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460.01b order out of chaos aristotle
- 1. ORDER OUT OF CHAOS Classical Concepts in Art and Beauty
- 2. ARISTOTLE Exemplars and Ethical Beauty: Order out of the Accidents of History and Nature
- 3. Laocoön ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CREATIVE MAKING It is clear, then, from what we have said that the poet must be a "maker" not of verses but of stories, since he is a poet in virtue of his "representation," and what he represents is action. Even supposing he represents what has actually happened, he is none the less a poet, for there is nothing to prevent some actual occurrences being the sort of thing that would probably or inevitably happen, and it is in virtue of that that he is their “maker." —Aristotle, Poetics
- 4. CATEGORIES Substantial Accidental General Being Being named ‘David’ Specific Being Brave, Creative, & Wise Being Human Being a Warrior, Poet, & King portrayal Depiction { { being David ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CREATIVE MAKING
- 5. Substantial Accidental General Having Hair Specific Being Brave Being Human Being a warrior with Short Spiky HairSubstance ARISTOTLE’S POIE CREATIVE MAKING Dying Gaul
- 6. Substance Accident Accident ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CREATIVE MAKING Donatello, Feast of Herod
- 7. Exemplar History History truths while history gives particular facts…. By a "general truth" I mean the so Ajax and Odysseus
- 8. Exemplar History History What we have said already makes it further clear that a poet's object is not to te Hercules killing Centaur Nessus by Giambologna
- 9. The objects the imitator represents are actions, with agents who are necessarily either good men or bad—the diversities of human character being nearly always derivative from this primary distinction, since the line between virtue and vice is one dividing the whole of mankind. It follows, therefore, that the agents represented must be either above our own level of goodness, or beneath it, or just such as we are…. —Aristotle, Poetics Massacchio, Expulsion from the Garden of E ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CHARACTERS
- 10. In respect of Character there are four things to be aimed at. First, and most important, it must be good. Now any speech or action that manifests moral purpose of any kind will be expressive of character: the character will be good if the purpose is good. —Aristotle, Poetics Donatello, Penitent Magdalene ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CHARACTERS
- 11. The second thing to aim at is propriety. There is a type of manly valor … unscrupulous cleverness is inappropriate. Brunelleschi, Sacrificeof Isaac ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CHARACTERS Ghiberti, Sacrificeof Isaac
- 12. Ghiberti, Sacrificeof Isaac Brunelleschi, Sacrificeof Isaac
- 13. Thirdly, character must be true to life: for this is a distinct thing from goodness and propriety, as here described. The fourth point is consistency: for though the subject of the imitation, who suggested the type, be inconsistent, still he must be consistently inconsistent. Drunken Satyr or Barberini Faun ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CHARACTERS
- 14. POIESIS: CHARACTERS Character is that which reveals choice, shows what sort of thing a man chooses or avoids in circumstances where the choice is not obvious, so those speeches convey no character in which there is nothing whatever which the speaker chooses or avoids. –Aristotle, Poetics
- 16. ARISTOTLE’S EXEMPLARS Exemplars are a form of depiction which may be composed of an agglomeration of features from various individuals that mimic the essential traits of the species and are free from accidental defects that can mar individuals. For Aristotle, beauty is exhibited in exemplars because they are more than merely agglomerations of properties, but also exhibit an living harmony which Aristotle called organic unity.
- 17. ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CREATIVE MAKING Rising Action By "plot" I mean here the arrangement of the incidents…. All human happiness Falling Action Climax Reversal
- 18. ARISTOTLE’S POIESIS: CREATIVE MAKING Rising Action The most important of these is the arrangement of the incidents, for tragedy is Falling Action Climax Reversal
- 20. ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUOUS EXEMPLARS Exemplars are not static but are about actions which reveal the character of individuals and illustrate the excellences of a species, or virtues. For Aristotle, virtues are excellences which lie between two extremes called vices, just as courage lies between cowardice and foolhardiness. When exemplars exhibit organic unity they are beautiful and may evoke an emotional purging in the audience, called catharsis. Examples of virtuous exemplars can be found in basic human actions such as laughing, crying, and struggling in figurative paintings, sculptures, and drama. The Four Cardinal Virtues are Wisdom, Courage, Temperance, and Justice and Aristotle (among others) thought they were exemplary human virtues.
- 21. The defect corresponding to the magnificent disposition is called Paltriness, and the excess Vulgarity.… The latter vices do not exceed by spending too great an amount on proper objects, but by making a great display on the wrong occasions and in the wrong way. The magnificent man is an artist in expenditure: he can discern what is suitable, and spend great sums with good taste. –Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics IV.4-5 Athena Parthenos Replica in Nashville ARISTOTLE’S MAGNIFICENCE
- 22. REFLECTIONS Are the added statues by Frederick Hart exemplary, in Aristotle’s sense of the term? Maya Lin describes a “journey” from looking up the name of a loved one to finding it on the Memorial—how does this compare to Aristotle’s concept of plot or catharsis? How does the film compare to Aristotle’s concept of plot? Is Maya Lin exemplary?