claims that everyone ought to give his approval to the object in question and also describe it as beautiful. The ought in the aesthetical judgment is therefore pronounced in accordance with all the data which are required for judging, and yet is only conditioned. beautiful/ ought
- 50. FOURTH MOMENT. Ofthe Judgement of Taste: Moment of the Modality of the Delight in the Object. Phenoumenal logic object concept intuition aesthetic Ding an Sich … Noumenal But such a principle could only be regarded as a common sense, which is essentially different from common understanding which people sometimes call common sense (sensus communis ); for the latter does not judge by feeling but always by concepts, although ordinarily only as by obscurely represented principles. Hence it is only under the presupposition that there is a common sense (by which we do not understand an external sense, but the effect resulting from the free play of our cognitive powers)—it is only under this presupposition, I say, that the judgment of taste can be laid down. beautiful/ sensus communis
- 51. Quantity Quality Aesthetics/ disinterested Necessary delight Universal delight Free play Relations Modality GENERAL REMARK ON THE FIRST SECTION OF THE ANALYTIC If we seek the result of the preceding analysis, we find that everything runs up into this concept of taste—that it is a faculty for judging an object in reference to the imagination’s free conformity to law.
- 52. REFLECTIONS What aestheticterms did people in the film use to describe the artwork? The environment? What aesthetic terms would you use to describe the artwork or the environment? What aesthetic terms would you use to describe Running Fence, the film (including the soundtrack and the plot)? Look up some critic’s views on either the film or the artwork—how do they compare with Hume’s Ideal Critic? Will either the film or the artwork stand the test of time? Which aesthetic terms you’ve noted above fit Kant’s First Moment (disinterestedness)? Which don’t? Which aesthetic terms you’ve noted above fit Kant’s Third Moment (free play)? Which don’t?